View source for Embedded-Linux-Device-Driver/C2/Installation-of-Linux-kernel-packages/English


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Visual cue
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Narration

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 1:

Welcome slide:
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Installation of Linux kernel packages.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 2:

Learning objectives:

* Install the '''gcc compiler'''.
* Install the '''kernel header files.'''
* Check the installed '''kernel '''version.
* Use '''Linux kernel''' command

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn how to

* Install the '''gcc compiler'''.
* Install the '''kernel header files.'''
* Check the installed '''kernel '''version.
* Use '''Linux kernel''' commands.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 3:

System Requirements:

* '''VirtualBox version 5.2'''
* '''Ubuntu Linux 18.04 LTS''' operating system.
* '''Linux kernel '''version''' 5.0.0-31 generic.'''

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using,

* '''VirtualBox version 5.2'''
* '''Ubuntu Linux 18.04 LTS''' operating system.
* '''Linux kernel '''version 5.0.0-31 '''generic.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 4:

Prerequisites:

To follow this tutorial, you should be familiar with

* '''C programming language and'''
* basics of''' Linux kernel''' 

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| To follow this tutorial, you should be familiar with

* '''C programming language''' and
* basics of''' Linux kernel''' 

If not, then go through the '''C/C++''' and '''Linux''' spoken tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 5:

VirtualBox Installation

* Go through the '''Ubuntu Linux on VirtualBox '''series in this website. [http://spoken-tutorial.org/ http][http://spoken-tutorial.org/ s][http://spoken-tutorial.org/ ://spoken-tutorial.org] 

* Do the Virtual box installation as per your system OS

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| 
* Go through the '''Ubuntu Linux on VirtualBox '''series on this website.

* Do the '''VirtualBox''' installation as per your '''system OS'''.

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| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| slide 6:

What is '''Linux kernel'''?
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| 
* The '''kernel''' is the main component of a '''Linux operating system'''.

* It bridges the hardware with the main programs that run on a computer.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| slide 7:

Kernel Modules
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| 
* It is a program that acts as translators between '''devices''' and the '''Linux kernel'''.

* '''Kernel modules''' need to be '''compiled''' with '''gcc''' options to make them work.

* '''gcc''' contains the '''C compiler''' used to '''compile '''the '''Linux kernel. '''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click on '''ubuntu_18.04_LTS'''

Type the''' password'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Start your '''Ubuntu 18.04 LTS virtual system'''.

Type the system '''password''' to login.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Press '''Alt+Ctrl+T'''

Type '''gcc -version'''

Press '''Enter'''

Highlight '''Command ‘gcc’ not found.'''

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Open the '''terminal''' by pressing '''Alt+Ctrl+T''' keys simultaneously.

We require the '''gcc compiler''' to '''compile''' the''' kernel’s module'''.

Let us check whether the '''gcc compiler''' is installed or not.

Type '''gcc space hyphen hyphen version '''and press '''Enter.'''

As it is not installed, you will see an error as shown here.

Otherwise you will see the '''gcc''' version that has been installed.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type >> '''clear'''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Clear the '''screen.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''sudo apt update'''

Press '''Enter'''

Type the '''password '''

Press '''Enter'''

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Let us install the '''gcc compiler,'''

Type '''sudo space apt space update''' and press''' Enter.'''

If asked for the '''password''', type the '''administrative password'''.

This '''command''' will update '''Ubuntu's default repositories'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type''' sudo apt install build-essential'''

Highlight the '''command'''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Next, type '''sudo space apt space install space build hyphen essential.''' 

This '''package''' is used to install '''GCC/g++ compilers, libraries''' and '''utilities''' such as '''make'''. 

Press''' Enter'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Show the output.

Type '''y '''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| We can see the installation process has begun.

Press ''''Y'''' whenever there is a prompt during installation, to confirm the configuration.

And press '''Enter.'''

Now the installation of '''gcc compiler''' is completed.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type clear

Press Enter
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Clear the '''screen.'''
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''gcc --version '''

Press''' Enter'''

Highlight '''7.4.0'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Let us check the version of the installed '''gcc compiler.'''

