Difference between revisions of "BOSS-Linux/C2/Working-with-Regular-Files/English-timed"
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− | | 00: | + | | 00:32 |
− | |We have already seen in another tutorial how we can create a file using the cat command. For details please visit this website. | + | |We have already seen in another tutorial how we can create a file using the '''cat''' command. For details please visit this website. |
|- | |- | ||
| 00:46 | | 00:46 | ||
− | |Let us see how to copy a file from one place to another. For this we have the cp command. | + | |Let us see how to copy a file from one place to another. For this we have the '''cp''' command. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 00: | + | | 00:56 |
|Let us see how the command is used. | |Let us see how the command is used. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 01:00 | | 01:00 | ||
− | |To copy a single file we type | + | |To copy a single file we type '''cp''' space one or more of the [OPTION]... space the name of the SOURCE file space the name of the destination file |
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 01:15 | | 01:15 | ||
− | |To copy multiple files at the same time. | + | |To copy multiple files at the same time. We write cp space one or more of the [OPTION]...the name of the SOURCE... files that we want to copy and the name of the destination DIRECTORY in which these files would be copied. |
− | We write cp space one or more of the [OPTION]...the name of the SOURCE... files that we want to copy and the name of the destination DIRECTORY in which these files would be copied. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 01:34 | | 01:34 | ||
− | |Let us now see an | + | |Let us now see an Example. First we open a terminal. |
|- | |- | ||
| 01:42 | | 01:42 | ||
− | |We already have a file named test1 in | + | |We already have a file named test1 in home directory |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 01:49 | + | | 01:49 |
− | |To see what is in test1.We type | + | |To see what is in '''test1'''.We type $ '''cat space test1''' and press enter. |
− | $ cat test1 and press enter. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
| 02:00 | | 02:00 | ||
− | |As we can see the content of test1 is shown, now if we want to copy it into another file called test2 we would write. | + | |As we can see the content of '''test1''' is shown, now if we want to copy it into another file called '''test2''' we would write. |
− | $ cp test1 test2 and press enter. | + | '''$ cp space test1 space test2''' and press enter. |
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Line 65: | Line 62: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 02:25 | | 02:25 | ||
− | |If test2 doesn't exist it would be first created and then the content of test1 will be copied to it. | + | |If '''test2''' doesn't exist it would be first created and then the content of '''test1''' will be copied to it. |
|- | |- | ||
Line 71: | Line 68: | ||
|If it already existed then it would be silently overwritten.To see the copied file type | |If it already existed then it would be silently overwritten.To see the copied file type | ||
− | + | ''' cat test2''' and press enter. | |
|- | |- | ||
| 02:52 | | 02:52 | ||
− | | | + | |We can also copy files from and to different directories.For example. |
− | + | Type ''' cp space /home/anirban/arc/demo1''' which is the name of the file that we want to copy space ''' /home/anirban/demo2''' and press enter. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 03: | + | | 03:32 |
− | |What this will do is that it will copy the file demo1 from source diretory /home/anirban/arc/ to the destination directory /home/anirban it will copy to a file name demo2. | + | |What this will do is that it will copy the file '''demo1''' from source diretory '''/home/anirban/arc/''' to the destination directory '''/home/anirban''' it will copy to a file name is '''demo2.''' |
|- | |- | ||
| 03:51 | | 03:51 | ||
− | |To see that the demo2 is there type | + | |To see that the demo2 is there type '''ls space /home/anirban''' and press enter. |
− | ls space /home/anirban and press enter. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 04: | + | | 04:07 |
− | | | + | |And as you can see here is '''demo2.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 04: | + | | 04:12 |
|Before moving a head let us clear the screen. | |Before moving a head let us clear the screen. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 04: | + | | 04:17 |
|If you want the file to have the same name in the destination directory, you may not even mention the file name.For example | |If you want the file to have the same name in the destination directory, you may not even mention the file name.For example | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 04: | + | | 04:27 |
− | |Type | + | |Type '''cp space /home/anirban/arc/demo1 space /home/anirban/''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 04:55 |
− | |This will again copy the file demo1 presenting the /home/anirban/arc/ directory to /home/anirban directory to a file whose name will be demo1 as well. | + | |This will again copy the file '''demo1''' presenting the '''/home/anirban/arc/ '''directory to '''/home/anirban''' directory to a file whose name will be '''demo1''' as well. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 05: | + | | 05:11 |
− | |As before to see the demo1 type | + | |As before to see the '''demo1''' type '''ls/home/anirban''' and press enter. |
