View source for PhET-Simulations-for-Physics/C2/States-of-Matter/English



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||'''Visual Cue'''
||'''Narration'''

|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
||  Welcome to this spoken tutorial on '''States of Matter Simulation'''. 

|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

||  In this tutorial we will learn about-

'''States of Matter''', an interactive '''PhET simulation'''.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 3'''

'''Pre-requisites'''

|| To follow this tutorial 

Learners should be familiar with topics in high school science.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''

'''System Requirement'''
|| Here I am using-

Ubuntu Linux OS version 14.04

Java version 1.7.0

Firefox Web Browser version 53.02.2

|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Learning Goals'''
|| Using this '''Simulation''', students will be able to,

1. Describe the characteristics of states of matter.

2. Predict how change in temperature or pressure changes the behavior of particles.

3. Study melting, freezing and boiling points of different substances.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Learning Goals '''

||4. Compare particles in three different phases.

5. Compare interactions between particles in solids, liquids and gases.

6. Study the relation between temperature and kinetic energy of molecules.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''States-of-Matter'''
||  Matter around us exists in 3 states, 

solid, liquid and gas.

These states arise due to intermolecular forces between the particles.

Change of state occurs, on the application of heat and pressure.
|-
|| 
||Now let us begin the simulation.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 8'''

'''Link for PhET simulation'''

'''[http://phet.colorado.edu/ http://phet.colorado.edu]'''
||  Use the given link to download the '''simulation'''.

'''[http://phet.colorado.edu/ http://phet.colorado.edu]'''
|-
|| Point to the file in '''Downloads''' folder.
|| I have already downloaded '''States of Matter simulation''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.

|-
|| Right click on '''States-of-Matter''' html file.

Select '''Open with Firefox Web Browser''' option.

Point to the browser address.
|| To open the simulation, right click on '''States-of-Matter''' html file.

Select '''Open with Firefox Web Browser''' option.

File opens in the browser.

|-
|| Point to the screens.
||  The simulation opens with 3 screens.

'''States''', '''Phase changes''' and '''Interaction'''.

|-
|| Click on '''States''' screen.

Point to the screen.
||  Click on '''States''' screen.

Screen has a container filled with Neon atoms by default.

|-
|| Point to the thermometer.

Point to the '''Kelvin scale'''.

Click on the black arrow.

Point to the '''Celsius scale'''.
||  The container is also fitted with a thermometer. 

It shows the temperature in Kelvin scale.

Click on the black arrow to see the temperature in Celsius scale.

|-
|| Point to the heat regulator.

Drag the slider up and then down.
||  Below the container there is a heat regulator, to '''Heat''' or '''Cool''' the system.

Drag and hold the slider up to heat the container.

Drag and hold the slider down to cool the container.

|-
|| Point to the list.

Point to the buttons.
||  On the right-side of the screen, there is a list of '''Atoms & Molecules'''.

Below this list there are buttons for '''Solid''', '''Liquid''' and '''Gas'''.

|-
|| Point to the buttons.

Point to the pause and play button.

Point to small button.

Cursor on the '''Reset''' button.
||  There are two buttons at the bottom-left corner of the simulation.

Bigger button to pause and play the simulation.

The smaller one to play the simulation step-wise.

'''Reset''' button is at the bottom-right corner.

|-
|| Cursor on the screen.
||  Here, we can heat or cool the atoms or molecules to see the phase change.

|-
|| Point to the atoms in container.

Click on '''Solid''' button.
||  Container has '''Neon''' atoms.

Click on '''Solid''' button.

|-
|| Point to the atoms.

Cursor on the atoms.

||  Observe the screen.

In Solid, Neon particles are tightly packed.

The movement of atoms is restricted. 

The vibrations are minimum.

|-
|| Cursor on the heat regulator.
||  Increase the temperature by moving the slider up on the heat regulator.

|-
|| Move the slider up on the heat regulator.

Point to the thermometer.

Move the slider up on the heat regulator.

Point to the atoms.
||  Increase the temperature up to 27 K. 

we can see movement in the atoms.

It indicates that Neon is in liquid state.

Increase the temperature further.

The atoms are moving freely in the container.

Neon is in Gas phase.

|-
|| Point to the atoms in the container.
||  In the gas phase, atoms move randomly with high speed.

Due to this random motion, atoms hit each other and walls of the container. 

|-
|| Click on the '''Reset''' button. 
||  Click on '''Reset''' button to reset the simulation.

|-
|| Select '''Water''' molecules from the list.

Click on '''Solid''' buttons.

Point to thermometer.

Point to the container.

Click on '''Liquid''' button.

Point to the molecules in the container.

Click on '''Gas''' button 

Click on Reset button.
||  Select '''Water''' molecules from the list.

Click on '''Solid''' button.

Observe the temperature and movement of molecules in the container.

Again click on '''Liquid''' button and observe molecules in the container.

Similarly click on '''Gas''' button.

