Difference between revisions of "Scilab/C4/Calling-User-Defined-Functions-in-XCOS/English-timed"

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|-

| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on ''' “Calling user-defined functions in Xcos”'''  

| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on ''' “Calling user-defined functions in Xcos”'''  

|-

|-

| In this tutorial we will learn,  

| In this tutorial we will learn,  

|-

|-

|To write a squaring function in '''Scilab'''

|To write a squaring function in '''Scilab'''

|-

|-

|To use the ''' scifunc''' block in ''' Xcos'''

|To use the ''' scifunc''' block in ''' Xcos'''

|-

|-

| To use MUX block to draw multiple plots  

| To use MUX block to draw multiple plots  

|-

|-

|To call functions having multiple inputs and outputs  

|To call functions having multiple inputs and outputs  

|-

|-

|''' Ubuntu''' 12.04 is the ''' operating system''' used with '''Scilab version 5.3.3 installed.'''

|''' Ubuntu''' 12.04 is the ''' operating system''' used with '''Scilab version 5.3.3 installed.'''

|-

|-

| You should have  Basic knowledge of ''' Scilab'''

| You should have  Basic knowledge of ''' Scilab'''

|-

|-

|Basic knowledge of ''' Xcos'''

|Basic knowledge of ''' Xcos'''

|-

|-

| If not, for relevant tutorials please visit ''' spoken hyphen tutorial dot org'''  

| If not, for relevant tutorials please visit ''' spoken hyphen tutorial dot org'''  

|-

|-

| Start ''' Scilab''' on your computer.  

| Start ''' Scilab''' on your computer.  

|-

|-

|In the ''' Scilab''' console, type ''' editor''' and press ''' Enter'''

|In the ''' Scilab''' console, type ''' editor''' and press ''' Enter'''

|-

|-

|Then type the following code  

|Then type the following code  

|-

|-

|function space ''' y ''' is equal to squareit open bracket a close bracket  

|function space ''' y ''' is equal to squareit open bracket a close bracket  

|-

|-

|Press the enter key and type  

|Press the enter key and type  

|-

|-

|''' y''' is equal to '''a''' raise to 2  

|''' y''' is equal to '''a''' raise to 2  

|-

|-

|put a semicolon in the end  

|put a semicolon in the end  

|-

|-

|The function has one input variable ''' a'''  and one output variable ''' y '''

|The function has one input variable ''' a'''  and one output variable ''' y '''

|-

|-

|The name of the function is ''' squareit '''

|The name of the function is ''' squareit '''

|-

|-

|This function will do the job of squaring the variable ''' a.'''

|This function will do the job of squaring the variable ''' a.'''

|-

|-

|It will store the result in ''' y.'''

|It will store the result in ''' y.'''

|-

|-

|Let us save this file in the desired directory.   

|Let us save this file in the desired directory.   

|-

|-

|I will save this file with file name ''' squareit''' and extension ''' .sci '''

|I will save this file with file name ''' squareit''' and extension ''' .sci '''

|-

|-

|Here we are following the convention of saving functions in '''.sci''' format.  

|Here we are following the convention of saving functions in '''.sci''' format.  

|-

|-

|Switch to the ''' Scilab''' console  

|Switch to the ''' Scilab''' console  

|-

|-

| Now, type ''' Xcos''' and press '''Enter.'''

| Now, type ''' Xcos''' and press '''Enter.'''

|-

|-

|Two windows will open  

|Two windows will open  

|-

|-

|A ''' palette browser''' and an '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|A ''' palette browser''' and an '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|-

|-

|Now we will make the ''' Xcos''' diagram.  

|Now we will make the ''' Xcos''' diagram.  

|-

|-

| This will access the function '''squareit''' created just now.  

| This will access the function '''squareit''' created just now.  

|-

|-

| This can be done by using '''scifunc''' block.  

| This can be done by using '''scifunc''' block.  

|-

|-

|Switch to the ''' palette browser''' window  

|Switch to the ''' palette browser''' window  

|-

|-

|Click on the ''' User-Defined''' function in the pallet browser.  

|Click on the ''' User-Defined''' function in the pallet browser.  

|-

|-

|Locate the block '''scifunc_block_m''' in this section.

|Locate the block '''scifunc_block_m''' in this section.