− | ls/home/anirban and press enter. | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 05: | + | | 05:25 |
− | | | + | | And as you can see the '''demo1''' file is there. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 05: | + | | 05:30 |
|Again before moving a head let us clear the screen. | |Again before moving a head let us clear the screen. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 05: | + | | 05:37 |
|Another instance when we do not need to give the destination file name is when we want to copy multiple files. | |Another instance when we do not need to give the destination file name is when we want to copy multiple files. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 05: | + | | 05:44 |
− | |We assume that we have three files named test1 test2 test3 in our home directory. | + | |We assume that we have three files named '''test1 test2 test3''' in our home directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 05:53 |
− | |Now we type | + | |Now we type ''' cp space test1 space test2 space test3 space /home/anirban/testdir''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 06: | + | | 06:16 |
− | |This will copy all the three files test1,test2 and test3 to the directory /home/anirban/testdir without changing their names. | + | |This will copy all the three files named '''test1,test2''' and '''test3''' to the directory ''' /home/anirban/testdir''' without changing their names. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 06: | + | | 06:30 |
− | |You see that this files have actually been copied.We will type ls /home/anirban/testdir and press enter. | + | |You see that this files have actually been copied.We will type '''ls space /home/anirban/testdir''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 06:52 |
− | |As you can see test1,test2 and test3 are present in this directory. | + | |As you can see '''test1,test2''' and '''test3''' are present in this directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 06:58 |
− | |There are many options that go with cp. Here we will see only the most important of them. | + | |There are many options that go with '''cp'''. Here we will see only the most important of them. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 07: | + | | 07:07 |
|Let us first will go back to the slides. | |Let us first will go back to the slides. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 07: | + | | 07:12 |
− | |Among the options -R is an important one. It causes recursive copying of an entire directory structure. | + | |Among the options -R (The capital R) is an important one. It causes recursive copying of an entire directory structure. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 07: | + | | 07:23 |
|Let us see an example. | |Let us see an example. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 07: | + | | 07:27 |
|Let us try to copy all the contents of the testdir directory to a directory called test. | |Let us try to copy all the contents of the testdir directory to a directory called test. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 07: | + | | 07:36 |
− | |For that we would type cp testdir | + | |For that we would type cp space testdir slash test and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 07:51 |
|As you can see from the output message. | |As you can see from the output message. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 07:54 |
− | |Normally we cannot copy a directory having a some content directly with cp command. | + | |Normally we cannot copy a directory having a some content directly with '''cp'' command. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 08: | + | | 08:02 |
− | |But using the -R option we can do this. | + | |But using the -R (mius R ) option we can do this. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 08: | + | | 08:07 |
− | |Now we type cp -R testdir/ test and press enter. | + | |Now we type ''' cp space -R(minus capital R) space testdir/ test''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 08: | + | | 08:25 |
|The files have now been copied, to see that the test directory actually exist type ls and press enter. | |The files have now been copied, to see that the test directory actually exist type ls and press enter. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 08: | + | | 08:37 |
|As you can see the test directory exists. Let us clear the screen. | |As you can see the test directory exists. Let us clear the screen. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 08: | + | | 08:45 |
− | |To see the contents inside test type ls test and press enter. | + | |To see the contents inside test type '''ls test''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 08:57 |
|You can see the contents of the test directory. | |You can see the contents of the test directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 09: | + | | 09:01 |
|Now we go back to the slides. | |Now we go back to the slides. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 09: | + | | 09:05 |
|We have seen if a file is copied to another file that already exists the existing file is overwritten. | |We have seen if a file is copied to another file that already exists the existing file is overwritten. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 09: | + | | 09:14 |
|Now what if we inadvertently overwrite an important file? | |Now what if we inadvertently overwrite an important file? | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 09: | + | | 09:19 |
