View source for CircuitJS/C2/Series-and-Parallel-Resistance/English


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|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| Slide 1:
|| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Series and Parallel Resistance''' circuits.
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|| Slide 2:
Learning Objective
|| In this tutorial, we will learn how,
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">To connect Resistors in series and parallel circuits</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Voltage and current characteristics behave in series and parallel circuits.</div>
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|| Slide 3:

System Requirement
|| To record this tutorial, I am using:
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Ubuntu Linux '''20.04 OS</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">CircuitJS Application</div>
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|| Slide 4:

Prerequisite
|| To follow this tutorial, you should have a basic knowledge of 
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Electrical circuits</div>
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|| <div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>

Series Resistance.png

<div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">We will create this series resistor circuit for demonstration.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">For this circuit we require:</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Three resistors of 1 Kilo Ohms</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">One Ammeter</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">One Switch and</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">One 12 Volts DC Power Supply</div>

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| style="color:#000000;" | Let us open the '''circuitjs''' interface.
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| style="color:#ff0000;" | 
|| First, we will create a simulation circuit for the<span style="color:#0674b3;"> </span>resistors connected in series. 
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|| Draw => Add Resistor

Right-click => Duplicate
|| Click on '''File''' and select '''New Blank Circuit.'''
Click on the '''Draw''' option in the menu bar and select '''Add resistor.'''

Click and drag to draw a resistor as shown.

By default, the value of this resistor is 1 Kilo Ohms.

We need three resistors with the same values.

Right-click on the resistor and select the '''Duplicate''' option.

Place the resistor as shown here.

Repeat the same process one more time to get three resistors in the circuit.

Connect them in series as shown.

Using the '''Add Text '''option, name the multiple resistors as R1, R2, and R3.

Arrange the text as shown.
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|| <div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>

Draw => Inputs and Sources => Add Voltage Source
Right-click =>Swap Terminal

Right Click => Edit.. 
|| Next, we have to add the DC power supply.

Click on '''Draw''', go to''' Inputs and Sources.'''

Then select '''Add Voltage Source (2-terminal).'''

Refer to the circuit diagram shown above to check the polarity of the DC power supply.

To change the polarity, right-click on the source and select the '''Swap Terminal''' option.

Notice the change in the polarity of the power supply.

The default value of this power supply is 5 volts.

For our circuit, we need the DC power supply to be 12 Volts.

To change the value of the power supply, right-click on the power supply.

Select '''Edit '''option. Change the value from 5 to 12 in the given box as shown.

Click on the '''OK '''button to save the changes.
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|| Draw => Passive Components => Add Switch
|| We also need a switch to turn ON and OFF the circuit.

In the '''Draw '''menu, select''' Passive components''', and then select '''Add switch'''.
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|| <div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>

Draw => Outputs and Labels => Add Ammeter
|| We need to add an ammeter to calculate the current flowing in the circuit.

In the '''Draw '''menu, go to''' Outputs and Labels''', and select '''Add Ammeter''' option.

Place the ammeter between the resistor and the switch as shown.
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|| Connect the circuit using wire 
|| We have all the required components in the work area. 

Now let's connect the components using wires.
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|| Draw => Add Wire
|| From the '''Draw''' menu, select '''Add wire.'''

Connect the ammeter to the switch as shown.
Connect the R3 resistor to the power supply to complete the circuit.
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|| Point to yellow dots
|| Observe the yellow dots, indicating the current flow direction in the circuit.

Observe the current reading across the ammeter.
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|| 
|| Place the mouse cursor on a particular component to get its characteristics.

Place the mouse cursor on resistor R3.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Notice the block at the bottom of your screen representing its values.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">It shows the resistor value as 1 Kilo Ohm.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Voltage drop is 4 Volts and it is denoted by Vd.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Current flowing through the resistor is 4 milli-Amperes.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Power denoted by P is 16 milli-Watt.</div>
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|| 

|| <div style="color:#000000;">Let us change the resistor R2 value from 1 Kilo Ohm to 3 Kilo Ohms.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Notice the change in the value of the current flowing through these resistors.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">In a series circuit:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">- The current flowing through each resistor is same</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">- The sum of voltage drops across each resistor is almost equal to the applied DC power supply. </div>
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|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide: Assignment </div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Series Resistance</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Slide change</div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">As an assignment do the following</div>

# In the same circuit, change the value of resistors as
# R1 = 4KOhms, R2 = 2KOhms, R3 = 100 Ohms. Change the DC Power supply voltage to 5 Volts.
# Notice the current flowing and voltage drop at each resistor.