|-

|-

|Drag and drop it in  '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|Drag and drop it in  '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|-

|-

|I will zoom the untitled Xcos window for better view.  

|I will zoom the untitled Xcos window for better view.  

|-

|-

|I will use the Zoom button as you see.  

|I will use the Zoom button as you see.  

|-

|-

|Now double click on the '''scifunc''' block to configure it.  

|Now double click on the '''scifunc''' block to configure it.  

|-

|-

|A window named ''' Scilab multiple values request''' will open  

|A window named ''' Scilab multiple values request''' will open  

|-

|-

| This window will allow you to change the number of input and output ports of the '''scifunc''' block.  

| This window will allow you to change the number of input and output ports of the '''scifunc''' block.  

|-

|-

|Our function '''squareit''' has only one input and output variable.  

|Our function '''squareit''' has only one input and output variable.  

|-

|-

| 'Hence, we will keep the settings unchanged.  

| 'Hence, we will keep the settings unchanged.  

|-

|-

| Click on Ok.  

| Click on Ok.  

|-

|-

||A new '''Scilab input value request''' window will open.  

||A new '''Scilab input value request''' window will open.  

|-

|-

|In the text box, type the function name along with input and output variables.  

|In the text box, type the function name along with input and output variables.  

|-

|-

|This function will be called by the scifunc block   

|This function will be called by the scifunc block   

|-

|-

|In the text box available,  

|In the text box available,  

|-

|-

|edit the default function name.  

|edit the default function name.  

|-

|-

|Type '''y1''' equal to '''squareit''' open bracket '''u1''' close the bracket  

|Type '''y1''' equal to '''squareit''' open bracket '''u1''' close the bracket  

|-

|-

|Note that, here the input and output variables are '''u1''' and '''y1''' respectively.  

|Note that, here the input and output variables are '''u1''' and '''y1''' respectively.  

|-

|-

|These should be strictly in '''u''' and '''y''' form and not as per the variable names used in the actual function.  

|These should be strictly in '''u''' and '''y''' form and not as per the variable names used in the actual function.  

|-

|-

|Cick on '''OK.'''  

|Cick on '''OK.'''  

|-

|-

|Another '''Scilab input value request''' window will open.  

|Another '''Scilab input value request''' window will open.  

|-

|-

|Keep clicking on '''Ok''' in the subsequent 3 windows that will appear.  

|Keep clicking on '''Ok''' in the subsequent 3 windows that will appear.  

|-

|-

|The '''scifunc''' block is now configured.  

|The '''scifunc''' block is now configured.  

|-

|-

|Next we will include a '''sinusoid''' generator block.  

|Next we will include a '''sinusoid''' generator block.  

|-

|-

| In the '''palette browser''' window, click on '''Sources section. '''

| In the '''palette browser''' window, click on '''Sources section. '''

|-

|-

|Drag and drop the '''Sinusoid Generator''' block in  '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|Drag and drop the '''Sinusoid Generator''' block in  '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|-

|-

|Place the block towards the left of the '''scifunc''' block for convenience.  

|Place the block towards the left of the '''scifunc''' block for convenience.  

|-

|-

| Now we need a block to plot the output variable.  

| Now we need a block to plot the output variable.  

|-

|-

|'In the '''palette browser window,''' click on '''Sinks''' section.  

|'In the '''palette browser window,''' click on '''Sinks''' section.  

|-

|-

|Drag and drop the '''CScope''' block in the '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|Drag and drop the '''CScope''' block in the '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|-

|-

| Place the block towards the right of the '''scifunc''' block  

| Place the block towards the right of the '''scifunc''' block  

|-

|-

| Place it away from scifunc block, for convenience.  

| Place it away from scifunc block, for convenience.  

|-

|-

|Notice that the '''CScope''' block has a red input port.  

|Notice that the '''CScope''' block has a red input port.  

|-

|-

| This is an event input  

| This is an event input  

|-

|-

|we need an event generator block.  

|we need an event generator block.  

|-

|-

|In the ''' palette browser window,''' click on '''Sources''' section.  

|In the ''' palette browser window,''' click on '''Sources''' section.  

|-

|-

|Drag and drop the clock underscore c block in the '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|Drag and drop the clock underscore c block in the '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|-

|-

|Place it above the '''CScope''' block.  

