Difference between revisions of "Linux/C2/File-Attributes/English-timed"
From Script | Spoken-Tutorial
(Created page with '{| border=1 !Time !Narration |- | 0:00 | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. |- | 0:05 | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named a…') |
|||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{| border=1 | {| border=1 | ||
| − | + | |'''Time''' | |
| − | + | |'''Narration''' | |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 00:00 |
| Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. | | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 00:05 |
| The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, and testchown. | | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, and testchown. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |00:18 |
|Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also | |Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 00:25 |
| A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file. | | A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |00:33 |
|File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc. | |File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 00:45 |
| c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory. | | c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 01:00 |
| The syntax of chown command is '''<nowiki>chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname </nowiki>''' | | The syntax of chown command is '''<nowiki>chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname </nowiki>''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 01:13 |
| We may give following options with chown command. | | We may give following options with chown command. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |01:18 |
|'''-R''' : To change the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in. | |'''-R''' : To change the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |01:28 |
|'''-c ''': Change the permission for each file. | |'''-c ''': Change the permission for each file. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |01:33 |
|'''-f''' : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages. | |'''-f''' : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 01:37 |
| Now we will look at some examples | | Now we will look at some examples | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 01:40 |
| So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press enter | | So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 01:56 |
| Now type the command | | Now type the command | ||
$ ls space -l spacetestchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter. | $ ls space -l spacetestchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 02:11 |
| Here we can see the owner of the file 'testchown' is shahid | | Here we can see the owner of the file 'testchown' is shahid | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 02:18 |
| To change the owner of the file, type the command | | To change the owner of the file, type the command | ||
$ sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n | $ sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n | ||
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 02:36 |
| Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press enter | | Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 02:44 |
| Now type $ ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n | | Now type $ ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n | ||
and press Enter | and press Enter | ||
Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha. | Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 03:03 |
| Now we will see how to change owner of the directory | | Now we will see how to change owner of the directory | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |03:07 |
|Type the command $ ls -l and press Enter | |Type the command $ ls -l and press Enter | ||
Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid | Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 03:21 |
| To change the owner of the directory, type the command | | To change the owner of the directory, type the command | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |03:26 |
|$ sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha spacetest_chown which is directory name | |$ sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha spacetest_chown which is directory name | ||
and press Enter | and press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |03:44 |
|Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again. | |Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 03:49 |
| I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type $ ls space -l press Enter | | I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type $ ls space -l press Enter | ||
Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha. | Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 04:06 |
| chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files. | | chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 04:13 |
| Syntax of the chmod command is | | Syntax of the chmod command is | ||
<nowiki>chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename </nowiki> | <nowiki>chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename </nowiki> | ||
| Line 93: | Line 93: | ||
We may give the following options with chmod command. | We may give the following options with chmod command. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |04:29 |
| -c : Print information about files that are changed. | | -c : Print information about files that are changed. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |04:34 |
| -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change. | | -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 04:41 |
| There are following types of access or permissions | | There are following types of access or permissions | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |04:44 |
|r : Read | |r : Read | ||
| Line 111: | Line 111: | ||
s : Set user (or group) ID | s : Set user (or group) ID | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 04:54 |
| Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal number. | | Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal number. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |05:00 |
