View source for PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C2/Diffusion/English

'''Title of the script''': Diffusion

'''Author''':  Vidhi Thakur

'''Keywords''': PhET simulation, Particles, Diffusion rate, radius of the particles, temperature, Graham’s law of diffusion, video tutorial.

                                     

{|border=1
||'''Visual Cue'''
||'''Narration'''
|-
||'''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to this spoken tutorial on '''Diffusion'''
|-
||'''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

|| In this tutorial, we will learn about,

* Factors affecting the rate of diffusion and

* Graham’s law of diffusion

|-
||'''Slide Number 3'''

'''System Requirement'''
||Here I am using


'''Windows 11 (64 bit).'''

'''Google Chrome Version 103.0.50'''

|-
||'''Slide Number 4'''

'''Pre-requisites'''

'''[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]'''

||To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.


Please use the link below to access the tutorials on '''PhET Simulation'''s.
|-
||'''Slide Number 5'''

'''Link for PhET simulation'''

point to


'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/diffusion/about'''
||Please use the given link to download the '''PhET simulation'''.

|-
|| '''Point to the file in the Downloads folder'''.
|| I have downloaded the '''Diffusion html file''', to my '''Downloads''' folder.

|-
|| '''Double click the file to open'''
|| To open the simulation double click on the file.

File opens in your default browser.

|-
|| '''Cursor on the interface.'''
|| This is the interface of '''Diffusion simulation'''.

|-
|| Click on the''' PhET logo'''.


Click on options and check '''projector mode '''and close the pop-up box.

||Let us first switch the colour profile to '''projector mode'''.


Click the''' PhET logo''' at the bottom right corner and select '''Options'''.


In the '''Options''' pop-up box, check the '''Projector Mode''' and close the pop-up box.


Now the simulation has a white profile for better visibility.

|-
||Cursor on simulation interface.

Cursor on the divider.

||The main panel opens with a rectangular screen.

This represents the space in which the particles will diffuse.

The green line at the centre divides the space into two halves.

The two halves can be used to observe the process of diffusion.
|-
||Cursor on right panel.

Point to '''Number of particles''', 

'''Mass''' in''' AMU, Radius''' in''' pm''' and 

'''initial temperature '''in''' kelvin'''.
||Right panel has various variables that can change the rate of diffusion.


They are the '''Number of particles''', '''Mass''' in''' AMU, Radius''' in''' pm''' and '''initial temperature '''in''' kelvin'''.


We will study the effect of these variables on diffusion rate later.
|-
||Cursor on spheres

Cursor on arrows
||Each variable has blue and red spheres shown as particles.

Each variable has an up and down arrow button.

This will help to increase or decrease the quantity of the variable.

|-
|| Cursor on Analysis tools.
|| At the bottom, we can see the analysis tools.


'''Center of Mass''' and '''Particle Flow Rate''' are used to check equilibrium.


'''Scale''' and '''stopwatch''' are used for recording rate of diffusion.
|-
|| Click the green plus button.
||Let us click the green''' plus''' button at the top to expand the data section.


It shows the total number of blue and red particles on each side of the divider.


It gives the average temperature on each side of the divider.
|-
|| Click and hold the up arrow till 50 particles
||Let us add 50 blue particles to the space.


Blue particles appear on the left side of the rectangle.

The green '''Remove Divider''' button in the right panel is now active.

|-
|| Check all analysis tools


Cursor on blue box
||Let us check all the '''analysis tools''' options.


A blue box is seen at the top left.

It shows the time in picoseconds, along with play and reset buttons.

|-
|| Cursor on scale

Cursor on blue bar
||The scale at the bottom has '''1 nm''' as the least count.

The blue moving '''bar''' represents the centre of mass.

|-
||Click the '''Remove Divider '''divider button.

Cursor on main panel
|| Let us now remove the divider by clicking on the '''Remove Divider''' button.

Observe the movement of particles from one side to another.

When particles move from higher concentration to lower diffusion occurs.

|-
||Cursor on blue arrows

Cursor on blue bar.

||The blue arrows represent the particle flow rate.


A shift in the centre of mass is also seen as the blue bar moves.


This happens because the system tries to maintain '''equilibrium'''.

|-
||Click on the '''Pause''' simulation button and 

'''Reset Divider '''button.

Click on the play stopwatch button and remove divider

Click on the play simulation button


Click on the pause stopwatch button.
||Let us see the effect of a '''number of particles''' on the rate of diffusion.


Let’s first pause the simulation and reset the '''divider'''.


Let's now start the stopwatch and remove the '''divider'''.


Let’s play the simulation.


Stop the timer when the number of particles on each side is equal.


This is the equilibrium point and can be used to record the rate of diffusion.
|-
||Click on the '''Pause''' simulation button and 

'''Reset Divider '''button.


Click on the up arrow button to increase the particles.


Click on the play stopwatch button and remove divider


Click on the play simulation button.


Click Pause stopwatch button to stop the timer
||Let us record the diffusion rate by increasing the number of particles.


Let’s first pause the simulation and reset the '''divider'''.


Let us increase the number of particles to 100.


Let's reset and start the stopwatch and remove the '''divider'''.


Let’s play the simulation.


Stop the timer when the number of particles on each side is equal.


Let us continue this process.


Let’s increase the number of particles by 50 each time till 200.
|-
||'''Slide Number 6'''

'''Table 1'''
||Observe the values in the table.


It shows the number of particles and time to reach equilibrium.


As the number of particles increases, time to reach equilibrium decreases.

Hence the rate of diffusion is directly related to the number of particles.
|-
||Click the Reset button to reset the simulation.
|| Let us reset the simulation to its default parameters.
|-
|| Point to radius variable.
||Let’s see the effect of '''radius '''on rate of diffusion.

|-
||Click and hold Number of particles up arrow till 100.

