Difference between revisions of "BOSS-Linux/C2/Working-with-Regular-Files/English-timed"

Revision as of 14:04, 4 December 2014

Time	Narration
00:00	Welcome to this spoken tutorial on working with regular files in Linux.
00:07	Files and directories together form the Linux File System.
00:13	In a previous tutorial we have already seen how to work with directories. You can find the tutorial at this website.
00:25	In this tutorial we will see how to handle regular files.
00:31	We have already seen in another tutorial how we can create a file using the cat command. For details please visit this website.
00:46	Let us see how to copy a file from one place to another. For this we have the cp command.
00:55	Let us see how the command is used.
01:00	To copy a single file we type cp space one or more of the [OPTION]... space the name of the SOURCE file space the name of the destination file DEST.
01:15	To copy multiple files at the same time. We write cp space one or more of the [OPTION]...the name of the SOURCE... files that we want to copy and the name of the destination DIRECTORY in which these files would be copied.
01:34	Let us now see an Eg.First we open a terminal.
01:42	We already have a file named test1 in /home/anirban/arc/
01:49	To see what is in test1.We type $ cat test1 and press enter.
02:00	As we can see the content of test1 is shown, now if we want to copy it into another file called test2 we would write. $ cp test1 test2 and press enter.
02:22	Now the file has been copied.
02:25	If test2 doesn't exist it would be first created and then the content of test1 will be copied to it.
02:35	If it already existed then it would be silently overwritten.To see the copied file type $ cat test2 and press enter.
02:52	You can also copy files from and to different directories.For example. type $ cp /home/anirban/arc/demo1 /home/anirban/demo2 and press enter.
03:31	What this will do is that it will copy the file demo1 from source diretory /home/anirban/arc/ to the destination directory /home/anirban it will copy to a file name demo2.
03:51	To see that the demo2 is there type ls space /home/anirban and press enter.
04:13	We scroll up as you can see here is demo2.
04:19	Before moving a head let us clear the screen.
04:25	If you want the file to have the same name in the destination directory, you may not even mention the file name.For example
04:35	Type $ cp /home/anirban/arc/demo1 /home/anirban/ and press enter.
05:03	This will again copy the file demo1 presenting the /home/anirban/arc/ directory to /home/anirban directory to a file whose name will be demo1 as well.
05:20	As before to see the demo1 type ls/home/anirban and press enter.
05:33	Here again we would scroll up and as you can see the demo1 file is there.
05:40	Again before moving a head let us clear the screen.
05:48	Another instance when we do not need to give the destination file name is when we want to copy multiple files.
05:56	We assume that we have three files named test1 test2 test3 in our home directory.
06:04	Now we type $ cp test1 test2 test3 /home/anirban/testdir and press enter.
06:27	This will copy all the three files test1,test2 and test3 to the directory /home/anirban/testdir without changing their names.
06:41	You see that this files have actually been copied.We will type ls /home/anirban/testdir and press enter.
07:03	As you can see test1,test2 and test3 are present in this directory.
07:10	There are many options that go with cp. Here we will see only the most important of them.
07:18	Let us first will go back to the slides.
07:23	Among the options -R is an important one. It causes recursive copying of an entire directory structure.
07:33	Let us see an example.
07:38	Let us try to copy all the contents of the testdir directory to a directory called test.
07:48	For that we would type cp testdir/ test and press enter.
08:02	As you can see from the output message.
08:06	Normally we cannot copy a directory having a some content directly with cp command.
08:14	But using the -R option we can do this.
08:19	Now we type cp -R testdir/ test and press enter.
08:36	The files have now been copied, to see that the test directory actually exist type ls and press enter.
08:47	As you can see the test directory exists. Let us clear the screen.
08:57	To see the contents inside test type ls test and press enter.
09:08	You can see the contents of the test directory.
09:13	Now we go back to the slides.
09:16	We have seen if a file is copied to another file that already exists the existing file is overwritten.
09:25	Now what if we inadvertently overwrite an important file?
09:30	To prevent anything like this to occur, we have the -b option.
09:36	This makes a backup of each exiting destination file.
