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− | '''Linux – Basics of System Administration'''
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− | {| style="border-spacing:0;" | + | |
− | | style="border-top:0.05pt solid #000000;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| '''Time'''
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− | | style="border:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| '''Narration'''
| + | {| border=1 |
| + | !Time |
| + | !Narration |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:02
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Hello and welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on Basics of System Administration in Linux. | + | | Hello and welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on Basics of System Administration in Linux. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:09
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| In this tutorial we will learn the followings. | + | | In this tutorial we will learn the followings. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:13
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| adduser | + | | adduser |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:14
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| su | + | | su |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:16
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| usermod | + | | usermod |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:17
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| userdel | + | | userdel |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:18
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| id | + | | id |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:19
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| du | + | | du |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:20
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| df | + | | df |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:22
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I am using Ubuntu 10.10 for this tutorial. | + | | I am using Ubuntu 10.10 for this tutorial. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:27
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| As a prerequisite please go through the spoken tutorial on “General Purpose Utilities in Linux” | + | | As a prerequisite please go through the spoken tutorial on “General Purpose Utilities in Linux” |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:35
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| which is available on this website | + | | which is available on this website |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:39
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| One must have admin access in order to execute the commands shown. | + | | One must have admin access in order to execute the commands shown. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:47
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us first learn how to create a new user. | + | | Let us first learn how to create a new user. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 00:53
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The “adduser” command will create a new user login for us along with authentication. | + | | The “adduser” command will create a new user login for us along with authentication. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 01:01
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We can add any user account with the help of “sudo” command. | + | | We can add any user account with the help of “sudo” command. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 01:06
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me give you a brief explanation about the “sudo” command. | + | | Let me give you a brief explanation about the “sudo” command. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 01:11
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Sudo command allows the administrative user to execute a command as a super user. | + | | Sudo command allows the administrative user to execute a command as a super user. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 01:19
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The sudo command has many options. We will learn about the options as we go further in this tutorial. | + | | The sudo command has many options. We will learn about the options as we go further in this tutorial. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 01:27
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Lets now learn how to create a “New User”. | + | | Lets now learn how to create a “New User”. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 01:32
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Open the “Terminal” by pressing the keys “Ctrl, Alt and t” simultaniously on your keyboard | + | | Open the “Terminal” by pressing the keys “Ctrl, Alt and t” simultaniously on your keyboard |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 01:45
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I have already invoked the “Terminal” here. | + | | I have already invoked the “Terminal” here. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 01:49
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here type the command “sudo space adduser” and press Enter. | + | | Here type the command “sudo space adduser” and press Enter. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 01:58
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| You will be prompted for a password. | + | | You will be prompted for a password. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 02:01
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I will give the “Admin” password here and Enter. | + | | I will give the “Admin” password here and Enter. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 02:07
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The typed password on the terminal, is not visible. | + | | The typed password on the terminal, is not visible. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 02:11
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| So we have to type the password carefully. | + | | So we have to type the password carefully. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 02:16
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Once done, a message “adduser : Only one or two names allowed” is displayed. | + | | Once done, a message “adduser : Only one or two names allowed” is displayed. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 02:27
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| So let us create a new user account named “duck”. | + | | So let us create a new user account named “duck”. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 02:34
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Type the command : | + | | Type the command : |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 02:36
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| sudo space adduser space duck, and press Enter. | + | | sudo space adduser space duck, and press Enter. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 02:45
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We have created a new user called “duck”. | + | | We have created a new user called “duck”. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 02:49