|Place it above the '''CScope''' block.  

|-

|-

|Notice that the '''CScope''' block has only one input port.  

|Notice that the '''CScope''' block has only one input port.  

|-

|-

|But we want to plot both the input and output variables in a single plot window.  

|But we want to plot both the input and output variables in a single plot window.  

|-

|-

|Hence, we need a multiplexer block,  

|Hence, we need a multiplexer block,  

|-

|-

|This block will multiplex two inputs and generate output on one output port.  

|This block will multiplex two inputs and generate output on one output port.  

|-

|-

|In the ''' palette browser window,''' click on '''Signal Routing''' section.  

|In the ''' palette browser window,''' click on '''Signal Routing''' section.  

|-

|-

|Drag and drop the '''MUX''' block in the '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|Drag and drop the '''MUX''' block in the '''untitled Xcos''' window.  

|-

|-

|Place the block between the '''scifunc''' block and '''CScope'''  block.  

|Place the block between the '''scifunc''' block and '''CScope'''  block.  

|-

|-

|Let me resize and realign the '''Mux block'''

|Let me resize and realign the '''Mux block'''

|-

|-

|Now let us connect the blocks together.  

|Now let us connect the blocks together.  

|-

|-

|Connect the output port of '''Sinusoid generator''' block to the input port of '''scifunc''' block  

|Connect the output port of '''Sinusoid generator''' block to the input port of '''scifunc''' block  

|-

|-

|Now connect the output port of '''scifunc''' block to the lower input port of the '''MUX.'''

|Now connect the output port of '''scifunc''' block to the lower input port of the '''MUX.'''

|-

|-

|Connect the output port of '''MUX''' block to the input port of '''CScope'''  block.  

|Connect the output port of '''MUX''' block to the input port of '''CScope'''  block.  

|-

|-

|Connect the output port of clock underscore c block to the event input port of '''CScope''' block.  

|Connect the output port of clock underscore c block to the event input port of '''CScope''' block.  

|-

|-

|We also have to plot '''sine''' input.  

|We also have to plot '''sine''' input.  

|-

|-

|We have to connect the '''Sinusoid generator''' block to the '''MUX.'''

|We have to connect the '''Sinusoid generator''' block to the '''MUX.'''

|-

|-

|Click on the upper input port of the '''MUX''' block.  

|Click on the upper input port of the '''MUX''' block.  

|-

|-

|Then without releasing, move your mouse pointer towards the link between the ''' Sinusoid generator''' block and '''scifunc''' block.  

|Then without releasing, move your mouse pointer towards the link between the ''' Sinusoid generator''' block and '''scifunc''' block.  

|-

|-

|To bend the link, release the mouse button or click at places  

|To bend the link, release the mouse button or click at places  

|-

|-

|As you bring the pointer on the link, the link turns green.  

|As you bring the pointer on the link, the link turns green.  

|-

|-

|Release the mouse button or click once to create a link between these two blocks.  

|Release the mouse button or click once to create a link between these two blocks.  

|-

|-

|Now let us see the configuration of other blocks  

|Now let us see the configuration of other blocks  

|-

|-

| We can change the '''frequency, magnitude''' and '''phase''' of the '''sinusoid generator''' block.  

| We can change the '''frequency, magnitude''' and '''phase''' of the '''sinusoid generator''' block.  

|-

|-

|To do this, double click on the '''Sinusoid''' generator block.  

|To do this, double click on the '''Sinusoid''' generator block.  

|-

|-

|The configuration window will open.  

|The configuration window will open.  

|-

|-

|We will keep the '''magnitude''' and '''frequency''' as 1 and ''' phase''' as 0  

|We will keep the '''magnitude''' and '''frequency''' as 1 and ''' phase''' as 0  

|-

|-

|Click on ''' Ok''' to close the configuration window.  

|Click on ''' Ok''' to close the configuration window.  

|-

|-

|Now let us configure the '''CScope''' block.  

|Now let us configure the '''CScope''' block.  

|-

|-

|Double click on the '''CScope''' block to open its configuration window.  

|Double click on the '''CScope''' block to open its configuration window.  

|-

|-

|Change the ''' Ymin''' parameter to minus 2 and '''Ymax''' parameter to 2  

|Change the ''' Ymin''' parameter to minus 2 and '''Ymax''' parameter to 2  

|-

|-

|Change the '''Refresh period''' value to 10.  