|The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission, and the third stands for other's permission. | |The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission, and the third stands for other's permission. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 05:09 |
| Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values: | | Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values: | ||
4 that is Read | 4 that is Read | ||
| Line 125: | Line 125: | ||
1 that is Execute | 1 that is Execute | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 05:20 |
| Now we will look at some examples of chmod Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1. | | Now we will look at some examples of chmod Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |05:30 |
| Before that i will again clear the screen by pressing Clt+l. | | Before that i will again clear the screen by pressing Clt+l. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 05:36 |
| Now lets type | | Now lets type | ||
$ chmod space u+x space example1 | $ chmod space u+x space example1 | ||
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 05:49 |
| Now type $ ls space -l space example1 | | Now type $ ls space -l space example1 | ||
press Enter to see the changes | press Enter to see the changes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |06:01 |
|here you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1 | |here you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 06:15 |
| Now type the command $ chmod space 751 space example1 | | Now type the command $ chmod space 751 space example1 | ||
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 06:26 |
| Now type | | Now type | ||
$ ls space -l space example1 | $ ls space -l space example1 | ||
and press Enter | and press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |06:35 |
|Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1. | |Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 06:52 |
| To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command $ chmod space <nowiki>=r space </nowiki>example1 | | To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command $ chmod space <nowiki>=r space </nowiki>example1 | ||
and press Enter | and press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 07:08 |
| Now type the command $ ls space -l space example1 | | Now type the command $ ls space -l space example1 | ||
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |07:19 |
|Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone | |Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 07:30 |
| To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command | | To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 173: | Line 173: | ||
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 08:00 |
| Now type | | Now type | ||
$ ls space -l | $ ls space -l | ||
| Line 180: | Line 180: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 08:09 |
| To give the user execute permission on file example2 Type the command | | To give the user execute permission on file example2 Type the command | ||
$ chmod space u+x space example2 | $ chmod space u+x space example2 | ||
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 08:27 |
| Now type the command | | Now type the command | ||
$ ls space -l space example2 | $ ls space -l space example2 | ||
and press Enter | and press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |08:40 |
|Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2 | |Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 08:50 |
| To add the write permissions to the group for file example3 | | To add the write permissions to the group for file example3 | ||
type the command | type the command | ||
| Line 199: | Line 199: | ||
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 09:10 |
| and now type | | and now type | ||
$ ls space -l space example3 | $ ls space -l space example3 | ||
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |09:23 |
|Here we can see the write permission has been added to group | |Here we can see the write permission has been added to group | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 09:30 |
| To remove the write permissions for all type the command | | To remove the write permissions for all type the command | ||
$ chmod space a-w space example3 | $ chmod space a-w space example3 | ||
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 09:45 |
| Now type | | Now type | ||
$ ls space -l space example3 | $ ls space -l space example3 | ||
press Enter | press Enter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |09:55 |
|Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed | |Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed | ||
|- | |- | ||
Revision as of 16:59, 9 July 2014
| Time | Narration |
| 00:00 | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. |
| 00:05 | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, and testchown. |
| 00:18 | Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also |
| 00:25 | A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file. |
| 00:33 | File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc. |
| 00:45 | c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory. |
| 01:00 | The syntax of chown command is chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname |
| 01:13 | We may give following options with chown command. |
| 01:18 | -R : To change the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in. |
| 01:28 | -c : Change the permission for each file. |
| 01:33 | -f : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages. |
| 01:37 | Now we will look at some examples |
| 01:40 | So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that cd space Desktop slash file attribute and press enter |
| 01:56 | Now type the command
$ ls space -l spacetestchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter. |
| 02:11 | Here we can see the owner of the file 'testchown' is shahid |
| 02:18 | To change the owner of the file, type the command
$ sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n press Enter |
| 02:36 | Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press enter |
| 02:44 | Now type $ ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n
and press Enter Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha. |
| 03:03 | Now we will see how to change owner of the directory |
| 03:07 | Type the command $ ls -l and press Enter
Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid |
| 03:21 | To change the owner of the directory, type the command |