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| style="color:#000000;" | 
| style="color:#000000;" | Similarly, we will build a circuit with resistors connected in parallel.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Show the diagram</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Parallel Resistance.png</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">arrows</div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">We will create this parallel resistor circuit for demonstration.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">For this circuit we require</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Three resistors of 1K Ohms</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Four Ammeters</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">One Switch</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">One 12 Volts DC Power Supply</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | Click on '''File''' and select '''New Blank Circuit.'''
| style="color:#000000;" | Click on '''File''' and select '''New Blank Circuit.'''
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Click on the '''Draw''' option in the menu bar and select '''Add resistor.'''</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Click and drag to draw a resistor as shown.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">By default, the value of this resistor is 1 Kilo Ohms. </div>

<div style="color:#000000;">We need three resistors with the same value.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Right-click on the resistor and select the '''Duplicate '''option. Place the resistor as shown.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Repeat the same process one more time to get three resistors in the circuit.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Place these three resistors parallel to one another as shown here.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Using the '''Add Text '''option, name these multiple resistors as R1, R2, and R3.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Arrange the text as shown. </div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Draw => Inputs and Sources => Add Voltage Source</div>

|| <div style="color:#000000;">Next, we have to add the DC power supply.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Inputs and Sources''', and select '''Add Voltage Source (2-terminal)'''.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Refer to the circuit diagram shown above to check the polarity of the DC power source.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | Right Click => Edit.
|| <div style="color:#000000;">The default value of this power supply is 5 volts. </div>

<div style="color:#000000;">For our circuit, we need 12 Volts.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">To change the value of the power supply, right-click on the power supply.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Select the '''Edit '''option. </div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Change the value from 5 to 12 in the given box as shown.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Click on the '''OK '''button to save</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">the changes.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Draw => Passive Components => Add Switch</div>

|| <div style="color:#000000;">We also need a switch to turn ON and OFF the circuit.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">In the '''Draw''' menu, select '''Passive components''', and then select '''Add switch.'''</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Connect the switch to the DC power supply as shown.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Draw => Outputs and Labels => Add Ammeter</div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">We need four Ammeters in the circuit.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Select the '''Draw '''menu, go to '''Outputs and Labels''', and select the''' Add Ammeter''' option.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Drag and draw the ammeter in the working space.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Use the '''Duplicate '''option three times to get four Ammeters in the working space.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Connect one ammeter to each resistor as shown.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Connect the fourth ammeter to the switch as shown.</div>
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| style="color:#000000;" | Connect the circuit using wire 
|| <div style="color:#000000;">We have all the required components in the work area. </div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Now let's connect the components using wires.</div>
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|| Draw => Add Wire

|| From the '''Draw''' menu, select '''Add wire.'''

Draw wires from each ammeter connected to these three resistors to form junctions A and B.

Now, connect junction A to the Ammeter and junction B to the DC power supply.
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|| <div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>

<div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>

<div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>
|| Observe the yellow dots indicating the current flow direction in the circuit.

<div style="color:#000000;">Observe the current reading across the Ammeter in the circuit.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">The sum of all three ammeters connected in parallel equals the ammeter connected in the circuit.</div>

Notice the current flowing and voltage drop at each resistor.
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|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide: Assignment </div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Parallel Resistance</div>

<div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>
|| As an assignment,
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Change the DC voltage supply value to 5V.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Notice the change in voltage and current for each resistor.</div>

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|| Compare Series and Parallel Resistor circuit.


<div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>
|| Let us compare the series and parallel circuits.


In a circuit where resistors are connected in series
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The amount of current flowing through each resistor is the same.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">But the voltage drop across each resistor is different. </div>

In a circuit where resistors are connected in parallel</span>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The current splits up at the junction and is different through each resistor.</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">But the voltage across each resistor is the same.</div>


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|| Analogy

(show it with the circuit break in both series and parallel diagrams)
|| Parallel connection circuits are used to connect multiple electrical appliances. 

E.g. Home, Industrial area

Let us find out the reason behind this.
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| style="color:#ff0000;" | 
|| Let us first take an example of a series connection circuit.

Assume there are three LEDs connected in series instead of three resistors.

Three LEDs are denoted with L1, L2, L3 respectively.

Assume that, L2 LED gets broken or is faulty.

To implement this condition, we will remove the L2 LED from the circuit.

This will result in the circuit not completing its path.

So the current is not flowing through the circuit as shown here.
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|| Show Parallel connection circuit with disconnected 2nd resistor

|| Assume that three LEDs L1, L2, L3 are connected in a parallel circuit.

Let us take the same faulty L2 LED example, as shown in the series circuit.

Remove the L2 LED from the circuit.

Notice that the current still flows through the L1 and L3 LEDs.

In a parallel circuit, if one component is faulty, the rest of the circuit keeps working smoothly.
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|| 
|| This brings us to the end of the tutorial. Let us summarize.
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|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide Summary </div>

|| In this tutorial, we learnt how
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">To connect resistors in series and parallel circuits</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Voltage and current characteristics behave in series and parallel circuits</div>


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|| Slide :

About Spoken Tutorial project
|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
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|| Slide&nbsp;:Spoken Tutorial workshops
|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project'''&nbsp;Team conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.
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|| Slide : Forum for specific questions
|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.
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|| Acknowledgement
|| Spoken Tutorial project was established by the Ministry of Education(MoE), Govt of India
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|| Thank you
|| This tutorial has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay.

Thanks for watching.
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