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|'''Narration''' | |'''Narration''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:00 |
| Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. | | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 00:05 | | 00:05 | ||
− | | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as | + | | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, and testchown. |
|- | |- | ||
|00:18 | |00:18 | ||
− | |Please create empty directories named as | + | |Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also |
|- | |- | ||
| 00:25 | | 00:25 | ||
| A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file. | | A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |00: | + | |00:33 |
|File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc. | |File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:45 |
| c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory. | | c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 01: | + | | 01:00 |
− | | The syntax of chown command is '''chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname ''' | + | | The syntax of chown command is '''<nowiki>chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname </nowiki>''' |
|- | |- | ||
| 01:13 | | 01:13 | ||
− | | We may give following options with | + | | We may give following options with chown command. |
|- | |- | ||
|01:18 | |01:18 | ||
Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
|'''-c ''': Change the permission for each file. | |'''-c ''': Change the permission for each file. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |01: | + | |01:33 |
|'''-f''' : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages. | |'''-f''' : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages. | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 39: | Line 39: | ||
| Now we will look at some examples | | Now we will look at some examples | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 01: | + | | 01:40 |
− | | So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that | + | | So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press enter |
|- | |- | ||
| 01:56 | | 01:56 | ||
− | | Now type the command | + | | Now type the command |
+ | $ ls space -l spacetestchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 02:11 | | 02:11 | ||
− | | Here we can see the owner of the file | + | | Here we can see the owner of the file 'testchown' is shahid |
|- | |- | ||
| 02:18 | | 02:18 | ||
− | | To change the owner of the file, type the command | + | | To change the owner of the file, type the command |
− | + | $ sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n | |
+ | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 02:36 | | 02:36 | ||
− | | Enter the | + | | Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press enter |
|- | |- | ||
| 02:44 | | 02:44 | ||
− | | Now type | + | | Now type $ ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n |
+ | and press Enter | ||
Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha. | Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha. | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 63: | Line 66: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|03:07 | |03:07 | ||
− | |Type the command | + | |Type the command $ ls -l and press Enter |
− | Here we can see the owner of the directory | + | Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 03: | + | | 03:21 |
| To change the owner of the directory, type the command | | To change the owner of the directory, type the command | ||
|- | |- | ||
|03:26 | |03:26 | ||
− | | | + | |$ sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha spacetest_chown which is directory name |
+ | and press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
|03:44 | |03:44 | ||
|Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again. | |Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again. | ||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
+ | |||
| 03:49 | | 03:49 | ||
− | | I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type | + | | I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type $ ls space -l press Enter |
Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha. | Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 04:06 | | 04:06 | ||
− | | | + | | chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files. |
|- | |- | ||
| 04:13 | | 04:13 | ||
− | | Syntax of the | + | | Syntax of the chmod command is |
+ | <nowiki>chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename </nowiki> | ||
We may give the following options with chmod command. | We may give the following options with chmod command. | ||
Line 92: | Line 97: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|04:34 | |04:34 | ||
− | | -f : Do not notify user of files that | + | | -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change. |
|- | |- | ||
| 04:41 | | 04:41 | ||
Line 98: | Line 103: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|04:44 | |04:44 | ||
− | |r | + | |r : Read |
− | w | + | w : Write |
− | x | + | x : Execute |
− | s | + | s : Set user (or group) ID |
|- | |- | ||
| 04:54 | | 04:54 | ||
Line 121: | Line 126: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 05:20 | | 05:20 | ||
− | | Now we will look at some examples of | + | | Now we will look at some examples of chmod Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1. |
|- | |- | ||
|05:30 | |05:30 | ||
Line 127: | Line 132: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 05:36 | | 05:36 | ||
− | | Now lets type | + | | Now lets type |
− | + | $ chmod space u+x space example1 | |
+ | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 05:49 | + | | 05:49 |
− | | Now type | + | | Now type $ ls space -l space example1 |
press Enter to see the changes | press Enter to see the changes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|06:01 | |06:01 | ||
− | | | + | |here you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1 |
|- | |- | ||
| 06:15 | | 06:15 | ||
− | | Now type the command | + | | Now type the command $ chmod space 751 space example1 |
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 06:26 | | 06:26 | ||
− | | Now type | + | | Now type |
+ | $ ls space -l space example1 | ||
+ | and press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
|06:35 | |06:35 | ||
− | |Here we can see that above command has assigned the | + | |Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1. |
|- | |- | ||
| 06:52 | | 06:52 | ||
− | | To assign read-only permission to file | + | | To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command $ chmod space <nowiki>=r space </nowiki>example1 |
and press Enter | and press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 07:08 | | 07:08 | ||
− | | Now type the command | + | | Now type the command $ ls space -l space example1 |
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
|07:19 | |07:19 | ||
− | |Here we can see that the | + | |Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone |
|- | |- | ||
| 07:30 | | 07:30 | ||
− | | To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory | + | | To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command |
|- | |- | ||
|7:44 | |7:44 | ||
− | | | + | |$ chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1 |
