View source for Python-for-Automation/C3/Log-Monitor/English



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|-
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
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|| Show slide: 

'''Welcome'''
|| Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''"Log Monitoring ".'''
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'''Learning Objectives'''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">System logs and</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">How to monitor logs</div>

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|| Show slide: 
|| To record this tutorial, I am using
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Ubuntu Linux os version 22.04'''</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Python version 3.12.3'''</div>

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'''Prerequisite'''

[https://www.spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]
|| To follow this tutorial 
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">You must have basic knowledge of using '''Linux Terminal '''and''' Python.'''</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">For pre-requisite '''Linux''' and '''Python '''Tutorials, please visit this website.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Python libraries required for automation must be installed</div>

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'''Code files'''
|| 
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The files used in this tutorial are provided in the '''Code files''' link.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Please download and extract the files.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Make a copy and then use them while practicing.</div>

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'''Log monitoring'''
|| Log Monitoring in automation :
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Collects and analyzes log data for insights.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Record events, errors, and system messages.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Helps to detect issues before they become critical.</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide: '''Libraries used'''
||
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Logging''' library is used to log events during the execution of the program.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''collections.Counter''' is used for counting elements in an iterable and for summarizing log data.</div>

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|| Show slide: 
|| There are different types of log files.
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Application Logs '''will''' '''record events within a running application.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''System Logs''' captures the operating system events.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Security Logs '''will''' '''track access control and authorization events.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Audit Logs '''will analyze what is happening on your system in great detail.</div>
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|| Only narration:
|| In this tutorial we’ll see how to monitor syslog files using '''Python''' code.
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|| Open terminal'''(Ctrl + Alt + T)'''
|| Open the terminal by pressing '''Control + Alt + T '''keys simultaneously.

Let us see how to access the log file in our system.
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|| Type '''cd /var/log'''
|| Type '''cd space forward slash var forward slash log'''.

Press enter.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Type '''ls'''
|| Let us list the files in this directory.Type '''ls''' and press enter.
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|| Highlight the output
|| We can see that all the log files stored in the system are displayed here.
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|| Only narration:
|| For demonstration purpose we will work with the '''Syslog''' files.
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|| Open '''syslog''':Type '''nano syslog'''
|| Type '''nano syslog '''to open the syslog file.
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|| Show '''Syslog'''
|| The '''syslog''' is a central log file in Ubuntu.

It records system messages, user activities, and errors.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight: '''Timestamp'''
|| Each log entry starts with a '''timestamp''' of when the event occurred.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight:''' Host'''
|| Next to the '''timestamp''' is the '''Host name '''of the machine where the event was recorded.
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|| Highlight: '''Service/Program'''
|| After the '''Host''' , is the '''Service/Program name''' of the system service generating the log.

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight:''' Message'''
|| Finally we get the '''message''' - which is the details of the event or error.
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|| Only narration
|| In this tutorial, we will read this file and identify any abnormalities in the file.We will generate a report based on the analysis.
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|| Press '''ctrl + x '''
|| Press '''ctrl + x '''to exit the file.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Download '''logMonitor.py'''
|| Let us now look into the code file. 

Download '''logMonitor.py '''from '''code files'''.
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|| Open '''logMonitor.py'''
|| Open '''logMonitor.py''' file using text editor.
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|| Highlight
|| First we import necessary libraries.
|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;" | Highlight:

'''logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)'''

'''logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)'''
| style="border:0.75pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.176cm;padding-right:0.176cm;" | A logger instance is created using '''logging.getLogger'''. 

The log level is set to '''DEBUG.'''This is''' '''to capture all messages, including lower-severity ones.
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'''log_file = '/var/log/syslog''''
|| Then we define the path to the log file.Here I set it as the location of my syslog file. You can change it according to your file path.
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'''file_handler = logging.FileHandler(log_file)'''
|| A file handler is created using '''logging.FileHandler'''. 

This handler writes log messages to the log file.
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'''file_handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)'''
|| Next we set the file handler to capture '''DEBUG''' level messages and above.

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'''file_handler.setFormatter(formatter)'''
|| We then define a format for log messages.

Each message includes time, the logger’s name, log level, and message itself.

|-
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'''logger.addHandler(file_handler)'''
| style="border:0.75pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.176cm;padding-right:0.176cm;" | Finally, the handler is added to the logger using '''logger.addHandler.''' 
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|| Highlight:

|| The different logging levels are demonstrated here.

'''logger.debug()''' logs detailed info for debugging purposes.

'''logger.info()''' logs general operational events in the program.

'''logger.warning()''', '''logger.error()''', and '''logger.critical()''' log issues with increasing severity.

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|| Highlight:
|| Now define a function to check for '''errors''' or '''critical''' messages in the log.
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|| Highlight:

'''abnormalities = []'''
|| Initialize an empty list to store abnormal log lines.
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'''with open(log_file, 'r') as file:'''
|| Open the log file in read mode to analyze its content.
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|| 
|| Using a '''for '''loop, iterate through each line.Check if the line contains ''''ERROR'''' or''' 'CRITICAL'''' log levels.

These lines are considered abnormalities and are stored in a list.
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'''return abnormalities'''
|| It returns the list of abnormal log entries
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'''def summarize_log_file(log_file):'''
|| Next we define a function to summarize log messages by their levels.
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|| Highlight:
|| Initialize a dictionary to count occurrences of each log level.
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|| Highlight :

'''with open(log_file, 'r') as file''':
|| Open the log file in read mode for processing.
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|| Highlight:''' '''
|| Using a '''for '''loop, iterate through each line and count the occurrences of each log level.