Click and hold down the Radius arrow till 50 pm.

||Let us increase the number of particles to '''100''' and decrease the radius to '''50'''.

|-
||Check all the '''analysis tools''' options.

Click on the green plus button.
||Let us check all the '''analysis tools'''.


Click the green plus button to show the data.
|-
||Click on the Pause simulation button.

Click on the and play stopwatch button.

||Click the '''Pause simulation''' button to pause the simulation.

Let's play the stopwatch.

|-
||Click the Remove Divider button.

Click the Play simulation button.


Click the Pause stopwatch button.

Point to the main panel.
||Now remove the '''divider''' and play the simulation.

Stop the timer when the number of particles on each side is equal.

This is the equilibrium point and can be used to record the rate of diffusion.
|-
|| Show the recording of the values.
||Let us record the diffusion rate by increasing the radius.

Let’s increase the radius by 50 each time and reach till 200 '''pico metre'''.

|-
||'''Slide Number 7'''

'''Table 2'''
||This slide shows the radius of particles and time required to reach equilibrium.


As the radius of the particles increases, time to reach equilibrium decreases.

Hence the rate of diffusion is directly related to the radius of particles.
|-
||Click on the '''Pause simulation''' button and 

Reset divider button.

Click on reset and''' play stopwatch '''button

||Now let us see the effect of '''initial temperature(K)''' on the diffusion rate.

Let’s first pause the simulation and reset the divider.


Let's reset and play the stopwatch.

|-
||Click and hold down arrow of Initial Temperature (K) till 100 K

Click and hold up arrow of Radius till 125pm.


Click on remove divider button

Click on play simulation button


Click on the Pause stopwatch button.

||Let’s decrease the initial temperature to '''100 K''' and increase the radius to '''125 pm'''.

Now remove the divider and play the simulation.


Stop the timer when the number of particles on each side is equal.


This is the equilibrium point and can be used to record the rate of diffusion.

|-
|| Show the recording of the values.
||Let’s record the diffusion rate by increasing the initial temperature.

Let’s increase the temperature by 100 K each time and reach till 400 K.
|-
||'''Slide Number 8'''

'''Table 3'''
||Observe the values in the table.


As the temperature increases, time to reach equilibrium decreases.


Hence rate of diffusion and temperature are directly related.
|-
||Click on reset simulation button


Click on the green plus button and check all '''analysis tools'''.


||Now let us see the diffusion between two different particles.


Reset the simulation to default parameters.


Let us click the green plus button, and check the analysis tools.

|-
||Click and hold Up arrow of the number of particles of blue particles till 100.


Click and hold Up arrow of the number of particles of red particles till 100.


Click the''' Remove divider'''
||Increase the number of both blue and red particles to '''100'''.

Remove the '''divider''' and observe the diffusion.

|-
||Cursor on '''particle flow rate arrow'''.


Cursor on blue and red bar.
||Particles move from higher concentration to lower to attain equilibrium.


This can be seen by particle flow rate arrows at the bottom.


Observe that centre of mass also lies near the centre.

|-
|| Click the '''Reset Divider '''button.


Touch and hold down arrow on left side till 16 and right side till 4


Click on '''Remove divider'''.


Click on '''Pause '''
||Now let us see the relation between '''molar mass '''and diffusion.

Let us reset the divider.

I will change the mass of blue particles to '''16''' and red to '''4'''.

Remove the divider.

I will pause and record the number of blue and red particles on both sides.
|-
||'''Slide Number 9'''

Rate of Diffusion of blue particles = 54 - 46 = 8 nm/ps

Rate of Diffusion of red particles = 58 - 42 = 16 nm/ps

Ratio of diffusion rate red particles/blue particles = 16/8 = 2


Molar mass blue particles = 16

Molar mass red particles= 4
||The rate of diffusion of blue particles is 8 nanometer /picosecond

The rate of diffusion of red particles is 16 nanometer /picosecond.

The ratio of rate of diffusion is 2.

The molar mass of blue particles is 16 and the molar of red particles is 4.
|-
||'''Slide Number 10'''

'''Graham’s Law of Diffusion'''

Ratio of molar mass of blue particles/red particles = 16/4 = 4

Ratio of square root molar of mass blue particles/red particles = 2

Ratio diffusion rate red particles/blue particles

<nowiki= ratio square root molar mass blue particles/red particles</nowiki

Rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass

||Ratio of molar mass of blue particles and red particles is 4.


Ratio of square root molar mass of blue particles and red particles is 2.

From the calculations we have proved Graham’s law of diffusion.


Rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
|-
||'''Slide Number 11'''

'''Summary'''
||With this we come to the end of this simulation.

Let's summarise.


In this tutorial we have learnt about,


Factors affecting the rate of diffusion and
Graham’s law of diffusion

|-
||'''Slide Number 12'''

'''Assignment'''

|| As an assignment,


Verify Graham’s law of diffusion for particles of different molar masses.

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||'''Slide Number''' 13

'''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
|| 
* The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project. 
* Please download and watch it.

|-
||'''Slide Number''' 14

'''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
|| 
* We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.
* For more details, please contact us.
|-
||'''Slide number''' 15

'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''

Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

Please visit this site

Choose the minute and second where you have the question.

Explain your question briefly

The spoken tutorial project will ensure an answer.

You will have to register on this website to ask questions.
|| 
* Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
||'''Slide number''' 16

'''Acknowledgment '''
|| The Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India 
|-
||'''Slide Number 17'''

'''Thank you'''
||This tutorial is contributed by Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, and Madhuri Ganapathi from IIT Bombay.

Thank you for joining.

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