|To prevent anything like this to occur, we have the -b option. | |To prevent anything like this to occur, we have the -b option. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 09: | + | | 09:25 |
|This makes a backup of each exiting destination file. | |This makes a backup of each exiting destination file. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 09: | + | | 09:32 |
|We can also use the -i(interactive)option, this always warns us before overwriting any destination file. | |We can also use the -i(interactive)option, this always warns us before overwriting any destination file. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 09: | + | | 09:43 |
− | |Now let us see how the mv command works. | + | |Now let us see how the '''mv''' command works. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 09: | + | | 09:47 |
|This is used for moving files. Now how is that useful? | |This is used for moving files. Now how is that useful? | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 09:53 |
|It has two major uses. | |It has two major uses. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 09:57 |
|It is used for rename a file or directory. | |It is used for rename a file or directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 10: | + | | 10:00 |
|It also moves a group of files to a different directory. | |It also moves a group of files to a different directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 10: | + | | 10:05 |
− | |mv is very similar to cp which we have already seen. So let us quickly see how mv can be used. | + | |'''mv''' is very similar to '''cp''' which we have already seen. So let us quickly see how mv can be used. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 10: | + | | 10:17 |
− | |We open the terminal and type | + | |We open the terminal and type '''mv space test1 space test2''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 10: | + | | 10:32 |
− | |This will rename the file named test1 which was already present in the home directory to a file named test2. | + | |This will rename the file named '''test1''' which was already present in the home directory to a file named '''test2.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 10: | + | | 10:40 |
− | |If test2 already existed then it would be overwritten silently. | + | |If '''test2''' already existed then it would be overwritten silently. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 10:49 |
|If we want our warning before the file is overwritten. | |If we want our warning before the file is overwritten. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 10:54 |
− | |We can use the -i option with the mv command. | + | |We can use the ''' -i ''' option with the mv command. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 10:59 |
|Say we have another file named anirban. This file we also want to renew as test2 | |Say we have another file named anirban. This file we also want to renew as test2 | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 11: | + | | 11:08 |
− | |We will type mv -i anirban test2 and press enter. | + | |We will type ''' mv space -i space anirban space test2''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 11: | + | | 11:21 |
− | |As you can see a warning is provided asking whether test2 should be overwritten or not. | + | |As you can see a warning is provided asking whether '''test2''' should be overwritten or not. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 11: | + | | 11:30 |
|If we press y and then press enter, the file would be actually overwritten. | |If we press y and then press enter, the file would be actually overwritten. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 11: | + | | 11:37 |
|Like cp we can use mv with multiple files but in that case the destination should be a directory. | |Like cp we can use mv with multiple files but in that case the destination should be a directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 11: | + | | 11:47 |
|Before moving ahead let us clear the screen. | |Before moving ahead let us clear the screen. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | 11:52 | ||
+ | |Suppose we have 3 files named ''' abc.txt, pop.txt''' and '''push.txt''' in our home directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 12:03 | | 12:03 | ||
− | | | + | |To see there presence type ''' ls''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 12: | + | | 12:09 |
− | | | + | |Here are the files ''' pop.txt, push.txt''' and '''abc.txt''' Let us clear the screen. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 12: | + | | 12:24 |
− | | | + | |Now we want to move this three files to a directory called '''testdir.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 12: | + | | 12:32 |
− | | | + | |What we need to do is type ''' mv space abc.txt pop.txt push.txt''' and then the name of the destination folder which is '''testdir''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 12: | + | | 12:58 |
− | | | + | |To see them type ''' ls testdir ''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 13: | + | | 13:06 |
− | | | + | |You can see the files ''' abc, pop''' and '''push.txt.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 13: | + | | 13:14 |
− | | | + | |Now let us see some options that go with '''mv''''. Let us first go back to the slides. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 13: | + | | 13:22 |
− | | | + | |Then -b or –backup option is present with the '''mv''' command.It will backup every file in the destination before it is overwritten. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 13: | + | | 13:34 |