09:41	We can also use the -i(interactive)option, this always warns us before overwriting any destination file.
09:54	Now let us see how the mv command works.
09:59	This is used for moving files. Now how is that useful?
10:04	It has two major uses.
10:07	It is used for rename a file or directory.
10:11	It also moves a group of files to a different directory.
10:17	mv is very similar to cp which we have already seen. So let us quickly see how mv can be used.
10:29	We open the terminal and type $ mv test1 test2 and press enter.
10:43	This will rename the file named test1 which was already present in the home directory to a file named test2.
10:52	If test2 already existed then it would be overwritten silently.
11:00	If we want our warning before the file is overwritten.
11:05	We can use the -i option with the mv command.
11:10	Say we have another file named anirban. This file we also want to renew as test2
11:20	We will type mv -i anirban test2 and press enter.
11:32	As you can see a warning is provided asking whether test2 should be overwritten or not.
11:41	If we press y and then press enter, the file would be actually overwritten.
11:49	Like cp we can use mv with multiple files but in that case the destination should be a directory.
11:58	Before moving ahead let us clear the screen.
12:03	Suppose we have 3 files named abc.txt, pop.txt and push.txt in our home directory.
12:14	To see there presence type ls and press enter.
12:21	Here are the files pop.txt,push.txt and abc.txt Let us clear the screen.
12:36	Now we want to move this three files to a directory called testdir.
12:46	What we need to do is type mv abc.txt pop.txt push.txt and then the name of the destination folder which is testdir and press enter.
13:14	To see them type ls testdir and press enter.
13:20	You can see the files abc, pop and push.txt.
13:27	Now let us see some options that go with mv. Let us first go back to the slides.
13:37	Then -b or –backup option is present with the mv command.It will backup every file in the destination before it is overwritten.
13:48	The -i option that we have already seen warns us before overwriting any destination file.
13:58	The next command we will see is the rm command. This command is used for deleting files.
14:06	Go back to the terminal and type ls testdir.
14:15	We can see a file name faq.txt present.Say we want to delete it.
14:23	For this we type $ rm testdir/faq.txt and press enter.
14:37	This command will remove the file faq.txt from the /testdir directory.
14:46	To see that the file has been actually removed or not.Let us again press ls testdir and press enter.
15:00	We can no longer see the file faq.txt.
15:05	We can use the rm command with multiple files as well.
15:10	The testdir directory contains two files abc2 and abc1.
15:17	Suppose we want to remove this files abc1 and abc2.
15:23	For this we would type rm testdir/abc1 testdir/abc2 and press enter.
15:45	This remove the files abc1 and abc2 from testdir directory.
15:53	To see that they have been removed type ls testdir again.You can no longer see abc1 and abc2.
16:07	Let us clear the screen before moving ahead.
16:14	Now let us go back to the slides.
16:18	Let us summarize what we just said?
16:20	That is do delete a single file we write rm and than the name of the file.
16:27	To delete multiple files we write rm and the name of the multiple files that we want to delete.
16:34	Now let us look into some of the options of the rm command.
16:40	Sometimes a file is write protected,using rm will not delete the file then. In this case we have the -f option which can be used to force delete a file.
16:57	The other common option is the -r option. Let us see where this options are useful?
17:07	Let us switch back to the terminal.
17:12	rm command is not normally used for deleting directories, for that we have the rmdir command.
17:21	But rmdir command normally deletes a directory only then it is empty.
17:27	What if we want to delete a directory that has a number of files and subdirectories inside.
17:35	Let us try the rm command to do this.
17:38	Let us type rm and the directory that we want to delete which is testdir and press enter.
17:47	From the output message we can see that we can not use the rm directory to delete testdir.
17:55	But if we combine the -r and -f option then we can do this.
18:03	Press rm -rf testdir and then press enter.
18:16	Now the testdir directory has been successfully deleted.
18:22	Let us now go back to the slides to study the next command.
18:27	The cmp command.
18:29	Sometimes we need to check whether two files are same. If they are same then we may delete one of them.
18:37	Also we may want to see whether a file has changed since the last version.