|Change the '''Refresh period''' value to 10.  

|-

|-

|Make a mental note of this value.  

|Make a mental note of this value.  

|-

|-

|Change the '''buffer size''' value to 2 .  

|Change the '''buffer size''' value to 2 .  

|-

|-

|click on '''OK'''  

|click on '''OK'''  

|-

|-

|Now let us configure the '''CLOCK_c'''  block  

|Now let us configure the '''CLOCK_c'''  block  

|-

|-

|Double click on the block to open its configuration window.  

|Double click on the block to open its configuration window.  

|-

|-

|Keep the value of ''' Period'''  as 0.1  

|Keep the value of ''' Period'''  as 0.1  

|-

|-

|Change the ''' Initialisation Time''' to be 0.  

|Change the ''' Initialisation Time''' to be 0.  

|-

|-

|Click on OK  

|Click on OK  

|-

|-

|Now let us change the '''Simulation''' parameters.  

|Now let us change the '''Simulation''' parameters.  

|-

|-

|On the menu bar of the '''untitled Xcos''' window click on the '''Simulation tab.'''

|On the menu bar of the '''untitled Xcos''' window click on the '''Simulation tab.'''

|-

|-

|Now click on ''' Setup from the drop down menu.'''

|Now click on ''' Setup from the drop down menu.'''

|-

|-

|Change the ''' Final Integration time''' to match the '''Refresh period''' of '''CScope''' block.  

|Change the ''' Final Integration time''' to match the '''Refresh period''' of '''CScope''' block.  

|-

|-

|The value of '''Refresh period''' was 10.  

|The value of '''Refresh period''' was 10.  

|-

|-

|Hence, put the value of '''Final integration''' time as 10.  

|Hence, put the value of '''Final integration''' time as 10.  

|-

|-

|Click on '''OK'''

|Click on '''OK'''

|-

|-

|Now, click on '''File''' and then click on '''Save''' to save the '''Xcos''' diagram.  

|Now, click on '''File''' and then click on '''Save''' to save the '''Xcos''' diagram.  

|-

|-

|Choose a desired directory to save the '''Xcos''' diagram.  

|Choose a desired directory to save the '''Xcos''' diagram.  

|-

|-

|However, it is advised to save it in the folder where you have saved the '''squareit.sci''' file.  

|However, it is advised to save it in the folder where you have saved the '''squareit.sci''' file.  

|-

|-

|Click on OK  

|Click on OK  

|-

|-

|Note that the '''scifunc''' block will call the ''' squareit''' function.  

|Note that the '''scifunc''' block will call the ''' squareit''' function.  

|-

|-

|This means that we should first load the ''' squareit''' function before we execute the xcos diagram.  

|This means that we should first load the ''' squareit''' function before we execute the xcos diagram.  

|-

|-

|Switch to the ''' Scilab editor''' window, which has the '''squareit.sci''' file open.  

|Switch to the ''' Scilab editor''' window, which has the '''squareit.sci''' file open.  

|-

|-

|Click on the '''Execute''' button available on the '''menu bar''' of the editor.  

|Click on the '''Execute''' button available on the '''menu bar''' of the editor.  

|-

|-

|This will load the '''squareit''' function.  

|This will load the '''squareit''' function.  

|-

|-

|Now we can execute the '''Xcos''' diagram.  

|Now we can execute the '''Xcos''' diagram.  

|-

|-

|Open the Xcos diagram file  

|Open the Xcos diagram file  

|-

|-

|Click on the '''Start''' button available on the '''menu bar''' of '''Xcos''' window  

|Click on the '''Start''' button available on the '''menu bar''' of '''Xcos''' window  

|-

|-

|A graphic window will appear.  

|A graphic window will appear.  

|-

|-

|This window will have two plots.  

|This window will have two plots.  

|-

|-

|Input '''sine wave''' in black color and output '''sine wave''' in green color.  

|Input '''sine wave''' in black color and output '''sine wave''' in green color.  

|-

|-

|Notice that the squaring function implemented in the '''squareit''' function, has indeed squared the input sine wave.  

|Notice that the squaring function implemented in the '''squareit''' function, has indeed squared the input sine wave.  