− | | | + | |The -i(minus i) option that we have already seen warns us before overwriting any destination file. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 13: | + | | 13:44 |
− | |The | + | |The next command we will see is the '''rm''' command. This command is used for deleting files. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 13: | + | | 13:52 |
− | | | + | |Go back to the terminal and type '''ls testdir.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 14: | + | | 14:00 |
− | | | + | |We can see a file name '''faq.txt''' present. Say we want to delete it. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 14: | + | | 14:09 |
− | | | + | |For this we type ''' rm space testdir/faq.txt''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
| 14:23 | | 14:23 | ||
− | | | + | |This command will remove the file '''faq.txt''' from the '''/testdir''' directory. |
− | + | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 14: | + | | 14:32 |
− | | | + | |To see that the file has been actually removed or not. Let us again press ''' ls testdir''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 14: | + | | 14:47 |
− | | | + | |We can no longer see the file ''' faq.txt.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 14:51 |
− | |We can | + | |We can use the '''rm''' command with multiple files as well. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 14:57 |
− | | | + | |The ''' testdir''' directory contains two files '''abc2''' and '''abc1.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 15: | + | | 15:03 |
− | | | + | |Suppose we want to remove this files '''abc1''' and '''abc2.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 15: | + | | 15:09 |
− | | | + | |For this we would type ''' rm space testdir/abc1 space testdir/abc2''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 15: | + | | 15:31 |
− | | | + | |This remove the files '''abc1''' and '''abc2''' from '''testdir''' directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 15: | + | | 15:39 |
− | | | + | |To see that they have been removed type '''ls space testdir''' again.You can no longer see '''abc1'''' and '''abc2.''' |
|- | |- | ||
| 15:53 | | 15:53 | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
|Let us clear the screen before moving ahead. | |Let us clear the screen before moving ahead. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 15:58 |
|Now let us go back to the slides. | |Now let us go back to the slides. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 16: | + | | 16:02 |
|Let us summarize what we just said? | |Let us summarize what we just said? | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 16: | + | | 16:04 |
− | |That is do delete a single file we write rm and than the name of the file. | + | |That is do delete a single file we write '''rm''' and than the name of the file. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 16: | + | | 16:11 |
− | |To delete multiple files we write rm and the name of the multiple files that we want to delete. | + | |To delete multiple files we write '''rm''' and the name of the multiple files that we want to delete. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 16: | + | | 16:19 |
− | |Now let us look into some of the options of the rm command. | + | |Now let us look into some of the options of the '''rm''' command. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 16: | + | | 16:24 |
− | |Sometimes a file is write protected,using rm will not delete the file then. In this case we have the -f option which can be used to force delete a file. | + | |Sometimes a file is write protected,using '''rm''' will not delete the file then. In this case we have the '''-f''' option which can be used to force delete a file. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 16: | + | | 16:41 |
− | |The other common option is the -r option. Let us see where this options are useful? | + | |The other common option is the '''-r''' option. Let us see where this options are useful? |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 16:52 |
|Let us switch back to the terminal. | |Let us switch back to the terminal. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 16:57 |
− | |rm command is not normally used for deleting directories, for that we have the rmdir command. | + | |'''rm''' command is not normally used for deleting directories, for that we have the rmdir command. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 17: | + | | 17:05 |
− | |But rmdir command normally deletes a directory only then it is empty. | + | |But '''rmdir''' command normally deletes a directory only then it is empty. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 17: | + | | 17:12 |
|What if we want to delete a directory that has a number of files and subdirectories inside. | |What if we want to delete a directory that has a number of files and subdirectories inside. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 17: | + | | 17:19 |
− | |Let us try the rm command to do this. | + | |Let us try the '''rm''' command to do this. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 17: | + | | 17:23 |
− | |Let us type rm and the directory that we want to delete which is testdir and press enter. | + | |Let us type '''rm''' and the directory that we want to delete which is '''testdir''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 17: | + | | 17:31 |
− | |From the output message we can see that we can not use the rm directory to delete testdir. | + | |From the output message we can see that we can not use the '''rm''' directory to delete testdir. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 17: | + | | 17:39 |