18:44	For these and many other purposes we can use the cmp command.
18:49	It compares two files byte by byte.
18:54	To compare file1 and file2 we would write cmp file1 file2.
19:03	If the two files have exactly same content then no message would be shown.
19:11	Only the prompt will be printed.
19:14	If there are differences in their contents then the location of the first mismatch will be printed on the terminal.
19:25	Let us see how cmp works.We have two files named sample1 and sample2 in our home directory.
19:35	Let us see what they contain?
19:38	Type cat sample1 and press enter.It contains the text “This is a Linux file to test the cmp command”
19:50	The other file sample2 will contain the text and to see that we will type cat sample2 and press enter.
20:00	It will contain the text “This is a Unix file to test the cmp command.”
20:06	Now we would apply the cmp command on this two files.
20:11	We will write cmp sample1 sample2 and press enter.
20:23	As we can see the first difference between the two files sample1 and sample2 is pointed out.
20:32	Let us clear the screen before moving ahead to the next command.
20:38	The next command we will see is the wc command.
20:43	This command is used to count the number of characters, words and lines in a file.
20:50	We have a file named sample3 in our home directory.
20:56	Let us see its content, for that we will type cat sample3 and press enter.
21:05	This is the content of sample3.
21:10	Now let us use the wc command on this file.
21:14	For that we would write wc sample3 and press enter.
21:25	The command points out that the file has 6 lines, 67 words and 385 characters.
21:38	These were some of the commands that help us to work with files.
21:43	There are many more commands. Moreover each of the command that we saw has many other options.
21:51	I encourage you to see more about them using the man command.
22:00	This brings me to the end of this tutorial at last.
22:04	Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.
22:17	More information on the same is available at the following link http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro.
22:34	This is Anirban signing off . Thanks for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

PoojaMoolya, Pratik kamble, Sandhya.np14

Difference between revisions of "BOSS-Linux/C2/Working-with-Regular-Files/English-timed"

Revision as of 14:04, 4 December 2014

Contributors and Content Editors

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

Actions

Search

Navigation

Tools

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 |-
-| 00:32
+| 00:31
-|We have already seen in another tutorial how we can create a file using the '''cat''' command. For details please visit this website.
+|We have already seen in another tutorial how we can create a file using the cat command. For details please visit this website.
 |-
 | 00:46
-|Let us see how to copy a file from one place to another. For this we have the '''cp''' command.
+|Let us see how to copy a file from one place to another. For this we have the cp command.
 |-
-| 00:56
+| 00:55
 |Let us see how the command is used.
 |-
 | 01:00
-|To copy a single file we type '''cp''' space one or more of the [OPTION]... space the name of the  SOURCE file space the name of the destination file
+|To copy a single file we type
+ cp space one or more of the [OPTION]... space the name of the SOURCE file space the name of the destination file DEST.
 |-
 | 01:15
-|To copy multiple files at the same time.  We write cp space one or more of the [OPTION]...the name of the SOURCE... files that we want to copy and the name of the destination DIRECTORY in which these files would be copied.
+|To copy multiple files at the same time.
+  We write cp space one or more of the [OPTION]...the name of the SOURCE... files that we want to copy and the name of the destination DIRECTORY in which these files would be copied.
 |-
 | 01:34
-|Let us now see an Example. First we open a terminal.
+|Let us now see an Eg.First we open a terminal.
 |-
 | 01:42
-|We already have a file named test1 in home directory
+|We already have a file named test1 in /home/anirban/arc/
 |-
 | 01:49
-|To see what is in '''test1'''.We type  $ '''cat space test1''' and press enter.
+|To see what is in test1.We type
+  $ cat test1 and press enter.
 |-
 | 02:00
-|As we can see the content of '''test1''' is shown, now if we want to copy it into another file called '''test2''' we would write.
+|As we can see the content of test1 is shown, now if we want to copy it into another file called test2 we would write.
-'''$ cp space test1 space test2''' and press enter.
+$ cp test1 test2 and press enter.
 |-
@@ Line 62: / Line 65: @@
 |-
 | 02:25
-|If '''test2''' doesn't exist it would be first created and then the content of '''test1''' will be copied to it.
