Difference between revisions of "PERL/C3/Access-Modifiers-in-PERL/English-timed"

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|00:07
 
|00:07
 
|In this tutorial, we will learn about:
 
|In this tutorial, we will learn about:
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* Scope of variables
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Scope of variables
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* '''Private''' variables
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'''Private''' variables
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* '''Dynamically scoped''' variables
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'''Dynamically scoped''' variables
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* '''Global''' variables
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'''Global''' variables
  
 
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|-
 
|00:19
 
|00:19
 
|For this tutorial, I am using:
 
|For this tutorial, I am using:
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* '''Ubuntu Linux 12.04''' operating system
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'''Ubuntu Linux 12.04''' operating system
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* '''Perl 5.14.2''' and the
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'''Perl 5.14.2''' and the
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* '''gedit''' Text Editor.
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'''gedit''' Text Editor.
  
 
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|00:47
 
|00:47
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|Let us start with the introduction to the''' scope of variables'''.
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|Let us start with the introduction to the scope of variables .
  
 
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|So, the '''print statement '''will print "Other" within this particular block.
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|So, the '''print statement '''will print "Other", within this particular block.
  
 
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|This is because outside the scope of the blocks defined earlier, '''fname '''has no value assigned to it.
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|This is because, outside the scope of the blocks defined earlier, '''fname '''has no value assigned to it.
  
 
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|The output is displayed as:
 
|The output is displayed as:
 
"Block 1: Raghu"
 
"Block 1: Raghu"
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"Block 2: Other"
 
"Block 2: Other"
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"Outside Block: " there is no output.
 
"Outside Block: " there is no output.
  
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|04:58
 
|You can declare a '''local''' variable as:
 
|You can declare a '''local''' variable as:
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'''local $fValue = 100 semicolon'''
 
'''local $fValue = 100 semicolon'''
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'''local $fname =  within double quotes "Rakesh" semicolon'''
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'''local $fname”''' =  within double quotes '''Rakesh''' semicolon
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|05:13
 
|05:13
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|Let us understand this using a sample program.
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|Let us understand this, using a sample program.
  
 
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|This will open''' scope hyphen local dot pl''' file in''' gedit'''.
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|This will open''' scope hyphen local dot pl''' file, in''' gedit'''.
  
 
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| So, basically, inside function '''Welcome(), $fname''' is modified as a new temporary '''local''' variable.
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| So, basically, inside function '''Welcome(), $fname''' is modified as a new temporary '''local''' variable.Then, the function '''Hello() '''is being '''call'''ed.
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Then, the function '''Hello() '''is being '''call'''ed.
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|09:08
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|The main '''package '''uses both '''package First variable '''and the '''package Second variable'''.
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|The '''main package '''uses both '''package First variable '''and the '''package Second variable'''.
  
 
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| 10:16
 
|In this tutorial, we learnt:
 
|In this tutorial, we learnt:
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* scope of variables
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scope of variables
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* declaration of '''private variables'''
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declaration of '''private variables'''
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* '''dynamically scoped variables''' and
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'''dynamically scoped variables''' and
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* '''global variables''' with examples.<br/>  
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'''global variables''' with examples.<br/>  
  
 
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|12:31
 
|12:31
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|This is Nirmala Venkat from IIT Bombay, signing off. Thanks for watching.
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|This is Nirmala Venkat from '''IIT Bombay''', signing off. Thanks for watching.
  
 
|}
 
|}

Latest revision as of 18:12, 20 February 2017

Time
Narration
00:01 Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on Access Modifiers in PERL.
00:07 In this tutorial, we will learn about:

Scope of variables Private variables Dynamically scoped variables Global variables

00:19 For this tutorial, I am using:

Ubuntu Linux 12.04 operating system Perl 5.14.2 and the gedit Text Editor.

00:32 You can use any text editor of your choice.
00:36 You should have basic knowledge of Perl programming.
00:40 If not, then go through the relevant Perl spoken tutorials on the spoken tutorial website.
00:47 Let us start with the introduction to the scope of variables .
00:51 The scope of a variable is the region of code within which a variable can be accessed.
00:58 In other words, it refers to the visibility of variables.
01:03 First, we will discuss about my, local and our modifiers in Perl.
01:10 my means Private variables,
01:13 local means Dynamically scoped variables,
01:17 our means Global variables.
01:20 Variables declared with my keyword will lose scope outside the block in which they are declared.
01:28 You can declare a variable without giving it a value, like this:

my $fvalue semicolon

01:37 You can also declare a variable by assigning a value to it, as:
01:43 my $fValue = 1 semicolon
01:48 my $fname = within double quotes Rahul semicolon
01:55 The syntax to declare several variables with the same my statement is as follows:
02:02 my open bracket $fname comma $lname comma $age close bracket semicolon
02:12 Let us understand private variables using a sample program.
02:17 I already have a sample program. Let me open it in 'gedit' Text editor.
02:24 Open the terminal and type: gedit scope hyphen my dot pl ampersand and press Enter.
02:34 Scope-my dot pl file is now open in gedit.
02:39 Type the following code as displayed on the screen. Let me explain the code now.
02:46 Here, I have declared a private variable $fname with 'my' keyword
02:52 and assigned the value "Raghu" to it.
02:56 Within this block, the print statement prints the value in the fname variable i.e. "Raghu".
03:04 In the next block, I have assigned the value "Other" to the same private variable $fname.
03:11 So, the print statement will print "Other", within this particular block.
03:17 The last print statement in this program will not print any output.
03:23 This is because, outside the scope of the blocks defined earlier, fname has no value assigned to it.
03:32 Now, press Ctrl+S to save the file.
03:37 Let us now execute the program.
03:40 Switch back to the terminal and type: perl scope hyphen my dot pl and press Enter.
03:49 The output is displayed as:

"Block 1: Raghu" "Block 2: Other" "Outside Block: " there is no output.