|But if we combine the -r and -f option then we can do this. | |But if we combine the -r and -f option then we can do this. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 17:47 |
− | |Press rm -rf testdir and then press enter. | + | |Press ''' rm -rf testdir''' and then press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 18: | + | | 18:00 |
− | |Now the testdir directory has been successfully deleted. | + | |Now the '''testdir''' directory has been successfully deleted. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 18: | + | | 18:06 |
|Let us now go back to the slides to study the next command. | |Let us now go back to the slides to study the next command. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 18: | + | | 18:11 |
− | |The cmp command. | + | |The '''cmp''' command. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 18: | + | | 18:13 |
|Sometimes we need to check whether two files are same. If they are same then we may delete one of them. | |Sometimes we need to check whether two files are same. If they are same then we may delete one of them. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 18: | + | | 18:22 |
|Also we may want to see whether a file has changed since the last version. | |Also we may want to see whether a file has changed since the last version. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 18: | + | | 18:28 |
− | |For these and many other purposes we can use the cmp command. | + | |For these and many other purposes we can use the '''cmp''' command. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 18: | + | | 18:33 |
|It compares two files byte by byte. | |It compares two files byte by byte. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 18: | + | | 18:38 |
− | |To compare file1 and file2 we would write cmp file1 file2. | + | |To compare file1 and file2 we would write '''cmp file1 file2.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 18: 47 |
|If the two files have exactly same content then no message would be shown. | |If the two files have exactly same content then no message would be shown. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 18:55 |
|Only the prompt will be printed. | |Only the prompt will be printed. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 18:58 |
|If there are differences in their contents then the location of the first mismatch will be printed on the terminal. | |If there are differences in their contents then the location of the first mismatch will be printed on the terminal. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 19: | + | | 19:10 |
− | |Let us see how cmp works.We have two files named sample1 and sample2 in our home directory. | + | |Let us see how '''cmp''' works.We have two files named '''sample1''' and '''sample2''' in our home directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 19: | + | | 19:19 |
|Let us see what they contain? | |Let us see what they contain? | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 19: | + | | 19:22 |
− | |Type cat sample1 and press enter.It contains | + | |Type '''cat sample1''' and press enter. It contains the text '''This is a Linux file to test the cmp command''' |
− | the text | + | |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 19: | + | | 19:34 |
− | |The other file sample2 will contain the text and to see that we will type cat sample2 and press enter. | + | |The other file '''sample2''' will contain the text and to see that we will type '''cat sample2''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 19:44 |
− | |It will contain the text | + | |It will contain the text '''This is a Unix file to test the cmp command.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 19:50 |
− | |Now we would apply the cmp command on this two files. | + | |Now we would apply the '''cmp''' command on this two files. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 19:55 |
− | |We will write cmp sample1 sample2 and press enter. | + | |We will write '''cmp space sample1 space sample2''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 20: | + | | 20:08 |
− | |As we can see the first difference between the two files sample1 and sample2 is pointed out. | + | |As we can see the first difference between the two files '''sample1''' and '''sample2''' is pointed out. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 20: | + | | 20:16 |
|Let us clear the screen before moving ahead to the next command. | |Let us clear the screen before moving ahead to the next command. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 20: | + | | 20:22 |
− | |The next command we will see is the wc command. | + | |The next command we will see is the '''wc''' command. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 20: | + | | 20:26 |
|This command is used to count the number of characters, words and lines in a file. | |This command is used to count the number of characters, words and lines in a file. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 20: | + | | 20:34 |
− | |We have a file named sample3 in our home directory. | + | |We have a file named '''sample3''' in our home directory. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 20: | + | | 20:39 |
− | |Let us see its content, for that we will type cat sample3 and press enter. | + | |Let us see its content, for that we will type '''cat space sample3''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 20:50 |