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| In the process of creating a new user, a seperate “home” directory for that user has also been created. | + | | In the process of creating a new user, a seperate “home” directory for that user has also been created. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 02:58
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Please note that we will be prompted for a new password for the user “duck”. | + | | Please note that we will be prompted for a new password for the user “duck”. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 03:05
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Type the password of your choice, in my case im going to type “duck” as the password and press Enter. | + | | Type the password of your choice, in my case im going to type “duck” as the password and press Enter. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 03:17
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Please type the new password again. | + | | Please type the new password again. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 03:20
| + | | 03:20 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The password is asked twice for security reasons and for confirmation. | + | | The password is asked twice for security reasons and for confirmation. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 03:26
| + | | 03:26 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now our password for the new user is updated. | + | | Now our password for the new user is updated. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 03:31
| + | | 03:31 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We will be asked for other details too. | + | | We will be asked for other details too. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 03:35
| + | | 03:35 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| But for the time being, I will enter only the “Full Name” as “duck” and leave the rest of the details blank by pressing the Enter key. | + | | But for the time being, I will enter only the “Full Name” as “duck” and leave the rest of the details blank by pressing the Enter key. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 03:46
| + | | 03:46 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Enter. | + | | Enter. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 03:47
| + | | 03:47 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I will confirm this by entering “y”. | + | | I will confirm this by entering “y”. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 03:51
| + | | 03:51 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| This is to confirm that all the information is correct. | + | | This is to confirm that all the information is correct. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 03:55
| + | | 03:55 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us now check, if the user account has been created. | + | | Let us now check, if the user account has been created. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:00
| + | | 04:00 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To do this, please type the at the command prompt | + | | To do this, please type the at the command prompt |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:04
| + | | 04:04 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “ls space /(slash) home” | + | | “ls space /(slash) home” |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:09
| + | | 04:09 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| and press Enter. | + | | and press Enter. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:11
| + | | 04:11 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To show the list of users in the home folder “ls” command is used. | + | | To show the list of users in the home folder “ls” command is used. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:17
| + | | 04:17 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| And here is our newly created user named “duck”. | + | | And here is our newly created user named “duck”. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:23
| + | | 04:23 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me switch back to the slides. | + | | Let me switch back to the slides. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:26
| + | | 04:26 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now the next command is the “su” | + | | Now the next command is the “su” |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:30
| + | | 04:30 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “su” stands for “Switch User”. | + | | “su” stands for “Switch User”. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:34
| + | | 04:34 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| This command is useful for switching from the current user to another user. | + | | This command is useful for switching from the current user to another user. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:39
| + | | 04:39 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us go to the Terminal now. | + | | Let us go to the Terminal now. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:43
| + | | 04:43 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Enter the command | + | | Enter the command |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:45
| + | | 04:45 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “su space hyphen space duck” on the “Terminal”and press Enter. | + | | “su space hyphen space duck” on the “Terminal”and press Enter. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:53
| + | | 04:53 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| You will be prompted for a password. | + | | You will be prompted for a password. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 04:56
| + | | 04:56 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I shall type the user “duck's” password here please recall that it was “duck” itself. | + | | I shall type the user “duck's” password here please recall that it was “duck” itself. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:04
| + | | 05:04 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Please notice that, the Terminal switches from the previous user to the new user, which is “duck” in our case. | + | | Please notice that, the Terminal switches from the previous user to the new user, which is “duck” in our case. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:14
| + | | 05:14 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To logout from this user, type | + | | To logout from this user, type |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:17
| + | | 05:17 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “logout” and hit Enter. | + | | “logout” and hit Enter. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:22
| + | | 05:22 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now the terminal logs out from the current user “duck” and comes back to the previous user account, which is “vinhai” in our case. | + | | Now the terminal logs out from the current user “duck” and comes back to the previous user account, which is “vinhai” in our case. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:31
| + | | 05:31 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us learn about the “usermod” command. | + | | Let us learn about the “usermod” command. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:35
| + | | 05:35 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The “usermod” command | + | | The “usermod” command |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:37