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 08:00 | | 08:00 | ||
− | | Now type | + | | Now type |
+ | $ ls space -l | ||
+ | press Enter to see the changes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 08:09 | | 08:09 | ||
− | | To give the user execute permission on file | + | | To give the user execute permission on file example2 Type the command |
− | + | $ chmod space u+x space example2 | |
+ | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 08:27 | | 08:27 | ||
− | | Now type the command | + | | Now type the command |
+ | $ ls space -l space example2 | ||
+ | and press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
|08:40 | |08:40 | ||
− | |Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on | + | |Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2 |
|- | |- | ||
| 08:50 | | 08:50 | ||
− | | To add the write permissions to the group for file | + | | To add the write permissions to the group for file example3 |
− | + | type the command | |
+ | $ chmod space g+w space example3 | ||
+ | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 09:10 | | 09:10 | ||
− | | and now type | + | | and now type |
+ | $ ls space -l space example3 | ||
+ | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | |09: | + | |09:23 |
|Here we can see the write permission has been added to group | |Here we can see the write permission has been added to group | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 09:30 | | 09:30 | ||
− | | To remove the write permissions for all type the command | + | | To remove the write permissions for all type the command |
+ | $ chmod space a-w space example3 | ||
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 09:45 | | 09:45 | ||
− | | Now type | + | | Now type |
+ | $ ls space -l space example3 | ||
+ | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
|09:55 | |09:55 | ||
Line 201: | Line 221: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10:02 | | 10:02 | ||
− | | | + | | chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to newgroup. |
|- | |- | ||
|10:10 | |10:10 | ||
− | |Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in | + | |Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in /etc/group. |
|- | |- | ||
|10:20 | |10:20 | ||
Line 210: | Line 230: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10:26 | | 10:26 | ||
− | | The syntax for the chgrp command is | + | | The syntax for the chgrp command is |
+ | <nowiki>chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files.</nowiki> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10:36 | | 10:36 | ||
− | | Lets go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of | + | | Lets go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of chgrp command. |
− | type the command | + | type the command $ ls space -l space example4 |
+ | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
|10:57 | |10:57 | ||
− | |Here we can see the group permission is for user | + | |Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid |
|- | |- | ||
| 11:03 | | 11:03 | ||
− | | To change the group permission , type the command | + | | To change the group permission , type the command $ sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4 |
|- | |- | ||
|11:20 | |11:20 | ||
− | |press Enter | + | |press Enter |
+ | Enter the sudo password if required. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 11:27 | | 11:27 | ||
− | | Now type the command | + | | Now type the command $ ls space -l space example4 |
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 242: | Line 265: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|12:00 | |12:00 | ||
− | |Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding | + | |Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding inode. |
|- | |- | ||
| 12:12 | | 12:12 | ||
− | | We can use | + | | We can use ls space -i command to see the inode number of a file. |
|- | |- | ||
|12:19 | |12:19 | ||
− | |type the command | + | |type the command $ ls space -i space example5 |
+ | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
|12:29 | |12:29 | ||
Line 257: | Line 281: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|12:41 | |12:41 | ||
− | |Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single | + | |Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode. |
− | + | ln is the command to make link | |
|- | |- | ||
| 12:52 | | 12:52 | ||
− | | The syntax of | + | | The syntax of ln command to create the hard link is |
|- | |- | ||
|12:57 | |12:57 | ||
− | | | + | |ln space source space link Where, source is an existing file and link is the file to create. |
|- | |- | ||
| 13:06 | | 13:06 | ||
Line 270: | Line 294: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|13:10 | |13:10 | ||
− | |Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command | + | |Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command |
+ | $ ln space example1 space exampleln press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 13:25 | | 13:25 | ||
− | | To display the | + | | To display the inode number of both the files, type the command |
− | + | $ ls space -i space example1 space exampleln | |
+ | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
|13:41 | |13:41 | ||
Line 284: | Line 310: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 14:07 | | 14:07 | ||
− | | The syntax of | + | | The syntax of ln command to create soft links is |
|- | |- | ||
|14:12 | |14:12 | ||
− | | | + | |ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename} |
|- | |- | ||
| 14:19 | | 14:19 | ||
Line 293: | Line 319: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 14:25 | | 14:25 | ||
− | | To create the soft link, type the command | + | | To create the soft link, type the command |
+ | $ ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft | ||
|- | |- | ||
|14:40 | |14:40 | ||
Line 299: | Line 326: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 14:43 | | 14:43 | ||
− | | Now, to display the | + | | Now, to display the inode number and list of both the files, type the command |
− | + | $ ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft | |
|- | |- | ||
|15:01 | |15:01 | ||
Line 306: | Line 333: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|15:03 | |15:03 | ||
− | |Here we can see that | + | |Here we can see that inode number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a softlink of example1. |
|- | |- | ||
| 15:16 | | 15:16 | ||
Line 324: | Line 351: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|15:50 | |15:50 | ||
− | | This script | + | | This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off . Thanks for joining. |
|} | |} |
Revision as of 14:06, 4 December 2014
Time | Narration |
00:00 | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. |
00:05 | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, and testchown. |
00:18 | Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also |
00:25 | A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file. |
00:33 | File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc. |
00:45 | c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory. |
01:00 | The syntax of chown command is chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname |
01:13 | We may give following options with chown command. |
01:18 | -R : To change the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in. |
