Difference between revisions of "KTurtle/C3/Common-Errors-in-KTurtle/English-timed"

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{|border =1
 
{|border =1
 
|'''Time'''
 
|'''Time'''
|'''Narration''';
+
|'''Narration'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 00:01
 
|| 00:01
Line 7: Line 7:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 00:07
 
|| 00:07
||In this tutorial, we will learn about
+
||In this tutorial, we will learn about:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 00:10
 
|| 00:10
|| '''Syntax errors'''   
+
||* '''Syntax errors'''   
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 00:12
 
|| 00:12
|| '''Runtime errors'''  and
+
||* '''Run time errors'''  and
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 00:14
 
|| 00:14
|| '''Logical errors'''
+
||* '''Logical errors'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 00:17
 
|| 00:17
||To record this tutorial I am using,
+
||To record this tutorial, I am using:
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||00:20
 
||00:20
|'''Ubuntu''' '''Linux''' OS version 12.04.
+
|* '''Ubuntu Linux OS''' version '''12.04'''  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 00:25
 
|| 00:25
|'''KTurtle''' version. 0.8.1 beta.
+
|* '''KTurtle''' version '''0.8.1 beta'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 00:31
 
|| 00:31
||We assume that you have basic working knowledge of '''KTurtle'''   
+
||We assume that you have basic working knowledge of '''KTurtle'''.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 00:36
 
|| 00:36
|If not,  for relevant tutorials, please visit our website.
+
|If not,  for relevant tutorials, please visit our website:
 
+
http://spoken-tutorial.org'''
'''http://spoken-tutorial.org'''
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 00:42
 
|| 00:42
||Let's first defineWhat is an error ?
+
||Let's first define- What is an '''error''' ?
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 00:46
 
|| 00:46
|'''Error''' is a mistake in a program that produces an '''incorrect''' or '''unexpected''' result.
+
|'''Error''' is a mistake in a program that produces an incorrect or unexpected result.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||00:55
 
||00:55
||First I will explain about '''"Types of errors".'''
+
||First, I will explain about types of '''errors.'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 01:00
 
|| 01:00
|| '''Syntax error''' is a '''violation of  grammatical rules''', of a '''programming language'''.
+
|| '''Syntax error''' is a violation of  grammatical rules of a programming language.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 67: Line 66:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 01:23
 
|| 01:23
|| '''Unmatched parentheses''', '''square ''' and '''curly braces'''.  
+
||* Unmatched parentheses, square and curly braces.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 01:29
 
|| 01:29
|| Use of ''' variable''' that has not been '''declared'''.
+
||* Use of ''' variable''' that has not been declared.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 01:34
 
|| 01:34
|| Missing '''quotes''' in '''strings.'''
+
||* Missing '''quotes''' in '''strings.'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 01:38
 
|| 01:38
||Let's open a new '''KTurtle''' Application.
+
||Let's open a new '''KTurtle''' '''Application'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 01:42
 
|| 01:42
|Click on  '''Dash  home'''. In the Search bar, type '''KTurtle.'''
+
|Click on  '''Dash  home'''. In the '''Search bar''', type: "KTurtle".
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 92: Line 91:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||01:58
 
||01:58
||I already have a program in a text editor.  
+
||I already have a program in a '''text editor'''.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 02:02
 
|| 02:02
||To explain the '''error''' in the program, I will comment part of the code.  
+
||To explain the '''error''' in the program, I will '''comment''' part of the '''code'''.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 02:09
 
|| 02:09
||Here, I will comment the line  
+
||Here, I will '''comment''' the line.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 02:11
 
|| 02:11
||'''$a=ask within double quotes "enter any number and click Ok"'''
+
||'''$a=ask''' within double quotes '''"enter any number and click Ok"'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||02:19
 
||02:19
||I will use '''hash(#)''' sign to comment the line.
+
||I will use hash(#) sign to comment the line.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 02:23
 
|| 02:23
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''Kturtle's''' Editor.
+
||I will copy the program from '''text editor''' and paste it into '''Kturtle's''' Editor.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 02:31
 
|| 02:31
|Pause the tutorial here and type the program into  your '''KTurtle''' editor  
+
|Pause the tutorial here and type the program into  your '''KTurtle''' editor.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 119: Line 118:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 02:42
 
|| 02:42
||Let's click on '''Run''' button to run the program  
+
||Let's click on '''Run''' button to '''run''' the program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 02:47
 
|| 02:47
|'''Compiler''' shows the following error,
+
|Compiler shows the following error:
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 02:50
 
|| 02:50
|''' variable "$a" was used without first being assigned  to a value.'''
+
|'''"variable '$a' was used without first being assigned  to a value".'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 02:57
 