| + | | 05:37 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Enables a super user or root user to modify the settings of other user accounts such as | + | | Enables a super user or root user to modify the settings of other user accounts such as |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:46
| + | | 05:46 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Change the password to no password or empty password. | + | | Change the password to no password or empty password. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:50
| + | | 05:50 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Show the date on which the user account will be disabled. | + | | Show the date on which the user account will be disabled. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:55
| + | | 05:55 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us try this command and see. | + | | Let us try this command and see. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:57
| + | | 05:57 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me switch to the terminal now. | + | | Let me switch to the terminal now. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 05:59
| + | | 05:59 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me show you how to set a date of expiry for the user account duck. | + | | Let me show you how to set a date of expiry for the user account duck. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 06:05
| + | | 06:05 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here at the command prompt type | + | | Here at the command prompt type |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 06:09
| + | | 06:09 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| sudo space usermod space -(hyphen)e space 2012-(hyphen)12-(hyphen)27 space duck | + | | sudo space usermod space -(hyphen)e space 2012-(hyphen)12-(hyphen)27 space duck |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 06:33
| + | | 06:33 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| and press Enter. | + | | and press Enter. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 06:37
| + | | 06:37 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The user account expiry date is set as mentioned in the command here with the help of the option “-e”. | + | | The user account expiry date is set as mentioned in the command here with the help of the option “-e”. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 06:46
| + | | 06:46 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now you have set an expiry date for the user account “duck”. | + | | Now you have set an expiry date for the user account “duck”. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 06:52
| + | | 06:52 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us now talk about the “uid” and “gid” commands. | + | | Let us now talk about the “uid” and “gid” commands. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 06:57
| + | | 06:57 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “id – command” is used to check the identities of all the users and groups | + | | “id – command” is used to check the identities of all the users and groups |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 07:04
| + | | 07:04 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To know about the identity of the user, we use “id space -(hyphen)u”. | + | | To know about the identity of the user, we use “id space -(hyphen)u”. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 07:12
| + | | 07:12 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To know about the identity of the group users, it is “id space -(hyphen)g” | + | | To know about the identity of the group users, it is “id space -(hyphen)g” |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 07:20
| + | | 07:20 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now lets work on this. | + | | Now lets work on this. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 07:22
| + | | 07:22 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| At the terminal, let us type | + | | At the terminal, let us type |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 07:25
| + | | 07:25 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “id” and press Enter. | + | | “id” and press Enter. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 07:29
| + | | 07:29 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we can see the User IDs and Group IDs on the system that we are using | + | | Now we can see the User IDs and Group IDs on the system that we are using |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 07:37
| + | | 07:37 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To get only the user id, we use “-(hyphen)u” option. | + | | To get only the user id, we use “-(hyphen)u” option. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 07:43
| + | | 07:43 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us type the command, “id space -(hyphen)u” | + | | Let us type the command, “id space -(hyphen)u” |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 07:49
| + | | 07:49 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| and press enter. | + | | and press enter. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 07:50
| + | | 07:50 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we can see only the ids of the users. | + | | Now we can see only the ids of the users. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 07:55
| + | | 07:55 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| But what if we need to know the names of the users? | + | | But what if we need to know the names of the users? |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:00
| + | | 08:00 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To find that out, we will type | + | | To find that out, we will type |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:02
| + | | 08:02 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “id space -(hyphen)n space -(hyphen)u” on the terminal hereand press Enter. | + | | “id space -(hyphen)n space -(hyphen)u” on the terminal hereand press Enter. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:13
| + | | 08:13 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we can see the names of the users instead of their ids. | + | | Now we can see the names of the users instead of their ids. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:20
| + | | 08:20 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us now learn the commands for Group IDs. | + | | Let us now learn the commands for Group IDs. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:24
| + | | 08:24 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Lets type “ id space -(hyphen)g”. | + | | Lets type “ id space -(hyphen)g”. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:29
| + | | 08:29 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here we can see the group ids. | + | | Here we can see the group ids. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:32
| + | | 08:32 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| If we want to view all the current user's group IDs, type | + | | If we want to view all the current user's group IDs, type |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:38
| + | | 08:38 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “id space -(hyphen) (capital)G” and press Enter. | + | | “id space -(hyphen) (capital)G” and press Enter. |
| | | |
| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:46
| + | | 08:46 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Please notice that I have typed G in capital letter. | + | | Please notice that I have typed G in capital letter. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:50