− | |This is the content of sample3. | + | |This is the content of '''sample3.''' |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 20:54 |
|Now let us use the wc command on this file. | |Now let us use the wc command on this file. | ||
− | |||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 20:59 |
− | |For that we would write wc sample3 and press enter. | + | |For that we would write '''wc sample3''' and press enter. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 21: | + | | 21:10 |
− | | | + | |These command points out that the file has 6 lines, 67 words and 385 characters. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | 21: | + | | 21:22 |
|These were some of the commands that help us to work with files. | |These were some of the commands that help us to work with files. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 21: | + | | 21:27 |
|There are many more commands. Moreover each of the command that we saw has many other options. | |There are many more commands. Moreover each of the command that we saw has many other options. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 21: | + | | 21:36 |
− | |I encourage you to see more about them using the man command. | + | |I encourage you to see more about them using the '''man''' command. |
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 21:44 |
|This brings me to the end of this tutorial at last. | |This brings me to the end of this tutorial at last. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | | + | | 21:48 |
| Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India. | | Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 22: | + | | 22:02 |
|More information on the same is available at the following link http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. | |More information on the same is available at the following link http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | 22: | + | | 22:18 |
|This is Anirban signing off . Thanks for joining. | |This is Anirban signing off . Thanks for joining. |
Revision as of 14:04, 4 December 2014
Time | Narration |
00:00 | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on working with regular files in Linux. |
00:07 | Files and directories together form the Linux File System. |
00:13 | In a previous tutorial we have already seen how to work with directories. You can find the tutorial at this website. |
00:25 | In this tutorial we will see how to handle regular files. |
00:32 | We have already seen in another tutorial how we can create a file using the cat command. For details please visit this website. |
00:46 | Let us see how to copy a file from one place to another. For this we have the cp command. |
00:56 | Let us see how the command is used. |
01:00 | To copy a single file we type cp space one or more of the [OPTION]... space the name of the SOURCE file space the name of the destination file |
01:15 | To copy multiple files at the same time. We write cp space one or more of the [OPTION]...the name of the SOURCE... files that we want to copy and the name of the destination DIRECTORY in which these files would be copied. |
01:34 | Let us now see an Example. First we open a terminal. |
01:42 | We already have a file named test1 in home directory |
01:49 | To see what is in test1.We type $ cat space test1 and press enter. |
02:00 | As we can see the content of test1 is shown, now if we want to copy it into another file called test2 we would write.
$ cp space test1 space test2 and press enter. |
02:22 | Now the file has been copied. |
02:25 | If test2 doesn't exist it would be first created and then the content of test1 will be copied to it. |
02:35 | If it already existed then it would be silently overwritten.To see the copied file type
cat test2 and press enter. |
02:52 | We can also copy files from and to different directories.For example.
Type cp space /home/anirban/arc/demo1 which is the name of the file that we want to copy space /home/anirban/demo2 and press enter. |
03:32 | What this will do is that it will copy the file demo1 from source diretory /home/anirban/arc/ to the destination directory /home/anirban it will copy to a file name is demo2. |
03:51 | To see that the demo2 is there type ls space /home/anirban and press enter. |
04:07 | And as you can see here is demo2. |
04:12 | Before moving a head let us clear the screen. |
04:17 | If you want the file to have the same name in the destination directory, you may not even mention the file name.For example |
04:27 | Type cp space /home/anirban/arc/demo1 space /home/anirban/ and press enter. |
04:55 | This will again copy the file demo1 presenting the /home/anirban/arc/ directory to /home/anirban directory to a file whose name will be demo1 as well. |
05:11 | As before to see the demo1 type ls/home/anirban and press enter. |
05:25 | And as you can see the demo1 file is there. |
05:30 | Again before moving a head let us clear the screen. |
05:37 | Another instance when we do not need to give the destination file name is when we want to copy multiple files. |
05:44 | We assume that we have three files named test1 test2 test3 in our home directory. |
05:53 | Now we type cp space test1 space test2 space test3 space /home/anirban/testdir and press enter. |
06:16 | This will copy all the three files named test1,test2 and test3 to the directory /home/anirban/testdir without changing their names. |
06:30 | You see that this files have actually been copied.We will type ls space /home/anirban/testdir and press enter. |
06:52 | As you can see test1,test2 and test3 are present in this directory.