+|If test2 doesn't exist it would be first created and then the content of test1 will be copied to it.
 |-
@@ Line 68: / Line 71: @@
 |If it already existed then it would be silently overwritten.To see the copied file type
-''' cat test2''' and press enter.
+$ cat test2 and press enter.
 |-
 | 02:52
-|We can also copy files from and to different directories.For example.
+|You can also copy files from and to different directories.For example.
-Type ''' cp space /home/anirban/arc/demo1'''  which is the name of the file that we want to copy space ''' /home/anirban/demo2''' and press enter.
+type
+$ cp /home/anirban/arc/demo1 /home/anirban/demo2 and press enter.
 |-
-| 03:32
+| 03:31
-|What this will do is that it will copy the file '''demo1''' from source diretory '''/home/anirban/arc/''' to the destination directory  '''/home/anirban''' it will copy to a file name is '''demo2.'''
+|What this will do is that it will copy the file demo1 from source diretory /home/anirban/arc/ to the destination directory  /home/anirban it will copy to a file name demo2.
 |-
 | 03:51
-|To see that the demo2 is there type '''ls space /home/anirban''' and press enter.
+|To see that the demo2 is there type
+ls space /home/anirban and press enter.
 |-
-| 04:07
+| 04:13
-|And as you can see here is '''demo2.'''
+|We scroll up as you can see here is demo2.
 |-
-| 04:12
+| 04:19
 |Before moving a head let us clear the screen.
 |-
-| 04:17
+| 04:25
 |If you want the file to have the same name in the destination directory, you may not even mention the file name.For example
 |-
-| 04:27
+| 04:35
-|Type '''cp space /home/anirban/arc/demo1 space /home/anirban/''' and press enter.
+|Type $ cp /home/anirban/arc/demo1 /home/anirban/ and press enter.
 |-
-| 04:55
+| 05:03
-|This will again copy the file '''demo1''' presenting the '''/home/anirban/arc/ '''directory to '''/home/anirban''' directory to a file whose name will be '''demo1''' as well.
+|This will again copy the file demo1 presenting the /home/anirban/arc/ directory to /home/anirban directory to a file whose name will be demo1 as well.
 |-
-| 05:11
+| 05:20
-|As before to see the '''demo1''' type '''ls/home/anirban''' and press enter.
+|As before to see the demo1 type
+ls/home/anirban and press enter.
 |-
-| 05:25
+| 05:33
-| And as you can see the '''demo1''' file is there.
+|Here again we would scroll up and as you can see the demo1 file is there.
 |-
-| 05:30
+| 05:40
 |Again before moving a head let us clear the screen.
 |-
-| 05:37
+| 05:48
 |Another instance when we do not need to give the destination file name is when we want to copy multiple files.
 |-
-| 05:44
+| 05:56
-|We assume that we have three files named '''test1 test2 test3''' in our home directory.
+|We assume that we have three files named test1 test2 test3 in our home directory.
 |-
-| 05:53
+| 06:04
-|Now we type ''' cp space test1 space test2 space test3 space /home/anirban/testdir''' and press enter.
+|Now we type $ cp test1 test2 test3 /home/anirban/testdir and press enter.
 |-
-| 06:16
+| 06:27
-|This will copy all the three files named '''test1,test2''' and '''test3''' to the directory ''' /home/anirban/testdir''' without changing their names.
+|This will copy all the three files test1,test2 and test3 to the directory /home/anirban/testdir without changing their names.
 |-
-| 06:30
+| 06:41
-|You see that this files have actually been copied.We will type '''ls space /home/anirban/testdir''' and press enter.
+|You see that this files have actually been copied.We will type ls /home/anirban/testdir and press enter.
 |-
-| 06:52
+| 07:03
-|As you can see '''test1,test2''' and '''test3''' are present in this directory.
+|As you can see test1,test2 and test3 are present in this directory.
 |-
-| 06:58
+| 07:10
-|There are many options that go with '''cp'''. Here we will see only the most important of them.