| + | | 08:50 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| See the result for yourself. | + | | See the result for yourself. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:53
| + | | 08:53 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now let us learn how to delete a user account. | + | | Now let us learn how to delete a user account. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 08:57
| + | | 08:57 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| For this we use “userdel” command. | + | | For this we use “userdel” command. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:00
| + | | 09:00 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We can delete an user account permanently with the help of the “userdel” command. | + | | We can delete an user account permanently with the help of the “userdel” command. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:07
| + | | 09:07 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Lets try this on the terminal. | + | | Lets try this on the terminal. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:09
| + | | 09:09 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here type “sudo space userdel space -(hyphen)r space duck”. | + | | Here type “sudo space userdel space -(hyphen)r space duck”. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:22
| + | | 09:22 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I have used the -(hyphen)r option. | + | | I have used the -(hyphen)r option. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:25
| + | | 09:25 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| This is to remove the user along with his home directory. | + | | This is to remove the user along with his home directory. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:30
| + | | 09:30 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us press Enter and see what happens. | + | | Let us press Enter and see what happens. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:34
| + | | 09:34 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now the user “duck” has been deleted. | + | | Now the user “duck” has been deleted. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:38
| + | | 09:38 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Check this by typing | + | | Check this by typing |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:41
| + | | 09:41 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “ls space /(slash)home” and press the Enter. | + | | “ls space /(slash)home” and press the Enter. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:47
| + | | 09:47 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We will find that, the user account “duck” has been deleted. | + | | We will find that, the user account “duck” has been deleted. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:53
| + | | 09:53 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me go back to the slides now. | + | | Let me go back to the slides now. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 09:56
| + | | 09:56 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Some of the useful commands in Linux System Administration are “df” and “du” | + | | Some of the useful commands in Linux System Administration are “df” and “du” |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 10:03
| + | | 10:03 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The “df” command gives a report on the free space available on the disk. | + | | The “df” command gives a report on the free space available on the disk. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 10:08
| + | | 10:08 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| And the “du” command gives a report on how much space a file has occupied. | + | | And the “du” command gives a report on how much space a file has occupied. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 10:13
| + | | 10:13 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Please try these two commands and find the output for yourself as an assignment. | + | | Please try these two commands and find the output for yourself as an assignment. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 10:19
| + | | 10:19 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us shift to the terminal, I shall show you a fewuseful options used with the “df” command. | + | | Let us shift to the terminal, I shall show you a fewuseful options used with the “df” command. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 10:26
| + | | 10:26 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Please type df space -(hyphen)h and press Enter. | + | | Please type df space -(hyphen)h and press Enter. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 10:33
| + | | 10:33 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here it shows the size of the Filesystem, and the space is used. | + | | Here it shows the size of the Filesystem, and the space is used. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 10:38
| + | | 10:38 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| It also shows the space mounted on in a human readable format. | + | | It also shows the space mounted on in a human readable format. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 10:46
| + | | 10:46 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let us now try some options with the “du” command | + | | Let us now try some options with the “du” command |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 10:50
| + | | 10:50 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| At this point i assume that you have created some text files in your home folder. | + | | At this point i assume that you have created some text files in your home folder. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 10:57
| + | | 10:57 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| If not please refer to the tutorial on “General Purpose Utilities in Linux”. | + | | If not please refer to the tutorial on “General Purpose Utilities in Linux”. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 11:04
| + | | 11:04 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I have already created some text files in my home directory to execute the commands. | + | | I have already created some text files in my home directory to execute the commands. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 11:11
| + | | 11:11 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Goto “home folder” on the terminal by typing | + | | Goto “home folder” on the terminal by typing |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 11:15
| + | | 11:15 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “cd space /(slash) home” and press Enter. | + | | “cd space /(slash) home” and press Enter. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 11:20
| + | | 11:20 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Then type du space -(hyphen)s space *. (astrix) dot txt and press enter. | + | | Then type du space -(hyphen)s space *. (astrix) dot txt and press enter. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 11:33
| + | | 11:33 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| This command will give you a report on the txt files available in the directory along with its file sizes. | + | | This command will give you a report on the txt files available in the directory along with its file sizes. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 11:43