The results are stored in a dictionary.
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'''return log_data'''
|| Finally we return the dictionary summarizing log level counts.
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|| 
|| Now we define a function to find the entity causing the most abnormalities.
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|| 
|| Extract and store the entity name from each abnormal log entry.

'''Counter''' library is used to count the occurrences of each entity.

Next we will find the entity that appears the most frequently in abnormalities.

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'''return most_common_entity'''
|| Finally return the most frequent abnormal entity and its count.
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|| 
|| Next we define a function to find the period with the most abnormalities.
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|| 
|| Extract the date from each abnormality entry and get only the year and month from the dates.
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|| Highlight:

'''month_counts = Counter(months)'''
|| Using '''Counter''' we count occurrences of each month.
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|| 
|| Then find the month with the most abnormalities using the '''most_common''' function.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| 
|| Next we define a function to plot the log level data.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| 
|| In this function we extract the log levels as a list from the log data dictionary.
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|| 
|| Extract the counts for each log level.
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|| 
|| Then using '''plt.figure '''create a figure for the plot with a specified size.
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|| 
|| We plot a bar chart for the log levels with corresponding counts.You can specify your own color palette here.
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|| 
|| Set the x-axis label to 'Log Level' and y-axis label to 'Count'

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|| Highlight:

'''plt.title('Log Level Distribution')'''
|| Also set the title of the plot as 'Log Level Distribution'.
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|| Highlight:

'''plt.show()'''
|| Then we display the plot using '''plt.show()''' .
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|| Highlight:

'''abnormalities = check_abnormalities(log_file)'''
|| Next call the '''check_abnormalities''' function to find abnormal log entries.
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|| Highlight:

'''abnormality_count = len(abnormalities)'''
|| Then calculate the total number of abnormalities found.

This is done by finding the length of the abnormalities dictionary.
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|| 
|| Finally, print the total number of abnormalities found in the log file.
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|| 
|| Next we call '''summarize_log_file''' to summarize the log data by log levels.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| 
|| Using a for loop, iterate through the log summary data.

Print the count for each log level.
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|| 
|| We now call '''find_most_abnormal_entity '''to identify the most abnormal entity and print it.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight:''' '''
|| Then call the '''find_max_abnormalities_period '''to identify the period with the most abnormalities and print it.
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|| Highlight:

'''plot_log_data(log_summary)'''
|| Finally we call''' plot_log_data '''to plot the summarized log data.
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|| Only narration
|| Now let us execute the code.

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|| Only narration
|| Save the code as '''logMonitor.py '''in the '''Downloads '''folder.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Open terminal'''(Ctrl + Alt + T)'''
|| Open the '''terminal''' by pressing '''Control + Alt + T '''keys simultaneously.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| '''>'''Type '''source Automation/bin/activate'''

Then press enter.
|| We’ll open the virtual environment for the '''Automation''' series.Type '''source space Automation forward slash bin forward slash activate.'''

Then press enter.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| '''>'''Type <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''cd Downloads'''</span>
|| <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Now type, </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''cd Downloads'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">.</span>

<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Press </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Enter.'''</span>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| '''>'''Type '''sudo <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">python3 logMonitor.py'''</span>
|| Let us run the code.

Type '''sudo space python3 space logMonitor dot py '''
Press '''Enter.'''
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight :'''Total abnormalities found in log file: 179'''
|| We can see that the count of total abnormalities found in my log file is shown.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight:
|| Next the log summary is also printed which gives me the count of each log level.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight :''' '''
|| The entity or activity that causes the most abnormalities is printed.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight :
|| Followed by the period with the maximum amount of abnormalities is also printed.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show the plot:
|| Here we can see the boxplot of my syslog summary.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| >Type: '''deactivate'''
|| Type '''deactivate '''to exit the virtual environment.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide: 

'''Summary'''
|| This brings us to the end of the tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt about
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">System logs</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">How to monitor logs</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide: 

'''Assignment'''
|| As an assignment, please do the following:
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Scan the log file for occurrences of the word "ERROR" and "CRITICAL" .</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Extract the timestamp of each occurrence.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;"><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Plot the frequency of errors by time using </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''matplotlib.'''</span></div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide: 

'''About the Spoken Tutorial Project'''
|| <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The video at the following link summarizes the </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Spoken Tutorial project'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">.</span>

Please download and watch it.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show Slide:

<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Spoken Tutorial </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">Workshops'''</span> 
|| <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Spoken Tutorial Project'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> team conducts workshops and gives certificates.</span>

For more details, please write to us.
|-
| style="border:0.75pt solid #808080;padding:0.176cm;" | Show Slide:

'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial'''
| style="border:0.75pt solid #808080;padding:0.176cm;" | Please post your timed queries in this forum.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show Slide:

'''FOSSEE Forum'''
|| <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">For any general or technical questions on </span>'''Python for'''

'''Automation'''<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">, visit the</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">''' FOSSEE forum'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> and post your question.</span>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide

'''Acknowledgement'''
|| '''Spoken Tutorial''' Project was established by the '''Ministry of Education, Government of India'''.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide:

'''Thank You'''
|| <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">This is </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Dhaarani Pushpam S, '''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">a FOSSEE Semester long intern 2024, IIT Bombay signing off.</span>


Thanks for joining.
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