+|There are many options that go with cp. Here we will see only the most important of them.
 |-
-| 07:07
+| 07:18
 |Let us first will go back to the slides.
 |-
-| 07:12
+| 07:23
-|Among the options -R (The capital R) is an important one. It causes recursive copying of an entire directory structure.
+|Among the options -R is an important one. It causes recursive copying of an entire directory structure.
 |-
-| 07:23
+| 07:33
 |Let us see an example.
 |-
-| 07:27
+| 07:38
 |Let us try to copy all the contents of the testdir directory to a directory called test.
 |-
-| 07:36
+| 07:48
-|For that we would type cp space testdir slash test and press enter.
+|For that we would type cp testdir/ test and press enter.
 |-
-| 07:51
+| 08:02
 |As you can see from the output message.
 |-
-| 07:54
+| 08:06
-|Normally we cannot copy a directory having a some content directly with '''cp'' command.
+|Normally we cannot copy a directory having a some content directly with cp command.
 |-
-| 08:02
+| 08:14
-|But using the -R (mius R ) option we can do this.
+|But using the -R option we can do this.
 |-
-| 08:07
+| 08:19
-|Now we type ''' cp space -R(minus capital R) space testdir/ test''' and press enter.
+|Now we type cp -R testdir/ test and press enter.
 |-
-| 08:25
+| 08:36
 |The files have now been copied, to see that the test directory actually exist type ls and press enter.
 |-
-| 08:37
+| 08:47
 |As you can see the test directory exists. Let us clear the screen.
 |-
-| 08:45
+| 08:57
-|To see the contents inside test type '''ls test''' and press enter.
+|To see the contents inside test type ls test and press enter.
 |-
-| 08:57
+| 09:08
 |You can see the contents of the test directory.
 |-
-| 09:01
+| 09:13
 |Now we go back to the slides.
 |-
-| 09:05
+| 09:16
 |We have seen if a file is copied to another file that already exists the existing file is overwritten.
 |-
-| 09:14
+| 09:25
 |Now what if we inadvertently overwrite an important file?
 |-
-| 09:19
+| 09:30
 |To prevent anything like this to occur, we have the -b option.
 |-
-| 09:25
+| 09:36
 |This makes a backup of each exiting destination file.
 |-
-| 09:32
+| 09:41
 |We can also use the -i(interactive)option, this always warns us before overwriting any destination file.
 |-
-| 09:43
+| 09:54
-|Now let us see how the '''mv''' command works.
+|Now let us see how the mv command works.
 |-
-| 09:47
+| 09:59
 |This is used for moving files. Now how is that useful?
 |-
-| 09:53
+| 10:04
 |It has two major uses.
 |-
-| 09:57
+| 10:07
 |It is used for rename a file or directory.
 |-
-| 10:00
+| 10:11
 |It also moves a group of files to a different directory.
 |-
-| 10:05
+| 10:17
-|'''mv''' is very similar to '''cp''' which we have already seen. So let us quickly see how mv can be used.
+|mv is very similar to cp which we have already seen. So let us quickly see how mv can be used.
 |-
-| 10:17
+| 10:29
-|We open the terminal and type '''mv space test1 space test2''' and press enter.
+|We open the terminal and type $ mv test1 test2 and press enter.
 |-
-| 10:32
+| 10:43
-|This will rename the file named '''test1''' which was already present in the home directory to a file named '''test2.'''
+|This will rename the file named test1 which was already present in the home directory to a file named test2.
 |-
-| 10:40
+| 10:52
-|If '''test2''' already existed then it would be overwritten silently.
+|If test2 already existed then it would be overwritten silently.
 |-
-| 10:49
+| 11:00
 |If we want our warning before the file is overwritten.
 |-
-| 10:54
+| 11:05
-|We can use the ''' -i ''' option with the mv command.
+|We can use the -i option with the mv command.
 |-
-| 10:59
+| 11:10
 |Say we have another file named anirban. This file we also want to renew as test2
 |-
-| 11:08
+| 11:20
-|We will type ''' mv space  -i space anirban space test2''' and press enter.