|-

|-

|Hence, the output '''sine''' wave has been shifted to the positive axis.  

|Hence, the output '''sine''' wave has been shifted to the positive axis.  

|-

|-

|Close the plot window  

|Close the plot window  

|-

|-

|Now, let us see how to edit the scifunc block to call a function which has more than one input and output variables.  

|Now, let us see how to edit the scifunc block to call a function which has more than one input and output variables.  

|-

|-

|Switch to '''scilab''' editor window.  

|Switch to '''scilab''' editor window.  

|-

|-

|Edit the '''squareit''' function to have two input and output variables.  

|Edit the '''squareit''' function to have two input and output variables.  

|-

|-

|Edit the output variable as open square bracket y comma z close the square bracket .  

|Edit the output variable as open square bracket y comma z close the square bracket .  

|-

|-

|Edit the input variables as open bracket '''a''' comma '''b''' close bracket  

|Edit the input variables as open bracket '''a''' comma '''b''' close bracket  

|-

|-

|We will change the function to shift the squared output by 1 unit.  

|We will change the function to shift the squared output by 1 unit.  

|-

|-

|Edit the main function line as  

|Edit the main function line as  

|-

|-

|'''y''' is equal to '''b''' plus '''a''' raise to two put a semicolon in the end  

|'''y''' is equal to '''b''' plus '''a''' raise to two put a semicolon in the end  

|-

|-

|Also generate an output whose amplitude will be half of the input.  

|Also generate an output whose amplitude will be half of the input.  

|-

|-

|Go to next line by pressing enter key and type  

|Go to next line by pressing enter key and type  

|-

|-

|'''z''' is equal to 0.5 multiplied by a put a semicolon in the end  

|'''z''' is equal to 0.5 multiplied by a put a semicolon in the end  

|-

|-

|Now save the file  

|Now save the file  

|-

|-

| switch to the xcos window  

| switch to the xcos window  

|-

|-

|Double click on the '''scifunc''' block to configure it.  

|Double click on the '''scifunc''' block to configure it.  

|-

|-

|In the ''' input port size field,''' put a semi colon after 1 comma 1 and type 1 comma one again  

|In the ''' input port size field,''' put a semi colon after 1 comma 1 and type 1 comma one again  

|-

|-

|Similarly, in the output port size field, put a semi colon after 1 comma 1 and type 1 comma 1 again  

|Similarly, in the output port size field, put a semi colon after 1 comma 1 and type 1 comma 1 again  

|-

|-

|Click on Ok  

|Click on Ok  

|-

|-

|A new '''Scilab input value request''' window will open.  

|A new '''Scilab input value request''' window will open.  

|-

|-

|In the text box,  

|In the text box,  

|-

|-

|Put a comma after y1 and type y2.  

|Put a comma after y1 and type y2.  

|-

|-

|Put y1 and y2 in square brackets  

|Put y1 and y2 in square brackets  

|-

|-

|Now put a comma after '''u1''' and type '''u2'''

|Now put a comma after '''u1''' and type '''u2'''

|-

|-

|Click on OK  

|Click on OK  

|-

|-

|Another '''Scilab input value request''' window will open.  

|Another '''Scilab input value request''' window will open.  

|-

|-

|Keep  clicking on '''Ok''' in the subsequent 3 windows that will appear.  

|Keep  clicking on '''Ok''' in the subsequent 3 windows that will appear.  

|-

|-

|The '''scifunc''' block is now  configured.  

|The '''scifunc''' block is now  configured.  

|-

|-

|Let me realign the scifunc block

|Let me realign the scifunc block

|-

|-

|Switch to the ''' palette browser''' window.  

|Switch to the ''' palette browser''' window.  

|-

|-

|In the '''sources''' section, drag and drop the Constant underscore m block in the xcos window.  

|In the '''sources''' section, drag and drop the Constant underscore m block in the xcos window.  

|-

|-

|Place it below the sinusoid generator block.  

|Place it below the sinusoid generator block.  

|-

|-

|Connect the ''' Constant underscore m''' block to the lower input of the '''scifunc''' block  

|Connect the ''' Constant underscore m''' block to the lower input of the '''scifunc''' block  

|-

|-

|The default value of this block is 1.  

|The default value of this block is 1.  