| + | | 11:43 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| As an assignment, at the command prompt type | + | | As an assignment, at the command prompt type |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 11:47
| + | | 11:47 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “du space -(hyphen)ch space *.(astrix dot)txt” and see what happens. | + | | “du space -(hyphen)ch space *.(astrix dot)txt” and see what happens. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 11:59
| + | | 11:59 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me go back to the slides. | + | | Let me go back to the slides. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:01
| + | | 12:01 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To summarise, we have learnt: | + | | To summarise, we have learnt: |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:03
| + | | 12:03 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “adduser” command to create a new user. | + | | “adduser” command to create a new user. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:06
| + | | 12:06 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “su” command to switch from one user to another user. | + | | “su” command to switch from one user to another user. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:09
| + | | 12:09 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “usermod” command to change the user account settings. | + | | “usermod” command to change the user account settings. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:12
| + | | 12:12 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “userdel” command to delete the user account. | + | | “userdel” command to delete the user account. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:15
| + | | 12:15 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| id command to know the information about user ids and group ids. | + | | id command to know the information about user ids and group ids. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:20
| + | | 12:20 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “df” command to check the file system size and its availability. | + | | “df” command to check the file system size and its availability. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:24
| + | | 12:24 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| “du” command to check the space occupied by a file. | + | | “du” command to check the space occupied by a file. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:27
| + | | 12:27 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial on “Basics of system administration” | + | | This brings us to the end of this tutorial on “Basics of system administration” |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12.33
| + | | 12.33 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The video available at this url, | + | | The video available at this url, |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:37
| + | | 12:37 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Summarises the Spoken Tutorial project. | + | | Summarises the Spoken Tutorial project. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:40
| + | | 12:40 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it. | + | | If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:44
| + | | 12:44 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials. We also give certificates to those who pass an online test. Please contact us for more details. | + | | We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials. We also give certificates to those who pass an online test. Please contact us for more details. |
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| |- | | |- |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| 12:53
| + | | 12:53 |
− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Spoken Tutorial is a part of the “Talk to a Teacher” project | + | | Spoken Tutorial is a part of the “Talk to a Teacher” project |
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| Supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT (NMEICT), MHRD, Government of India. | | Supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT (NMEICT), MHRD, Government of India. |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| More information is available on this url | + | | More information is available on this url |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) | + | | This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) |
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− | | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.05pt solid #000000;border-left:0.05pt solid #000000;border-right:0.05pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off. Thanks for watching. | + | | and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off. Thanks for watching. |
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Time
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Narration
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00:02
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Hello and welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on Basics of System Administration in Linux.
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00:09
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In this tutorial we will learn the followings.
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00:13
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adduser
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00:14
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su
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00:16
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usermod
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00:17
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userdel
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00:18
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id
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00:19
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du
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00:20
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df
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00:22
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I am using Ubuntu 10.10 for this tutorial.
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00:27
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As a prerequisite please go through the spoken tutorial on “General Purpose Utilities in Linux”
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00:35
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which is available on this website
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00:39
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One must have admin access in order to execute the commands shown.
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00:47
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Let us first learn how to create a new user.
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00:53
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The “adduser” command will create a new user login for us along with authentication.
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01:01
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We can add any user account with the help of “sudo” command.
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01:06
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Let me give you a brief explanation about the “sudo” command.