+|We will type mv -i anirban test2 and press enter.
 |-
-| 11:21
+| 11:32
-|As you can see a warning is provided asking whether '''test2''' should be overwritten or not.
+|As you can see a warning is provided asking whether test2 should be overwritten or not.
 |-
-| 11:30
+| 11:41
 |If we press y and then press enter, the file would be actually overwritten.
 |-
-| 11:37
+| 11:49
 |Like cp we can use mv with multiple files but in that case the destination should be a directory.
 |-
-| 11:47
+| 11:58
 |Before moving ahead let us clear the screen.
-|-
-| 11:52
-|Suppose we have 3 files named ''' abc.txt, pop.txt''' and '''push.txt''' in our home directory.
 |-
 | 12:03
-|To see there presence type ''' ls''' and press enter.
+|Suppose we have 3 files named abc.txt, pop.txt and push.txt in our home directory.
 |-
-| 12:09
+| 12:14
-|Here are the files ''' pop.txt, push.txt''' and '''abc.txt''' Let us clear the screen.
+|To see there presence type ls and press enter.
 |-
-| 12:24
+| 12:21
-|Now we want to move this three files to a directory called '''testdir.'''
+|Here are the files pop.txt,push.txt and abc.txt Let us clear the screen.
 |-
-| 12:32
+| 12:36
-|What we need to do is type ''' mv space abc.txt pop.txt push.txt''' and then the name of the destination folder which is '''testdir''' and press enter.
+|Now we want to move this three files to a directory called testdir.
 |-
-| 12:58
+| 12:46
-|To see them type ''' ls testdir ''' and press enter.
+|What we need to do is type mv abc.txt pop.txt push.txt and then the name of the destination folder which is testdir and press enter.
 |-
-| 13:06
+| 13:14
-|You can see the files ''' abc, pop''' and '''push.txt.'''
+|To see them type ls testdir and press enter.
 |-
-| 13:14
+| 13:20
-|Now let us see some options that go with '''mv''''. Let us first go back to the slides.
+|You can see the files abc, pop and push.txt.
 |-
-| 13:22
+| 13:27
-|Then -b or –backup option is present with the '''mv''' command.It will backup every file in the destination before it is overwritten.
+|Now let us see some options that go with mv. Let us first go back to the slides.
 |-
-| 13:34
+| 13:37
-|The -i(minus i) option that we have already seen warns us before overwriting any destination file.
+|Then -b or –backup option is present with the mv command.It will backup every file in the destination before it is overwritten.
 |-
-| 13:44
+| 13:48
-|The next command we will see is the '''rm''' command. This command is used for deleting files.
+|The -i option that we have already seen warns us before overwriting any destination file.
 |-
-| 13:52
+| 13:58
-|Go back to the terminal and type '''ls testdir.'''
+|The next command we will see is the rm command. This command is used for deleting files.
 |-
-| 14:00
+| 14:06
-|We can see a file name '''faq.txt''' present. Say we want to delete it.
+|Go back to the terminal and type ls testdir.
 |-
-| 14:09
+| 14:15
-|For this we type ''' rm space testdir/faq.txt''' and press enter.
+|We can see a file name faq.txt present.Say we want to delete it.
 |-
 | 14:23
-|This command will remove the file '''faq.txt''' from the '''/testdir''' directory.
+|For this we type
+$ rm testdir/faq.txt and press enter.
 |-
-| 14:32
+| 14:37
-|To see that the file has been actually removed or not. Let us again press ''' ls testdir''' and press enter.
+|This command will remove the file faq.txt from the /testdir directory.
 |-
-| 14:47
+| 14:46
-|We can no longer see the file ''' faq.txt.'''
+|To see that the file has been actually removed or not.Let us again press ls testdir and press enter.
 |-
-| 14:51
+| 15:00
-|We can use the '''rm''' command with multiple files as well.
+|We can no longer see the file faq.txt.
 |-
-| 14:57
+| 15:05
-|The ''' testdir''' directory contains two files '''abc2''' and '''abc1.'''
+|We can use the rm command with multiple files as well.
 |-
-| 15:03
+| 15:10
-|Suppose we want to remove this files '''abc1''' and '''abc2.'''