Type '''gcc space hyphen hyphen version''' and press''' Enter.'''

Here, you can see the installed '''gcc compiler''' version.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''clear'''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Clear the '''screen'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type''' uname -r '''

Press '''Enter.'''

Highlight '''5.0.0-27-generic'''

Highlight '''5'''

Highlight '''0'''

Highlight '''0'''

Highlight -'''31'''

Highlight '''generic'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Let us now check the''' kernel''' version of the '''system'''.

Type '''uname space hyphen r '''and press '''Enter.'''

Here, you can see the''' kernel '''version of the '''system'''.

Five indicates the '''kernel''' version.

Zero indicates the''' kernel major '''revision.

Zero indicates the '''kernel minor '''revision.

Thirty one indicates the number of fixed '''bugs.'''

'''generic '''means general usage '''kernel.'''

It is used for '''Desktop '''installation.

You may get a different version depending upon your '''Linux OS.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''clear'''

Press''' Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Clear the '''screen.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type''' sudo su'''

Press '''Enter'''

Type '''password''' 

Press '''Enter'''

Highlight the prompt
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type''' sudo space su'''.

'''su command''' stands for '''superuser '''or '''root user.'''

'''Linux''' allows only the '''superuser''' to run some '''commands'''.

Press '''Enter'''.

If asked for the '''password''', type the '''system password''' and press '''Enter.'''

We can see the '''command prompt''' changed to '''root user'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type >>''' apt install linux-headers-$(uname -r)'''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| To '''compile''' the''' Linux device driver,''' we need to have''' kernel header files''' installed in the '''system'''.

Let us install the '''kernel header files.'''

Type '''apt space install space linux hyphen headers hyphen dollar''' in brackets '''uname hyphen r.'''

And press''' Enter'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Point to''' linux-headers'''

Highlight '''0-upgraded'''

Highlight '''0-newly installed'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| The files are already installed on the '''system'''. 

So, you can see the output as

'''linux-headers-5.0.0-31-generic is already the newest version.'''

'''zero upgraded, zero newly installed. '''
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type >> '''clear'''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Clear the '''screen.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type >> '''dpkg-query -s linux-headers-$(uname -r)'''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Let us see the details of the '''kernel headers.'''

Type '''dpkg hyphen query space hyphen s space linux hyphen headers hyphen dollar''' in brackets '''uname space hyphen r.'''

And press''' Enter'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Highlight '''package'''

Highlight''' status '''

Highlight''' Installed-size '''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| This field shows the '''package''' of''' header files.'''

The '''status''' field indicates that the '''header files '''are installed or not.

The''' Installed-size''' field contains the size of installed '''kernel header files''' in '''bytes'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Highlight '''Architecture'''

Highlight '''version'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| This field shows the '''architecture '''of our '''system'''.

The '''Version''' field shows the version of the '''header files.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''uname -r '''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| As already learnt, to see the '''kernel version,''' type '''uname space hyphen r''' and press '''Enter.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Highlight '''version'''

Highlight '''5.0.0-27-generic '''

Highlight '''version: 5.0.0-27'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Here, you can see that the''' kernel header files''' version and the '''kernel '''version are the same.

Make sure that both versions are the same in your '''system'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type >> '''clear'''

Press''' Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Clear the '''screen.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''lsmod'''.

Press '''Enter'''

Show the output

Highlight '''lsmod'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Let us see the '''command''' that shows the '''kernel’s modules.'''

Type '''lsmod''' and press''' Enter'''.

This '''command''' shows the '''modules''' currently loaded in the '''kernel'''.

These '''modules''' extend the '''kernel’s functionality'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''clear'''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Clear the '''screen'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''ls -l /dev''' 

press '''Enter'''

Show the output

Highlight '''/dev'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''ls space hyphen l space slash dev''' and press '''Enter.'''