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01:11
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Sudo command allows the administrative user to execute a command as a super user.
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01:19
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The sudo command has many options. We will learn about the options as we go further in this tutorial.
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01:27
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Lets now learn how to create a “New User”.
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01:32
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Open the “Terminal” by pressing the keys “Ctrl, Alt and t” simultaniously on your keyboard
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01:45
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I have already invoked the “Terminal” here.
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01:49
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Here type the command “sudo space adduser” and press Enter.
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01:58
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You will be prompted for a password.
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02:01
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I will give the “Admin” password here and Enter.
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02:07
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The typed password on the terminal, is not visible.
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02:11
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So we have to type the password carefully.
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02:16
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Once done, a message “adduser : Only one or two names allowed” is displayed.
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02:27
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So let us create a new user account named “duck”.
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02:34
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Type the command :
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02:36
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sudo space adduser space duck, and press Enter.
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02:45
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We have created a new user called “duck”.
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02:49
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In the process of creating a new user, a seperate “home” directory for that user has also been created.
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02:58
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Please note that we will be prompted for a new password for the user “duck”.
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03:05
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Type the password of your choice, in my case im going to type “duck” as the password and press Enter.
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03:17
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Please type the new password again.
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03:20
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The password is asked twice for security reasons and for confirmation.
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03:26
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Now our password for the new user is updated.
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03:31
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We will be asked for other details too.
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03:35
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But for the time being, I will enter only the “Full Name” as “duck” and leave the rest of the details blank by pressing the Enter key.
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03:46
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Enter.
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03:47
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I will confirm this by entering “y”.
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03:51
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This is to confirm that all the information is correct.
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03:55
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Let us now check, if the user account has been created.
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04:00
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To do this, please type the at the command prompt
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04:04
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“ls space /(slash) home”
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04:09
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and press Enter.
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04:11
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To show the list of users in the home folder “ls” command is used.
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04:17
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And here is our newly created user named “duck”.
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04:23
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Let me switch back to the slides.
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04:26
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Now the next command is the “su”
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04:30
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“su” stands for “Switch User”.
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04:34
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This command is useful for switching from the current user to another user.
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04:39
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Let us go to the Terminal now.
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04:43
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Enter the command
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04:45
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“su space hyphen space duck” on the “Terminal”and press Enter.
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04:53
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You will be prompted for a password.
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04:56
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I shall type the user “duck's” password here please recall that it was “duck” itself.
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05:04
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Please notice that, the Terminal switches from the previous user to the new user, which is “duck” in our case.
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05:14
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To logout from this user, type
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05:17
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“logout” and hit Enter.
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05:22
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Now the terminal logs out from the current user “duck” and comes back to the previous user account, which is “vinhai” in our case.
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05:31
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Let us learn about the “usermod” command.
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05:35
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The “usermod” command
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05:37
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Enables a super user or root user to modify the settings of other user accounts such as
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05:46
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Change the password to no password or empty password.
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05:50
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Show the date on which the user account will be disabled.
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05:55
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Let us try this command and see.
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05:57
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Let me switch to the terminal now.
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05:59
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Let me show you how to set a date of expiry for the user account duck.
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06:05
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Here at the command prompt type
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06:09
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sudo space usermod space -(hyphen)e space 2012-(hyphen)12-(hyphen)27 space duck
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06:33
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and press Enter.
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06:37
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The user account expiry date is set as mentioned in the command here with the help of the option “-e”.
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06:46
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Now you have set an expiry date for the user account “duck”.
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06:52
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Let us now talk about the “uid” and “gid” commands.
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06:57
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“id – command” is used to check the identities of all the users and groups
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07:04
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To know about the identity of the user, we use “id space -(hyphen)u”.
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07:12
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To know about the identity of the group users, it is “id space -(hyphen)g”
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07:20
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Now lets work on this.
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07:22
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At the terminal, let us type
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07:25
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“id” and press Enter.