+|The testdir directory contains two files abc2 and abc1.
 |-
-| 15:09
+| 15:17
-|For this we would type ''' rm space testdir/abc1 space testdir/abc2''' and press enter.
+|Suppose we want to remove this files abc1 and abc2.
 |-
-| 15:31
+| 15:23
-|This remove the files '''abc1''' and '''abc2''' from '''testdir''' directory.
+|For this we would type rm testdir/abc1 testdir/abc2 and press enter.
 |-
-| 15:39
+| 15:45
-|To see that they have been removed type '''ls space testdir''' again.You can no longer see '''abc1'''' and '''abc2.'''
+|This remove the files abc1 and abc2 from testdir directory.
 |-
 | 15:53
+|To see that they have been removed type ls testdir again.You can no longer see abc1 and abc2.
+|-
+| 16:07
 |Let us clear the screen before moving ahead.
 |-
-| 15:58
+| 16:14
 |Now let us go back to the slides.
 |-
-| 16:02
+| 16:18
 |Let us summarize what we just said?
 |-
-| 16:04
+| 16:20
-|That is do delete a single file we write '''rm''' and than the name of the file.
+|That is do delete a single file we write rm and than the name of the file.
 |-
-| 16:11
+| 16:27
-|To delete multiple files we write '''rm''' and the name of the multiple files that we want to delete.
+|To delete multiple files we write rm and the name of the multiple files that we want to delete.
 |-
-| 16:19
+| 16:34
-|Now let us look into some of the options of the '''rm''' command.
+|Now let us look into some of the options of the rm command.
 |-
-| 16:24
+| 16:40
-|Sometimes a file is write protected,using '''rm''' will not delete the file then. In this case we have the '''-f''' option which can be used to force delete a file.
+|Sometimes a file is write protected,using rm will not delete the file then. In this case we have the -f option which can be used to force delete a file.
 |-
-| 16:41
+| 16:57
-|The other common option is the '''-r''' option. Let us see where this options are useful?
+|The other common option is the -r option. Let us see where this options are useful?
 |-
-| 16:52
+| 17:07
 |Let us switch back to the terminal.
 |-
-| 16:57
+| 17:12
-|'''rm''' command is not normally used for deleting directories, for that we have the rmdir command.
+|rm command is not normally used for deleting directories, for that we have the rmdir command.
 |-
-| 17:05
+| 17:21
-|But '''rmdir''' command normally deletes a directory only then it is empty.
+|But rmdir command normally deletes a directory only then it is empty.
 |-
-| 17:12
+| 17:27
 |What if we want to delete a directory that has a number of files and subdirectories inside.
 |-
-| 17:19
+| 17:35
-|Let us try the '''rm''' command to do this.
+|Let us try the rm command to do this.
 |-
-| 17:23
+| 17:38
-|Let us type '''rm''' and the directory that we want to delete which is '''testdir''' and press enter.
+|Let us type rm and the directory that we want to delete which is testdir and press enter.
 |-
-| 17:31
+| 17:47
-|From the output message we can see that we can not use the '''rm''' directory to delete testdir.
+|From the output message we can see that we can not use the rm directory to delete testdir.
 |-
-| 17:39
+| 17:55
 |But if we combine the -r and -f option then we can do this.
 |-
-| 17:47
+| 18:03
-|Press ''' rm -rf testdir''' and then press enter.
+|Press rm -rf testdir and then press enter.
 |-
-| 18:00
+| 18:16
-|Now the '''testdir''' directory has been successfully deleted.
+|Now the testdir directory has been successfully deleted.
 |-
-| 18:06
+| 18:22
 |Let us now go back to the slides to study the next command.
 |-
-| 18:11
+| 18:27
-|The '''cmp''' command.
+|The cmp command.
 |-
-| 18:13
+| 18:29
 |Sometimes we need to check whether two files are same. If they are same then we may delete one of them.
 |-
-| 18:22
+| 18:37
 |Also we may want to see whether a file has changed since the last version.
 |-
-| 18:28
+| 18:44
-|For these and many other purposes we can use the '''cmp''' command.