|| 02:57
||Here the error is in line number 4.
+
||Here, the error is in line number 4.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||03:02
 
||03:02
||This is a '''syntax error'''. It occured, as the variable  'a' was not declared.
+
||This is a '''syntax error'''. It occurred as the variable  'a' was not declared.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 03:10
 
|| 03:10
||So I will go to line number 2, remove the comment.
+
||So, I will go to line number 2, remove the comment.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  03:14
 
||  03:14
Line 143: Line 142:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 03:23
 
|| 03:23
||Let's click on '''Run''' button to run the program  
+
||Let's click on '''Run''' button to '''run''' the program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 03:27
 
|| 03:27
|Enter '''6''' for '''a''' value and click OK
+
|Enter '6' for 'a' value and click '''OK'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 161: Line 160:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||03:43
 
||03:43
|| let's next look at another error.
+
|| Let's next look at another error.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||03:46
 
||03:46
Line 167: Line 166:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 03:50
 
|| 03:50
||Here the value of "'''pi'''" is '''predefined''' in KTurtle.
+
||Here the value of "'''pi'''" is predefined in KTurtle.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 03:54
 
|| 03:54
||Let's delete the "'''$'''" sign in the program.  
+
||Let's delete the '$' sign in the program.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  03:58
 
||  03:58
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into ''' Kturtle's Editor'''  
+
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into ''' Kturtle's Editor'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 04:05
 
|| 04:05
|Pause the tutorial here and type the program into your  '''KTurtle editor'''  
+
|Pause the tutorial here and type the program into your  '''KTurtle editor'''  
 
+
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 185: Line 183:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 04:16
 
|| 04:16
||Let's Click on '''Run''' button to run the program.  
+
||Let's Click on '''Run''' button to '''run''' the program.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 04:19
 
|| 04:19
|'''Complier''' shows the following error,
+
|Complier shows the following error:
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 04:22
 
|| 04:22
|'''you cannot put =here'''
+
|'''"You cannot put '=' here"'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 04:26
 
|| 04:26
Line 199: Line 197:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 04:30
 
|| 04:30
||This is a '''syntax error''' it occured, as there is no '''container  of variable.'''
+
||This is a syntax error. It occurred as there is no '''container''' of variable.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 04:37
 
|| 04:37
||Let's go back to the program replace the $ sign.
+
||Let's go back to the program, replace the '$' sign.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  04:41
 
||  04:41
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''KTurtle's''' Editor  
+
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''KTurtle's''' Editor.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||04:49
 
||04:49
||let's click on '''Run''' button to run the program.
+
||Let's click on '''Run''' button to '''run''' the program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 04:53
 
|| 04:53
|Enter '''45''' for angle value and click '''OK'''
+
|Enter 45 for angle value and click '''OK'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 219: Line 217:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 05:00
 
|| 05:00
||Let's remove one of the quotes of the string.  
+
||Let's remove one of the quotes of the '''string'''.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||05:05
 
||05:05
|| I will Copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''KTurtle's ''' Editor  
+
|| I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''KTurtle's ''' Editor.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 05:12
 
|| 05:12
||Click on  '''Run''' button to run the program
+
||Click on  '''Run''' button to run the program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 05:15
 
|| 05:15
|'''Complier''' shows the following error,
+
|Complier shows the following error:
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 05:18
 
|| 05:18
|'''Text string was not properly closed, expected a double quote “ ” to close the string.'''
+
|''''Text string was not properly closed, expected a double quote “ ” to close the string'.'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 05:25
 
|| 05:25
Line 242: Line 240:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  05:34
 
||  05:34
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into''' Kturtle's''' Editor  
+
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into''' Kturtle's''' Editor.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 05:41
 
|| 05:41
||Click on '''Run''' button to run the program
+
||Click on '''Run''' button to run the program.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 05:44
 
|| 05:44
||Enter '''45''' for angle value and click OK.
+
||Enter '45' for angle value and click '''OK'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 257: Line 255:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 05:52
 
|| 05:52
|This way you can find the line at which error has occured, and also correct it.  
+
|This way you can find the line at which error has occurred and also correct it.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||05:59
 
||05:59
||Let's now learn about runtime errors.
+
||Let's now learn about '''run time''' errors.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 06:04
 
|| 06:04
Line 271: Line 269:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 06:15
 
|| 06:15
|'''Runtime errors''' are commonly due to wrong input from the user.  
+
|'''Runtime errors''' are commonly due to wrong '''input''' from the user.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 06:23
 