|-

|-

|Keep it unchanged.  

|Keep it unchanged.  

|-

|-

|Double click on the '''MUX''' block.  

|Double click on the '''MUX''' block.  

|-

|-

|Change the ''' input port size''' to 3  

|Change the ''' input port size''' to 3  

|-

|-

|Click on '''OK'''

|Click on '''OK'''

|-

|-

|Let me resize the '''MUX''' block and I will connect '''MUX''' and '''CSCOPE''' block properly.  

|Let me resize the '''MUX''' block and I will connect '''MUX''' and '''CSCOPE''' block properly.  

|-

|-

|Connect the lower output port of the '''scifunc''' block to the lower input port of '''MUX''' block  

|Connect the lower output port of the '''scifunc''' block to the lower input port of '''MUX''' block  

|-

|-

|Click on '''File''' and choose '''Save''' to save the xcos file.  

|Click on '''File''' and choose '''Save''' to save the xcos file.  

|-

|-

|Switch to the '''Scilab editor''' which has the '''squareit.sci''' file open.  

|Switch to the '''Scilab editor''' which has the '''squareit.sci''' file open.  

|-

|-

|Click on the '''Execute''' button available on the '''menu bar''' of the editor.  

|Click on the '''Execute''' button available on the '''menu bar''' of the editor.  

|-

|-

|This will load the '''squareit''' function.  

|This will load the '''squareit''' function.  

|-

|-

|Now we can execute the '''Xcos''' diagram.  

|Now we can execute the '''Xcos''' diagram.  

|-

|-

|Click on the '''Start''' button available on the '''menu bar''' of  the '''Xcos''' window.  

|Click on the '''Start''' button available on the '''menu bar''' of  the '''Xcos''' window.  

|-

|-

|A graphic window will appear.  

|A graphic window will appear.  

|-

|-

|This window will have three plots.  

|This window will have three plots.  

|-

|-

|Input '''sine wave''' in black color,  

|Input '''sine wave''' in black color,  

|-

|-

|output  ''' sine wave''' in green color and  

|output  ''' sine wave''' in green color and  

|-

|-

| amplitude scaled input in red colour  

| amplitude scaled input in red colour  

|-

|-

|Notice that the function has indeed squared the input '''sine wave''' and also shifted it by an offset of 1 unit, which is as expected.  

|Notice that the function has indeed squared the input '''sine wave''' and also shifted it by an offset of 1 unit, which is as expected.  

|-

|-

|We also get the amplitude scaled of the input '''sine wave,''' as expected  

|We also get the amplitude scaled of the input '''sine wave,''' as expected  

|-

|-

|Close the plot window  

|Close the plot window  

|-

|-

|Now let us summarize.  

|Now let us summarize.  

|-

|-

|In this tutorial we learnt,  

|In this tutorial we learnt,  

|-

|-

|To write a squaring function in '''Scilab'''  

|To write a squaring function in '''Scilab'''  

|-

|-

|To use the '''scifunc''' block in '''Xcos '''

|To use the '''scifunc''' block in '''Xcos '''

|-

|-

|To use '''MUX ''' block to draw multiple plots  

|To use '''MUX ''' block to draw multiple plots  

|-

|-

|To call functions having multiple input and output  

|To call functions having multiple input and output  

|-

|-

| Watch the video available at the following link

| Watch the video available at the following link

|-

|-

| It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project  

| It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project  

|-

|-

||If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it  

||If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it  

|-

|-

||The spoken tutorial project Team

||The spoken tutorial project Team

|-

|-

||Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials  

||Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials  

|-

|-

||Gives certificates for those who pass an online test  

||Gives certificates for those who pass an online test  

|-

|-

||For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org  

||For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org  

|-

|-

|Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of  Talk to a Teacher project  

|Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of  Talk to a Teacher project  

|-

|-

| It is supported by the National Mission on Eduction through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.  

| It is supported by the National Mission on Eduction through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.  

|-

|-

|More information on this mission is available at spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro

|More information on this mission is available at spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro

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| Thank you for joining .Hope you found this tutorial useful

| Thank you for joining .Hope you found this tutorial useful

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|This is Anuradha Amruthkar from IIT Bombay signing off.

|This is Anuradha Amruthkar from IIT Bombay signing off.