+|For these and many other purposes we can use the cmp command.
 |-
-| 18:33
+| 18:49
 |It compares two files byte by byte.
 |-
-| 18:38
+| 18:54
-|To compare file1 and file2 we would write '''cmp file1 file2.'''
+|To compare file1 and file2 we would write cmp file1 file2.
 |-
-| 18: 47
+| 19:03
 |If the two files have exactly same content then no message would be shown.
 |-
-| 18:55
+| 19:11
 |Only the prompt will be printed.
 |-
-| 18:58
+| 19:14
 |If there are differences in their contents then the location of the first mismatch will be printed on the terminal.
 |-
-| 19:10
+| 19:25
-|Let us see how '''cmp''' works.We have two files named '''sample1''' and '''sample2''' in our home directory.
+|Let us see how cmp works.We have two files named sample1 and sample2 in our home directory.
 |-
-| 19:19
+| 19:35
 |Let us see what they contain?
 |-
-| 19:22
+| 19:38
-|Type '''cat sample1''' and press enter. It contains the text '''This is a Linux file to test the cmp command'''
+|Type cat sample1 and press enter.It contains
+the text “This is a Linux file to test the cmp command”
 |-
-| 19:34
+| 19:50
-|The other file '''sample2''' will contain the text and to see that we will type '''cat sample2''' and press enter.
+|The other file sample2 will contain the text and to see that we will type cat sample2 and press enter.
 |-
-| 19:44
+| 20:00
-|It will contain the text '''This is a Unix file to test the cmp command.'''
+|It will contain the text “This is a Unix file to test the cmp command.”
 |-
-| 19:50
+| 20:06
-|Now we would apply the '''cmp''' command on this two files.
+|Now we would apply the cmp command on this two files.
 |-
-| 19:55
+| 20:11
-|We will write '''cmp space sample1 space sample2''' and press enter.
+|We will write cmp sample1 sample2 and press enter.
 |-
-| 20:08
+| 20:23
-|As we can see the first difference between the two files '''sample1''' and '''sample2''' is pointed out.
+|As we can see the first difference between the two files sample1 and sample2 is pointed out.
 |-
-| 20:16
+| 20:32
 |Let us clear the screen before moving ahead to the next command.
 |-
-| 20:22
+| 20:38
-|The next command we will see is the '''wc''' command.
+|The next command we will see is the wc command.
 |-
-| 20:26
+| 20:43
 |This command is used to count the number of characters, words and lines in a file.
 |-
-| 20:34
+| 20:50
-|We have a file named '''sample3''' in our home directory.
+|We have a file named sample3 in our home directory.
 |-
-| 20:39
+| 20:56
-|Let us see its content, for that we will type '''cat space sample3''' and press enter.
+|Let us see its content, for that we will type cat sample3 and press enter.
 |-
-| 20:50
+| 21:05
-|This is the content of '''sample3.'''
+|This is the content of sample3.
 |-
-| 20:54
+| 21:10
 |Now let us use the wc command on this file.
 |-
-| 20:59
+| 21:14
-|For that we would write '''wc sample3''' and press enter.
+|For that we would write wc sample3 and press enter.
 |-
-| 21:10
+| 21:25
-|These command points out that the file has 6 lines, 67 words and 385 characters.
+|The command points out that the file has 6 lines, 67 words and 385 characters.
 |-
-| 21:22
+| 21:38
 |These were some of the commands that help us to work with files.
 |-
-| 21:27
+| 21:43
 |There are many more commands. Moreover each of the command that we saw has many other options.
 |-
-| 21:36
+| 21:51
-|I encourage you to see more about them using the '''man''' command.
+|I encourage you to see more about them using the man command.
 |-
-| 21:44
+| 22:00
 |This brings me to the end of this tutorial at last.
 |-
-| 21:48
+| 22:04
 | Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.
 |-
-| 22:02
+| 22:17
 |More information on the same is available at the following link http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro.
 |-
-| 22:18
+| 22:34
 |This is Anirban signing off . Thanks for joining.