Click on '''Reset''' button to reset the '''simulation'''.

|-
|| Click on '''Phase Changes''' screen.
||  Next, click on '''Phase Changes''' screen at the bottom of the interface.

|-
|| Cursor on the screen.
||  Using this screen we can explore how the atoms or molecules behave,

when the system is heated, cooled, compressed or when more atoms are added. 

|-
|| Point to the pressure gauge.

Point to the pump.
||  In this screen the container is fitted with a pressure gauge.

It is also fitted with a pump to pump in gas atoms or molecules. 

|-
|| Point to the '''Interaction Potential curve'''.

Point to the '''Phase Diagram curve'''.
||  On the right-side of the screen we can see, 

1. The '''Interaction Potential curve''' or the '''Lennard-Jones potential curve'''. 

2. and '''Phase Diagram curve'''.

|-
|| Note the pressure and temperature.

Point to '''Phase Diagram'''.
||  Before you begin the experiment, note the initial pressure on the pressure gauge.

Note the temperature on the thermometer.

Neon is in solid state, as denoted by a red dot on the '''Phase Diagram'''.

|-
|| Click on finger, hold the mouse and drag down.
||  Increase the pressure, by pushing the finger down slowly. 

Click on finger, hold the mouse and drag down slowly.
|-
|| Point to the temperature and pressure gauge.
||  Observe the temperature and pressure as the lid touches the molecules.
|-
|| Point the red dot on the phase diagram.
||  As pressure increases, kinetic energy of molecules increases. 

Observe the red dot on the '''Phase Diagram'''.

|-
|| Place the mouse on the pump handle and drag up and down.

Point to the temperature and pressure gauge.

Point to the '''Phase Diagram'''.
||  Add more Neon atoms to the container by pushing the pump.

As the collisions between particles increases, temperature and pressure increases.

Observe the '''Phase Diagram''', Neon is now in gas phase. 
|-
|| Press the lid downwards.

Point to the atoms.

Click on yellow '''Return Lid''' button. 
||  At this point if you increase the pressure the lid blows off. 

This allows some of the atoms to escape out of the container.

To replace the lid click on yellow '''Return Lid''' button. 

|-
|| Drag the temperature regulator down. 

Point to thermometer, pressure gauge and phase diagram.
||  Drag the temperature regulator down to cooling position.

The temperature of the container now decreases.

Neon is now in liquid state. 

Observe the pressure gauge, pressure also decreases.

|-
|| Move the slider down on the heat regulator.


Point to the '''Phase Diagram'''.
||  Cool the container until the phase changes to solid. 

Keep track of the red dot on the '''Phase Diagram'''.

|-
|| Click on '''Argon''', '''Oxygen''', '''Water'''.
||  Similarly observe the phase change for other '''Atoms''' and '''Molecules''' in the list.

|-
|| Click on the '''Interaction''' screen at the bottom of the interface .
||  Click on the '''Interaction '''screen at the bottom of the interface.

|-
|| Point to the graph.
||  This screen shows a plot of '''Potential Energy''' versus '''Distance Between Atoms'''.

|-
|| Cursor on the screen.
||  Using this screen,

we can show the relation between, bonding distance and stability.
|-
|| Click and drag the atom to separate.

Point to the '''Potential Energy''' curve.
||  Click and drag the atoms to separate them.

Drag the movable atom away from pinned atom.

Observe the '''Potential Energy''' curve as the atoms come closer.

Potential energy varies, when attractive and repulsive forces change between atoms.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 9'''

'''Assignment'''
||  As an assignment.

In '''Phase Changes''' screen, Select '''Adjustable Attraction''' from '''Atoms & Molecules''' list.

Use the slider to change '''Interaction Strength''' from '''weak''' to '''strong.''' 

And study the effect of temperature and pressure on these molecules.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Assignment'''
||  Using '''Phase Changes''' screen, 

Determine which substance has strongest inter atomic or molecular forces.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Summary'''
||  In this tutorial we have learnt,

How to use '''States of Matter''' interactive '''PhET simulation'''.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Summary'''
|| Using this '''simulation''' we have learnt about,

1. Characteristics of '''States of matter'''.

2. How variation in temperature or pressure changes the behavior of particles.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 13'''

'''About Spoken Tutorial project'''
||  The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 14'''

'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
||  The Spoken Tutorial Project team:

conducts workshops using spoken tutorials and

gives certificates on passing online tests.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 15'''

'''Forum for specific questions:'''

Do you have questions in THIS '''Spoken Tutorial'''?

Please visit this site

Choose the minute and second where you have the question.

Explain your question briefly

Someone from our team will answer them.


||  Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 16'''

'''Acknowledgements'''

||  This project is partially funded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 17'''

'''Acknowledgement'''
|| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.

More information on this mission is available at this link.

|-
|| 
||  This tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan and Meenal Ghoderao.

Thank you for joining.
|-
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