|
06:58 | There are many options that go with cp. Here we will see only the most important of them. |
07:07 | Let us first will go back to the slides. |
07:12 | Among the options -R (The capital R) is an important one. It causes recursive copying of an entire directory structure. |
07:23 | Let us see an example. |
07:27 | Let us try to copy all the contents of the testdir directory to a directory called test. |
07:36 | For that we would type cp space testdir slash test and press enter. |
07:51 | As you can see from the output message. |
07:54 | Normally we cannot copy a directory having a some content directly with 'cp command. |
08:02 | But using the -R (mius R ) option we can do this. |
08:07 | Now we type cp space -R(minus capital R) space testdir/ test and press enter. |
08:25 | The files have now been copied, to see that the test directory actually exist type ls and press enter. |
08:37 | As you can see the test directory exists. Let us clear the screen. |
08:45 | To see the contents inside test type ls test and press enter. |
08:57 | You can see the contents of the test directory. |
09:01 | Now we go back to the slides. |
09:05 | We have seen if a file is copied to another file that already exists the existing file is overwritten. |
09:14 | Now what if we inadvertently overwrite an important file? |
09:19 | To prevent anything like this to occur, we have the -b option. |
09:25 | This makes a backup of each exiting destination file. |
09:32 | We can also use the -i(interactive)option, this always warns us before overwriting any destination file. |
09:43 | Now let us see how the mv command works. |
09:47 | This is used for moving files. Now how is that useful? |
09:53 | It has two major uses. |
09:57 | It is used for rename a file or directory. |
10:00 | It also moves a group of files to a different directory. |
10:05 | mv is very similar to cp which we have already seen. So let us quickly see how mv can be used. |
10:17 | We open the terminal and type mv space test1 space test2 and press enter. |
10:32 | This will rename the file named test1 which was already present in the home directory to a file named test2. |
10:40 | If test2 already existed then it would be overwritten silently. |
10:49 | If we want our warning before the file is overwritten. |
10:54 | We can use the -i option with the mv command. |
10:59 | Say we have another file named anirban. This file we also want to renew as test2 |
11:08 | We will type mv space -i space anirban space test2 and press enter. |
11:21 | As you can see a warning is provided asking whether test2 should be overwritten or not. |
11:30 | If we press y and then press enter, the file would be actually overwritten. |
11:37 | Like cp we can use mv with multiple files but in that case the destination should be a directory. |
11:47 | Before moving ahead let us clear the screen. |
11:52 | Suppose we have 3 files named abc.txt, pop.txt and push.txt in our home directory. |
12:03 | To see there presence type ls and press enter. |
12:09 | Here are the files pop.txt, push.txt and abc.txt Let us clear the screen. |
12:24 | Now we want to move this three files to a directory called testdir. |
12:32 | What we need to do is type mv space abc.txt pop.txt push.txt and then the name of the destination folder which is testdir and press enter. |
12:58 | To see them type ls testdir and press enter. |
13:06 | You can see the files abc, pop and push.txt. |
13:14 | Now let us see some options that go with mv'. Let us first go back to the slides. |
13:22 | Then -b or –backup option is present with the mv command.It will backup every file in the destination before it is overwritten. |
13:34 | The -i(minus i) option that we have already seen warns us before overwriting any destination file. |
13:44 | The next command we will see is the rm command. This command is used for deleting files. |
13:52 | Go back to the terminal and type ls testdir. |
14:00 | We can see a file name faq.txt present. Say we want to delete it. |
14:09 | For this we type rm space testdir/faq.txt and press enter. |
14:23 | This command will remove the file faq.txt from the /testdir directory. |
14:32 | To see that the file has been actually removed or not. Let us again press ls testdir and press enter. |
14:47 | We can no longer see the file faq.txt. |
14:51 | We can use the rm command with multiple files as well. |
14:57 | The testdir directory contains two files abc2 and abc1. |