|| 06:23
|'''Compiler''' cannnot find these '''errors'''.
+
|Compiler cannot find these '''errors'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 282: Line 280:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 06:29
 
|| 06:29
|Trying to divide by a '''variable''' that contains no value.
+
|* Trying to divide by a '''variable''' that contains no value.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 06:31
 
|| 06:31
| Run a loop without a '''terminating condition''' or '''increment value'''.
+
|* Run a loop without a terminating '''condition''' or '''increment value'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||06:43
 
||06:43
Line 300: Line 298:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 06:56
 
|| 06:56
|This program '''divides''' two numbers.
+
|This program divides two numbers.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 311: Line 309:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 07:11
 
|| 07:11
|Pause the tutorial and type the program into your '''KTurtle''' editor  
+
|Pause the tutorial and type the program into your '''KTurtle''' editor.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 322: Line 320:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 07:24
 
|| 07:24
|let's enter '''5''' for 'a' and click OK
+
|let's enter '5' for 'a' and click '''OK''',
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 07:29
 
|| 07:29
|enter '''0''' for 'r' and click OK
+
|enter '0' for 'r' and click '''OK'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 07:33
 
|| 07:33
|Here we get a ''' runtime error''' ,
+
|Here. we get a ''' runtime error:'''  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 07:36
 
|| 07:36
|“'''you tried to divide by zero'''”
+
|“'''you tried to divide by zero'''”.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 07:39
 
|| 07:39
Line 340: Line 338:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 07:43
 
|| 07:43
||This error occurs as we cannot '''divide''' a number with''' zero'''.
+
||This error occurs as we cannot divide a number with zero.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 07:49
 
|| 07:49
||Let us run   again.  
+
||Let us '''run''' again.  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 07:51
 
|| 07:51
|Enter '''5''' for '''a''' and click OK
+
|Enter '5' for 'a' and click '''OK''',
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 07:54
 
|| 07:54
|enter '''2''' for 'r' and click OK  
+
|enter '2' for 'r' and click '''OK'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 365: Line 363:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||08:10
 
||08:10
||Next we will learn about ''' logical errors'''.
+
||Next, we will learn about ''' logical errors'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 08:14
 
|| 08:14
||'''Logical error''' is a mistake in a program's '''source code''' that results in '''incorrect''' or '''unexpected''' behavior.
+
||'''Logical error''' is a mistake in a program's '''source code''' that results in incorrect or unexpected behavior.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 08:26
 
|| 08:26
|For example,
+
|For example-
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 08:28
 
|| 08:28
|'''Assigning''' a value to the wrong variable.
+
|* Assigning a value to the wrong variable.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 08:32
 
|| 08:32
|'''Multiplying''' two numbers instead of '''adding'''.
+
|* Multiplying two numbers instead of adding.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||08:36
 
||08:36
Line 386: Line 384:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  08:39
 
||  08:39
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''Kturtle's''' Editor  
+
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''Kturtle's''' Editor.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 08:47
 
|| 08:47
|Pause the tutorial here and type the program into your '''KTurtle''' editor  
+
|Pause the tutorial here and type the program into your '''KTurtle''' editor.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 401: Line 399:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 09:01
 
|| 09:01
||A dialog box pops-up, let's click OK.
+
||A dialog box pops-up; let's click '''OK'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 408: Line 406:
 
|-
 
|-
 
||  09:08
 
||  09:08
||We see that '''“while”''' loop prints numbers from 31 and is still printing.
+
||We see that '''“while”''' loop prints numbers from 31 and is still printing.
  
 
|-
 
|-
Line 416: Line 414:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 09:18
 
|| 09:18
||In the “while” condition x is greater than 20,
+
||In the “while” condition 'x' is greater than 20
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 09:23
 
|| 09:23
||but the '''variable''' x is always greater than 20
+
||but the '''variable 'x'''' is always greater than 20.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 09:28
 
|| 09:28
||So, the loop never '''terminates.'''
+
||So, the loop never terminates.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 09:31
 
|| 09:31
Line 440: Line 438:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 09:55
 
|| 09:55
||A dialog box pop-up. Let us click OK.
+
||A dialog box pop-up. Let us click '''OK'''.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 09:59
 
|| 09:59
||Loop '''terminates''' after printing the values from''' 29 to 20.'''
+
||Loop terminates after printing the values from 29 to 20.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||10:05
 
||10:05
||With this we   come to the end of this tutorial.
+
||With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 10:10
 
|| 10:10
||Let us summarise.
+
||Let us summarize.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 10:12
 
|| 10:12
||In this tutorial we have learnt, errors and types of errors such as
+
||In this tutorial, we have learnt errors and types of errors such as-
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 10:18
 
|| 10:18
| Use of '''variable''' that has not been declared.
+
|* Use of variable that has not been declared.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 10:23
 
|| 10:23
|Missing '''quotes''' in strings.
+
|* Missing '''quotes''' in '''string'''s.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 10:27
 
|| 10:27
|''' Runtime errors''' and
+
|* '''Runtime errors''' and
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 10:30
 
|| 10:30
|| '''Logical errors'''
+
||* '''Logical errors'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 10:31
 
|| 10:31
||As an assignment I would like you to find errors in the given programs
+
||As an assignment, I would like you to find errors in the given programs.
 