01:28 | -c : Change the permission for each file. |
01:33 | -f : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages. |
01:37 | Now we will look at some examples |
01:40 | So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press enter |
01:56 | Now type the command
$ ls space -l spacetestchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter. |
02:11 | Here we can see the owner of the file 'testchown' is shahid |
02:18 | To change the owner of the file, type the command
$ sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n press Enter |
02:36 | Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press enter |
02:44 | Now type $ ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n
and press Enter Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha. |
03:03 | Now we will see how to change owner of the directory |
03:07 | Type the command $ ls -l and press Enter
Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid |
03:21 | To change the owner of the directory, type the command |
03:26 | $ sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha spacetest_chown which is directory name
and press Enter |
03:44 | Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again. |
03:49 | I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type $ ls space -l press Enter
Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha. |
04:06 | chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files. |
04:13 | Syntax of the chmod command is
chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename We may give the following options with chmod command. |
04:29 | -c : Print information about files that are changed. |
04:34 | -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change. |
04:41 | There are following types of access or permissions |
04:44 | r : Read
w : Write x : Execute s : Set user (or group) ID |
04:54 | Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal number. |
05:00 | The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission, and the third stands for other's permission. |
05:09 | Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values:
4 that is Read 2 that is Write 1 that is Execute |
05:20 | Now we will look at some examples of chmod Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1. |
05:30 | Before that i will again clear the screen by pressing Clt+l. |
05:36 | Now lets type
$ chmod space u+x space example1 press Enter |
05:49 | Now type $ ls space -l space example1
press Enter to see the changes |
06:01 | here you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1 |
06:15 | Now type the command $ chmod space 751 space example1
press Enter |
06:26 | Now type
$ ls space -l space example1 and press Enter |
06:35 | Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1. |
06:52 | To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command $ chmod space =r space example1
and press Enter |
07:08 | Now type the command $ ls space -l space example1
press Enter |
07:19 | Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone |
07:30 | To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command |
7:44 | $ chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1
press Enter |
08:00 | Now type
$ ls space -l press Enter to see the changes
|
08:09 | To give the user execute permission on file example2 Type the command
$ chmod space u+x space example2 press Enter |
08:27 | Now type the command
$ ls space -l space example2 and press Enter |
08:40 | Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2 |
08:50 | To add the write permissions to the group for file example3
type the command $ chmod space g+w space example3 press Enter |
09:10 | and now type
$ ls space -l space example3 press Enter |
09:23 | Here we can see the write permission has been added to group |
09:30 | To remove the write permissions for all type the command
$ chmod space a-w space example3 press Enter |
09:45 | Now type
$ ls space -l space example3 press Enter |
09:55 | Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed |
10:02 | chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to newgroup. |
10:10 | Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in /etc/group. |
10:20 | Only the owner of a file or a privileged user may change the group. |
10:26 | The syntax for the chgrp command is
chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files. |
10:36 | Lets go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of chgrp command.
type the command $ ls space -l space example4 press Enter |
10:57 | Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid |
11:03 | To change the group permission , type the command $ sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4 |
11:20 | press Enter
Enter the sudo password if required. |
11:27 | Now type the command $ ls space -l space example4
press Enter |
11:38 | Here we can see that the group has changed from shahid to rohit. |
11:46 | The inode number is a unique integer assigned to the device. |
11:51 | Inode stores basic information about a regular file or a directory. |
11:57 | All the files are hard links to inodes. |
12:00 | Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding inode. |
12:12 | We can use ls space -i command to see the inode number of a file. |
12:19 | type the command $ ls space -i space example5
press Enter |
12:29 | Number written before the file is the inode number of the file. |
12:35 | Inodes are associated with precisely one directory at a time. |
12:41 | Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode.
ln is the command to make link |
12:52 | The syntax of ln command to create the hard link is |
12:57 | ln space source space link Where, source is an existing file and link is the file to create. |
13:06 | Now we will look at some examples of hard links |
13:10 | Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command
$ ln space example1 space exampleln press Enter |
13:25 | To display the inode number of both the files, type the command
$ ls space -i space example1 space exampleln press Enter |
13:41 | Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same, file exampleln is the hard link for file example1 |
13:54 | Soft link symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path. |
14:07 | The syntax of ln command to create soft links is |
14:12 | ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename} |
14:19 | Now we will look at some examples of soft link |
14:25 | To create the soft link, type the command
$ ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft |
14:40 | press Enter |
14:43 | Now, to display the inode number and list of both the files, type the command
$ ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft |
15:01 | press Enter |
15:03 | Here we can see that inode number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a softlink of example1. |
15:16 | So in this tutorial we have learnt about the Linux Files Attributes like changing permission, ownership and group of a file. |
15:26 | We also learnt about the inode, soft and hard links of a file. |
15:31 | This brings me to the end of this tutorial. |
15:35 | Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT. |
15:44 | More information on the same is available at the following link. |
15:50 | This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off . Thanks for joining. |