This '''command''' displays the list of '''files''' located under the '''dev directory. '''

All the '''devices''' are located in the''' dev directory'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Highlight '''c '''

Highlight '''b'''

Highlight '''oct 16 08:47'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| '''c''' indicates that it is a '''character device'''.

And''' block devices''' are indicated by '''b.'''

The last two entries shows the last modification date and time of a''' file.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type''' clear'''

Press''' Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Clear the '''screen'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''ls -l/dev/tty'''

Press '''Enter'''

Highlight '''tty'''

Point to '''root, tty'''

Highlight''' rw-rw-rw-'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''ls space hyphen l space slash dev slash tty '''and press '''Enter'''.

The '''tty''' is a '''character device''' for the first '''uart serial port.'''

Here, the '''owner''' is '''root''', and the '''group''' is '''tty.''' 

It indicates that the '''owner''', the '''group '''and '''others '''have '''read''' and '''write permissions'''. 

Another example of a '''character device''' is a '''keyboard device'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type''' ls -l /dev/sda'''

Press''' Enter'''

Highlight''' b'''

Point to '''root''', '''disk'''

Highlight''' rw-rw-'''

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''ls space hyphen l space slash dev slash sda''' and press '''Enter.'''

It is a '''block device''' indicated by '''b'''.

All '''mass storage devices''' such as '''sda''' are '''block devices'''. 

Here, the '''owner''' is '''root''', and the '''group''' is '''disk'''

It indicates that the '''owner''' and the '''group''' have '''read''' and '''write permissions'''.

These '''devices''' support '''random access'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''clear'''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Clear the '''screen.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''ls -l /sys/class/net'''

Press '''Enter'''

Show the output
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type''' ls space hyphen l space slash sys slash class slash net '''and press''' Enter.'''

Here, you can see the list of''' network devices '''located in this '''directory.'''
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Highlight output

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| '''Network devices''' are also known as '''packet devices'''.

'''Network devices''' simply transmit or receive the '''packets'''.

This is normally a physical '''device''' like '''ethernet card. '''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''clear'''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Clear the''' screen.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type ''' exit'''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type '''exit '''and press''' Enter.'''

You can see the '''command prompt''' changed to '''regular user'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Type ''' exit'''

Press '''Enter'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| To go back to '''user login''', type '''exit''' and press '''Enter'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| 
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| With this, we come to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 6:

Summary:

* Install the '''gcc compiler.'''
* Install the '''kernel header files.'''
* Check the installed '''kernel''' version.
* Use '''Linux kernel command'''.

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| In this tutorial, we learnt to

* install the '''gcc compiler.'''
* install the '''kernel header files.'''
* Check the installed '''kernel '''version.
* Use '''Linux kernel command'''.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Assignment:

# Type the below '''commands''' and see the output:
#: '''ls -l /dev/tty2'''
#: '''ls -l /dev/sda2''' 
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| As an assignment,

# Type the below '''commands''' and see the output

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 7:

About Spoken Tutorial Project:
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| 
* The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
* Please download and watch it.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 8:

Spoken Tutorial workshops:
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| The''' Spoken Tutorial Project''' Team conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 9:

Forum questions:

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| 
* Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?
* Please visit this site
* Choose the minute and second where you have the question.
* Explain your question briefly.
* The Spoken Tutorial project will ensure an answer
* You will have to register to ask questions
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 10:

Forum for specific questions:

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| 
* The Spoken Tutorial Forum is for specific questions on this tutorial.
* Please do not post unrelated and general questions on them.
* This will help reduce the clutter.
* With less clutter, we can use these discussions as instructional material.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 11:


Forum for specific questions:
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| 
* Do you have general/technical questions on '''Embedded Linux Device Driver'''?
* Please visit the FOSSEE forum and post your question.

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| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 12:

Acknowledgment:
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is supported by MHRD, Government of India.
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| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 13:

Thank you slide:
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| This tutorial has been contributed by '''FOSSEE '''and''' Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay'''. 

This is Mayuri Panchakshari signing off.

Thanks for watching.
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