| 03:26 | $ sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha spacetest_chown which is directory name
and press Enter |
| 03:44 | Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again. |
| 03:49 | I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type $ ls space -l press Enter
Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha. |
| 04:06 | chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files. |
| 04:13 | Syntax of the chmod command is
chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename We may give the following options with chmod command. |
| 04:29 | -c : Print information about files that are changed. |
| 04:34 | -f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change. |
| 04:41 | There are following types of access or permissions |
| 04:44 | r : Read
w : Write x : Execute s : Set user (or group) ID |
| 04:54 | Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal number. |
| 05:00 | The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission, and the third stands for other's permission. |
| 05:09 | Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values:
4 that is Read 2 that is Write 1 that is Execute |
| 05:20 | Now we will look at some examples of chmod Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1. |
| 05:30 | Before that i will again clear the screen by pressing Clt+l. |
| 05:36 | Now lets type
$ chmod space u+x space example1 press Enter |
| 05:49 | Now type $ ls space -l space example1
press Enter to see the changes |
| 06:01 | here you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1 |
| 06:15 | Now type the command $ chmod space 751 space example1
press Enter |
| 06:26 | Now type
$ ls space -l space example1 and press Enter |
| 06:35 | Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1. |
| 06:52 | To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command $ chmod space =r space example1
and press Enter |
| 07:08 | Now type the command $ ls space -l space example1
press Enter |
| 07:19 | Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone |
| 07:30 | To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command |
| 7:44 | $ chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1
press Enter |
| 08:00 | Now type
$ ls space -l press Enter to see the changes
|
| 08:09 | To give the user execute permission on file example2 Type the command
$ chmod space u+x space example2 press Enter |
| 08:27 | Now type the command
$ ls space -l space example2 and press Enter |
| 08:40 | Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2 |
| 08:50 | To add the write permissions to the group for file example3
type the command $ chmod space g+w space example3 press Enter |
| 09:10 | and now type
$ ls space -l space example3 press Enter |
| 09:23 | Here we can see the write permission has been added to group |
| 09:30 | To remove the write permissions for all type the command
$ chmod space a-w space example3 press Enter |
| 09:45 | Now type
$ ls space -l space example3 press Enter |
| 09:55 | Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed |
| 10:02 | chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to newgroup. |
| 10:10 | Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in /etc/group. |
| 10:20 | Only the owner of a file or a privileged user may change the group. |
| 10:26 | The syntax for the chgrp command is
chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files. |
| 10:36 | Lets go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of chgrp command.
type the command $ ls space -l space example4 press Enter |
| 10:57 | Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid |
| 11:03 | To change the group permission , type the command $ sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4 |
| 11:20 | press Enter
Enter the sudo password if required. |
| 11:27 | Now type the command $ ls space -l space example4
press Enter |
| 11:38 | Here we can see that the group has changed from shahid to rohit. |
| 11:46 | The inode number is a unique integer assigned to the device. |
| 11:51 | Inode stores basic information about a regular file or a directory. |
| 11:57 | All the files are hard links to inodes. |
| 12:00 | Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding inode. |
| 12:12 | We can use ls space -i command to see the inode number of a file. |
| 12:19 | type the command $ ls space -i space example5
press Enter |
| 12:29 | Number written before the file is the inode number of the file. |
| 12:35 | Inodes are associated with precisely one directory at a time. |
| 12:41 | Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode.
ln is the command to make link |
| 12:52 | The syntax of ln command to create the hard link is |
| 12:57 | ln space source space link Where, source is an existing file and link is the file to create. |
| 13:06 | Now we will look at some examples of hard links |
| 13:10 | Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command
$ ln space example1 space exampleln press Enter |
| 13:25 | To display the inode number of both the files, type the command
$ ls space -i space example1 space exampleln press Enter |
| 13:41 | Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same, file exampleln is the hard link for file example1 |
| 13:54 | Soft link symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path. |
| 14:07 | The syntax of ln command to create soft links is |
| 14:12 | ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename} |
| 14:19 | Now we will look at some examples of soft link |
| 14:25 | To create the soft link, type the command
$ ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft |
| 14:40 | press Enter |
| 14:43 | Now, to display the inode number and list of both the files, type the command
$ ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft |
| 15:01 | press Enter |
| 15:03 | Here we can see that inode number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a softlink of example1. |
| 15:16 | So in this tutorial we have learnt about the Linux Files Attributes like changing permission, ownership and group of a file. |
| 15:26 | We also learnt about the inode, soft and hard links of a file. |
| 15:31 | This brings me to the end of this tutorial. |
| 15:35 | Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT. |
| 15:44 | More information on the same is available at the following link. |
| 15:50 | This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off . Thanks for joining. |