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07:29
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Now we can see the User IDs and Group IDs on the system that we are using
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07:37
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To get only the user id, we use “-(hyphen)u” option.
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07:43
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Let us type the command, “id space -(hyphen)u”
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07:49
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and press enter.
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07:50
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Now we can see only the ids of the users.
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07:55
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But what if we need to know the names of the users?
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08:00
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To find that out, we will type
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08:02
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“id space -(hyphen)n space -(hyphen)u” on the terminal hereand press Enter.
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08:13
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Now we can see the names of the users instead of their ids.
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08:20
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Let us now learn the commands for Group IDs.
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08:24
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Lets type “ id space -(hyphen)g”.
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08:29
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Here we can see the group ids.
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08:32
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If we want to view all the current user's group IDs, type
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08:38
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“id space -(hyphen) (capital)G” and press Enter.
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08:46
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Please notice that I have typed G in capital letter.
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08:50
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See the result for yourself.
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08:53
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Now let us learn how to delete a user account.
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08:57
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For this we use “userdel” command.
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09:00
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We can delete an user account permanently with the help of the “userdel” command.
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09:07
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Lets try this on the terminal.
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09:09
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Here type “sudo space userdel space -(hyphen)r space duck”.
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09:22
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I have used the -(hyphen)r option.
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09:25
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This is to remove the user along with his home directory.
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09:30
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Let us press Enter and see what happens.
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09:34
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Now the user “duck” has been deleted.
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09:38
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Check this by typing
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09:41
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“ls space /(slash)home” and press the Enter.
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09:47
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We will find that, the user account “duck” has been deleted.
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09:53
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Let me go back to the slides now.
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09:56
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Some of the useful commands in Linux System Administration are “df” and “du”
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10:03
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The “df” command gives a report on the free space available on the disk.
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10:08
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And the “du” command gives a report on how much space a file has occupied.
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10:13
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Please try these two commands and find the output for yourself as an assignment.
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10:19
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Let us shift to the terminal, I shall show you a fewuseful options used with the “df” command.
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10:26
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Please type df space -(hyphen)h and press Enter.
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10:33
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Here it shows the size of the Filesystem, and the space is used.
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10:38
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It also shows the space mounted on in a human readable format.
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10:46
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Let us now try some options with the “du” command
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10:50
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At this point i assume that you have created some text files in your home folder.
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10:57
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If not please refer to the tutorial on “General Purpose Utilities in Linux”.
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11:04
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I have already created some text files in my home directory to execute the commands.
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11:11
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Goto “home folder” on the terminal by typing
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11:15
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“cd space /(slash) home” and press Enter.
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11:20
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Then type du space -(hyphen)s space *. (astrix) dot txt and press enter.
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11:33
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This command will give you a report on the txt files available in the directory along with its file sizes.
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11:43
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As an assignment, at the command prompt type
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11:47
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“du space -(hyphen)ch space *.(astrix dot)txt” and see what happens.
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11:59
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Let me go back to the slides.
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12:01
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To summarise, we have learnt:
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12:03
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“adduser” command to create a new user.
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12:06
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“su” command to switch from one user to another user.
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12:09
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“usermod” command to change the user account settings.
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12:12
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“userdel” command to delete the user account.
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12:15
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id command to know the information about user ids and group ids.
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12:20
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“df” command to check the file system size and its availability.
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12:24
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“du” command to check the space occupied by a file.
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12:27
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This brings us to the end of this tutorial on “Basics of system administration”
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12.33
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The video available at this url,
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12:37
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Summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.
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12:40
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If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
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12:44
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We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials. We also give certificates to those who pass an online test. Please contact us for more details.
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12:53
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Spoken Tutorial is a part of the “Talk to a Teacher” project
Supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT (NMEICT), MHRD, Government of India.
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13:03
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More information is available on this url
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13:08
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This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator)
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13:12
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and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off. Thanks for watching.
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