03:59 So, the scope of the 'my' variable is accessed only within a particular block of code.
04:06 Now, let us change the existing program a little.
04:10 Let us add my $fname = within double quotes John semicolon outside the blocks, before the last print statement.

Save the changes.

04:23 Switch back to the terminal and execute as before.
04:28 Analyze the output that is displayed.
04:32 Hope you are able to understand the scope of using 'my' variable within a block and outside a block.
04:41 Next, we will see about dynamically scoped variable in Perl.
04:47 Local keyword gives a temporary scope to a global variable.
04:52 The variable is visible to any function called from the original block.
04:58 You can declare a local variable as:

local $fValue = 100 semicolon local $fname = within double quotes "Rakesh" semicolon

05:13 Let us understand this, using a sample program.
05:17 Open the terminal and type: gedit scope hyphen local dot pl ampersand and press Enter.
05:27 This will open scope hyphen local dot pl file, in gedit.
05:33 Type the following code as displayed on the screen. Let me explain the code now.
05:40 Here, in the first line, we have declared a variable $fname and initialized it.
05:47 Inside the function Welcome(), we have declared a local variable by the same name, $fname.
05:54 Notice the local keyword before the variable name
05:59 and we have assigned the value "Rakesh" to this variable.
06:03 So, basically, inside function Welcome(), $fname is modified as a new temporary local variable.Then, the function Hello() is being called.
06:15 Here is the function definition of Hello().
06:18 At the end of the program, we are calling both the functions Welcome() and Hello().
06:25 Now press Ctrl + S to save the program.
06:29 Let us execute the program.
06:31 Switch back to the terminal and type: perl scope hyphen local.pl and press Enter.
06:41 The output is displayed as:

"Hello, Rakesh"! "Hello, Welcome to Spoken tutorials!"

06:48 Let us understand the output.
06:51 When the function Welcome() is called, the function Hello() within it, accesses the local variable.
06:59 Within Welcome(), $fname has the value "Rakesh".
07:04 After this, the function Hello() accesses the variable $fname once again.
07:11 But this time, it is the variable $fname which was initialized to "Welcome to spoken tutorials".
07:19 It does not access the local variable $fname within the function Welcome().
07:25 Which means that, the local variable restores the scope, after leaving the block Welcome().
07:32 Next, we will see about global variables in Perl.
07:38 A global variable can be accessed anywhere in the program.
07:43 Global variables are declared with 'our' keyword.
07:47 Here are some examples.

our $fvalue = 100 semicolon </nowiki> our $fname =within double quotes Priya semicolon

08:01 Now, let us look at a working example of global variables.
08:06 Switch back to the terminal and type: gedit scope hyphen our dot pl ampersand and press Enter.
08:16 This will open the file scope hyphen our.pl in gedit.
08:22 Let me explain the sample program which I have written.
08:27 I have declared package main and a global variable as our $i and I have initialized it to 100.
08:37 Notice the package First declaration.
08:40 A package is a collection of code which has its own namespace.
08:46 Namespace prevents variable name collisions between packages.
08:51 We will see more about package and namespace in future tutorials.
08:56 Within package First, the global variable "i" holds the value 10.
09:02 In package Second, the global variable "i" is assigned the value 20.
09:08 The main package uses both package First variable and the package Second variable.
09:15 In my program, I have declared the same variable "i" in all the packages.
09:21 The package variable is referred by package name colon colon variable name.
09:29 In our example, it is $First colon colon i, $Second colon colon i.
09:39 We have multiple packages within one file and the global variable will be accessed by all the packages.
09:47 Now, save the file and execute the program.
09:51 So, switch to terminal and type: perl scope hyphen our dot pl and press Enter.
09:59 The output is as displayed on the terminal.
10:03 Analyze the output by yourself to understand how the assignment to the variable i was done.
10:11 This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.
10:16 In this tutorial, we learnt:

scope of variables declaration of private variables dynamically scoped variables and global variables with examples.

10:29 It is preferred to use 'my' than local, as the compilation is faster.
10:35 Here is an assignment for you.
10:37 Write the code for the following assignment and execute it.
10:42 Declare a package as FirstModule.
10:46 Declare a variable $age as our and assign the value 42.
10:52 Declare another package as SecondModule.
10:56 Declare a variable $ageword as our and assign the value within double quotes "Forty-Two".
11:05 Declare a subroutine First().
11:08 Inside the subroutine, declare two variables with local and my keyword as below:
11:16 local $age = 52 semicolon
11:20 my $ageword = within double quotes Fifty-two semicolon
11:27 Call another subroutine as Result().
11:31 Print the values of $age and $ageword inside this function.
11:37 End the subroutine.
11:39 Declare the subroutine Result().
11:42 Again print the values of $age and $ageword.
11:47 End the subroutine.
11:49 Call the function First().
11:51 Print the Package First and Package Second as below:
11:57 The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

12:05 The Spoken Tutorial project team conducts workshops and gives certificates for those who pass an online test.

For more details, please write to us.

12:18 Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.

More information on this mission is available at this link.

12:31 This is Nirmala Venkat from IIT Bombay, signing off. Thanks for watching.

Contributors and Content Editors

PoojaMoolya, Sandhya.np14

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