15:03 | Suppose we want to remove this files abc1 and abc2. |
15:09 | For this we would type rm space testdir/abc1 space testdir/abc2 and press enter. |
15:31 | This remove the files abc1 and abc2 from testdir directory. |
15:39 | To see that they have been removed type ls space testdir again.You can no longer see abc1' and abc2. |
15:53 | Let us clear the screen before moving ahead. |
15:58 | Now let us go back to the slides. |
16:02 | Let us summarize what we just said? |
16:04 | That is do delete a single file we write rm and than the name of the file. |
16:11 | To delete multiple files we write rm and the name of the multiple files that we want to delete. |
16:19 | Now let us look into some of the options of the rm command. |
16:24 | Sometimes a file is write protected,using rm will not delete the file then. In this case we have the -f option which can be used to force delete a file. |
16:41 | The other common option is the -r option. Let us see where this options are useful? |
16:52 | Let us switch back to the terminal. |
16:57 | rm command is not normally used for deleting directories, for that we have the rmdir command. |
17:05 | But rmdir command normally deletes a directory only then it is empty. |
17:12 | What if we want to delete a directory that has a number of files and subdirectories inside. |
17:19 | Let us try the rm command to do this. |
17:23 | Let us type rm and the directory that we want to delete which is testdir and press enter. |
17:31 | From the output message we can see that we can not use the rm directory to delete testdir. |
17:39 | But if we combine the -r and -f option then we can do this. |
17:47 | Press rm -rf testdir and then press enter. |
18:00 | Now the testdir directory has been successfully deleted. |
18:06 | Let us now go back to the slides to study the next command. |
18:11 | The cmp command. |
18:13 | Sometimes we need to check whether two files are same. If they are same then we may delete one of them. |
18:22 | Also we may want to see whether a file has changed since the last version. |
18:28 | For these and many other purposes we can use the cmp command. |
18:33 | It compares two files byte by byte. |
18:38 | To compare file1 and file2 we would write cmp file1 file2. |
18: 47 | If the two files have exactly same content then no message would be shown. |
18:55 | Only the prompt will be printed. |
18:58 | If there are differences in their contents then the location of the first mismatch will be printed on the terminal. |
19:10 | Let us see how cmp works.We have two files named sample1 and sample2 in our home directory. |
19:19 | Let us see what they contain? |
19:22 | Type cat sample1 and press enter. It contains the text This is a Linux file to test the cmp command |
19:34 | The other file sample2 will contain the text and to see that we will type cat sample2 and press enter. |
19:44 | It will contain the text This is a Unix file to test the cmp command. |
19:50 | Now we would apply the cmp command on this two files. |
19:55 | We will write cmp space sample1 space sample2 and press enter. |
20:08 | As we can see the first difference between the two files sample1 and sample2 is pointed out. |
20:16 | Let us clear the screen before moving ahead to the next command. |
20:22 | The next command we will see is the wc command. |
20:26 | This command is used to count the number of characters, words and lines in a file. |
20:34 | We have a file named sample3 in our home directory. |
20:39 | Let us see its content, for that we will type cat space sample3 and press enter. |
20:50 | This is the content of sample3. |
20:54 | Now let us use the wc command on this file. |
20:59 | For that we would write wc sample3 and press enter. |
21:10 | These command points out that the file has 6 lines, 67 words and 385 characters. |
21:22 | These were some of the commands that help us to work with files. |
21:27 | There are many more commands. Moreover each of the command that we saw has many other options. |
21:36 | I encourage you to see more about them using the man command. |
21:44 | This brings me to the end of this tutorial at last. |
21:48 | Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India. |
22:02 | More information on the same is available at the following link http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. |
22:18 | This is Anirban signing off . Thanks for joining. |