   
 
   
 
|-
 
|-
 
||10:46
 
||10:46
||Watch the video available at this URl: http://spoken-tutorial.org/What is a Spoken Tutorial  
+
||Watch the video available at this URl:
 +
http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken-Tutorial  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 10:50
 
|| 10:50
|It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project  
+
|It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 10:54
 
|| 10:54
|If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it  
+
|If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||10:59
 
||10:59
||The Spoken Tutorial Project Team :
+
||The Spoken Tutorial Project team :
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 11:01
 
|| 11:01
|Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials  
+
|* Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 11:05
 
|| 11:05
|Gives certificates to those who pass an online test  
+
|* Gives certificates to those who pass an online test.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 11:09
 
|| 11:09
|For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org
+
|For more details, please write to:
 +
contact@spoken-tutorial.org
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 11: 17
 
|| 11: 17
||Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project  
+
||'''Spoken Tutorial''' project is a part of the '''Talk to a Teacher''' project.
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| 11:23
 
|| 11:23
|It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India  
+
|It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.
 
   
 
   
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
||11:31
 
||11:31
||More information on this Mission is available at this link http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro ]
+
||More information on this mission is available at this link:
 +
http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro  
  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||11:37
 
||11:37
||This is Madhuri Ganpathi from IIT Bombay.Signing off  
+
||This is Madhuri Ganpathi from '''IIT Bombay''', signing off.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||11:41  
 
||11:41  
||Thank you  for joining
+
||Thank you  for joining.

Revision as of 19:30, 18 September 2015

Time Narration
00:01 Welcome to this tutorial on Common Errors in KTurtle.
00:07 In this tutorial, we will learn about:
00:10 * Syntax errors
00:12 * Run time errors and
00:14 * Logical errors.
00:17 To record this tutorial, I am using:
00:20 * Ubuntu Linux OS version 12.04
00:25 * KTurtle version 0.8.1 beta.
00:31 We assume that you have basic working knowledge of KTurtle.
00:36 If not, for relevant tutorials, please visit our website:

http://spoken-tutorial.org

00:42 Let's first define- What is an error ?
00:46 Error is a mistake in a program that produces an incorrect or unexpected result.
00:55 First, I will explain about types of errors.
01:00 Syntax error is a violation of grammatical rules of a programming language.
01:09 Compilation fails when a program has syntax errors.
01:15 Syntax errors are easy to find and fix.
01:22 For Example:
01:23 * Unmatched parentheses, square and curly braces.
01:29 * Use of variable that has not been declared.
01:34 * Missing quotes in strings.
01:38 Let's open a new KTurtle Application.
01:42 Click on Dash home. In the Search bar, type: "KTurtle".
01:48 Click on the KTurtle icon.
01:51 Let's begin the tutorial with some types of syntax errors.
01:58 I already have a program in a text editor.
02:02 To explain the error in the program, I will comment part of the code.
02:09 Here, I will comment the line.
02:11 $a=ask within double quotes "enter any number and click Ok".
02:19 I will use hash(#) sign to comment the line.
02:23 I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into Kturtle's Editor.
02:31 Pause the tutorial here and type the program into your KTurtle editor.
02:37 Resume the tutorial after typing the program.
02:42 Let's click on Run button to run the program.
02:47 Compiler shows the following error:
02:50 "variable '$a' was used without first being assigned to a value".
02:57 Here, the error is in line number 4.
03:02 This is a syntax error. It occurred as the variable 'a' was not declared.
03:10 So, I will go to line number 2, remove the comment.
03:14 I will copy the program from text Editor and paste it into KTurtle's editor.
03:23 Let's click on Run button to run the program.
03:27 Enter '6' for 'a' value and click OK.
03:31 Program runs without errors.
03:35 I will clear the current program from KTurtle editor.
03:38 Type clear command and Run to clean the canvas.
03:43 Let's next look at another error.
03:46 I already have a program in a text editor.
03:50 Here the value of "pi" is predefined in KTurtle.
03:54 Let's delete the '$' sign in the program.
03:58 I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into Kturtle's Editor.
04:05 Pause the tutorial here and type the program into your KTurtle editor
04:11 Resume the tutorial after typing the program.
04:16 Let's Click on Run button to run the program.
04:19 Complier shows the following error:
04:22 "You cannot put '=' here".
04:26 This error is in line number 2.
04:30 This is a syntax error. It occurred as there is no container of variable.
04:37 Let's go back to the program, replace the '$' sign.
04:41 I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into KTurtle's Editor.
04:49 Let's click on Run button to run the program.
04:53 Enter 45 for angle value and click OK.
04:57 Program runs without errors.
05:00 Let's remove one of the quotes of the string.
05:05 I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into KTurtle's Editor.
05:12 Click on Run button to run the program.
05:15 Complier shows the following error:
05:18 'Text string was not properly closed, expected a double quote “ ” to close the string'.
05:25 Here the error is in line number 2.
05:29 I will go back to line number 2 and replace the quotes.
05:34 I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into Kturtle's Editor.
05:41 Click on Run button to run the program.
05:44 Enter '45' for angle value and click OK.
05:49 Program runs without errors.
05:52 This way you can find the line at which error has occurred and also correct it.
05:59 Let's now learn about run time errors.
06:04 Run-time error occurs during the execution of a program.
06:10 It may crash the program when you run it.
06:15 Runtime errors are commonly due to wrong input from the user.
06:23 Compiler cannot find these errors.
06:27 For example:
06:29 * Trying to divide by a variable that contains no value.
06:31 * Run a loop without a terminating condition or increment value.
06:43 I will clear the current program from the editor.
06:47 Type clear command and Run to clean the canvas.
06:52 I already have a program in a text editor.
06:56 This program divides two numbers.
07:00 'a' is dividend and 'r' is divisor.
07:04 I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into KTurtle's Editor.
07:11 Pause the tutorial and type the program into your KTurtle editor.
07:16 Resume the tutorial after typing the program.
07:20 Let us click on Run button to run the program.
07:24 let's enter '5' for 'a' and click OK,
07:29 enter '0' for 'r' and click OK.
07:33 Here. we get a runtime error:
07:36 you tried to divide by zero”.
07:39 This error is in line number 4.
07:43 This error occurs as we cannot divide a number with zero.
07:49 Let us run again.
07:51 Enter '5' for 'a' and click OK,
07:54 enter '2' for 'r' and click OK.
07:58 Program runs without errors.
08:01 I will clear the current program from KTurtle editor.
08:05 Type clear command and Run to clean the canvas.
08:10 Next, we will learn about logical errors.
08:14 Logical error is a mistake in a program's source code that results in incorrect or unexpected behavior.
08:26 For example-
08:28 * Assigning a value to the wrong variable.
08:32 * Multiplying two numbers instead of adding.
08:36 I already have a program in a text editor.
08:39 I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into Kturtle's Editor.
08:47 Pause the tutorial here and type the program into your KTurtle editor.
08:52 Resume the tutorial after typing the program.
08:57 Now click on the Run button to run the program.
09:01 A dialog box pops-up; let's click OK.
09:05 Loop goes into an infinite loop.
09:08 We see that “while” loop prints numbers from 31 and is still printing.
09:15 This is a logical error.
09:18 In the “while” condition 'x' is greater than 20
09:23 but the variable 'x' is always greater than 20.
09:28 So, the loop never terminates.
09:31 I will click on Abort button to abort the process.
09:36 Let's change $x=$x+1 to $x=$x-1.
09:44 I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into KTurtle's editor.
09:51 Let's click on Run button to run the program.
09:55 A dialog box pop-up. Let us click OK.
09:59 Loop terminates after printing the values from 29 to 20.
10:05 With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.
10:10 Let us summarize.
10:12 In this tutorial, we have learnt errors and types of errors such as-
10:18 * Use of variable that has not been declared.
10:23 * Missing quotes in strings.
10:27 * Runtime errors and
10:30 * Logical errors.
10:31 As an assignment, I would like you to find errors in the given programs.
10:46 Watch the video available at this URl:

http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken-Tutorial

10:50 It summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
10:54 If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
10:59 The Spoken Tutorial Project team :
11:01 * Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials.
11:05 * Gives certificates to those who pass an online test.
11:09 For more details, please write to:

contact@spoken-tutorial.org

11: 17 Spoken Tutorial project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project.
11:23 It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.
11:31 More information on this mission is available at this link:

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro

11:37 This is Madhuri Ganpathi from IIT Bombay, signing off.
11:41 Thank you for joining.