View source for PhET-Simulations-for-Physics/C3/Balloons-and-Buoyancy/English

Title of script:  Balloons and Buoyancy 

Author: Anandajith TS

Keywords:  Phet simulation, Buoyancy, helium, pressure, temperature, volume, kinetic energy, gravity,  particles, hot air balloon, video tutorial.



{| border=1
|align=center| '''Visual Cue'''
|align=center| '''Narration'''

|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title Slide'''

||Welcome to the Spoken tutorial on''' Balloons and Buoyancy'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''


'''Learning Objectives'''
||In this tutorial we will learn about,
* How different systems will float or sink
* How pressure, volume and temperature affect the motion of the balloons

|-
|| '''Slide Number 3'''


'''Learning Objectives'''

||
* Relation between number of particles and pressure 
* Relation between temperature and pressure.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''

'''System Requirement'''
||This tutorial is recorded using, 
* Windows 11 
* Java version 16.0.1

|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''

'''Pre-requisites'''


'''[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]'''
||To follow this tutorial,

Learner should be familiar with topics in basic science.


Please use the link below to access the tutorials on '''PhET''' Simulations.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 6 '''

'''Link for PhET simulation'''


'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/balloons-and-buoyancy'''
||Please use the given link to download the '''PhET''' simulation. 

|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''


'''PhET Simulation'''
||In this tutorial we will use the '''Balloons and Buoyancy PhET simulation'''.

|-
|| Point to the '''Balloons and Buoyancy''' simulation in the '''Downloads ''' folder. 

||I have already downloaded the '''simulation '''to my''' Downloads '''folder.

|-
|| Right-click on '''balloons-and-buoyancy_en.jar '''file'''.'''

Select the '''Open ''' option. 


Point to the window. 

||To open the simulation, right-click on '''balloons-and-buoyancy_en.jar''' file.

Select the''' Open '''option. 


The file opens in a new window.

|-
|| Point to the simulation interface.
||This is the interface of the '''Balloons and Buoyancy''' simulation.

|-
|| Point to the top of the interface.
||On the top we see that the interface has 4 tabs.


We can use these tabs to conduct experiments with any of these apparatus.

|-
|| Cursor in the interface.

Point to the chamber and lid.
||Let us examine the '''Hot Air Balloon''' tab.

In the interface, we have a chamber with a '''hot air balloon''' inside it. 

The chamber is closed with a removable lid on the top.

|-
|| Point to the handle on the left side of the chamber


Click and drag the handle. 
||On the left side of the chamber there is a handle to change the volume.


Click and drag the handle to change the volume of the chamber.


|-
|| Point to the '''Pump''' on the right side of the chamber.


Click and drag the '''piston''' up and down

||On the right side of the chamber a pump is connected.


Click and drag the '''piston''' up and down to fill the gas in the chamber.

|-
|| Point to the bottom of the pump.


Point to a '''Gas in Pump''' box with '''Heavy '''and '''Light species.'''


Point to '''Heavy Species'''.

Point to '''Light Species'''.

||Below the pump, a '''Gas in Pump''' box with '''Heavy '''and '''Light species''' is given.


Click on the radio buttons to switch between '''heavy '''and '''light '''species of the gas.

|-
|| Point to the '''Thermometer''' on the top and '''Pressure gauge''' on the right side
||A '''thermometer''' and a '''pressure gauge''' are attached to the chamber.


Using these we can see the changes in temperature and pressure in the chamber.

|-
|| Point to the '''Heat control''' on the bottom of the chamber
||A''' heat control '''slider to add or remove heat from the chamber is given at the bottom.

|-
|| Point to the right side of the Interface.


Point to all the controls from top to bottom.
||Right panel has controls to change the parameters of the simulation.


We will use them as required.

|-
|| Click on '''Measurement Tools'''

Click the '''Layer Tool'''
||Click on the '''Measurement Tools''' button.

A box opens with different measuring tools.


The '''Layer tool''' allows you to see the pressure at a selected height.

|-
|| Click on '''Advanced Options'''


Point to''' Molecules Collide '''option

Point to '''Temperature of new particle''' option
||Now click on the '''Advanced Options''' button.


Using the '''Molecules collide''' option we can turn on molecular collision.


'''Temperature of new particles''' option changes the temperature of new particles.

|-
|| Only Narration
||Let us demonstrate buoyancy using the '''Hot air balloon.'''

|-
|| Click and drag the piston of the '''Pump.'''


Point to the gas particles in the chamber.
||Click and drag the piston of the '''Pump''' up and down.

This adds Heavy gas particles inside the chamber.

|-
|| Point to the thermometer and pressure gauge.
||Observe that the gas species move in random directions.


As they move observe the changes in the temperature and pressure.

|-
|| Point to the '''Hot air balloon''' 
||We see that the '''Hot air balloon''' does not float.

It settles at the bottom of the container.

|-
|| Point to the Hot''' Air Balloon''' slider on the right side of the interface.


Click and drag the slider upwards.

Point to the flame inside the balloon.
||Let’s click and drag the '''Hot Air Balloon''' slider upwards.


This turns on the heater inside the '''Hot air balloon'''.

|-
|| Point to the '''Hot Air Balloon'''
||We see that the balloon slowly moves to the top of the chamber.


Weight of the balloon and gas inside it is less than the volume of gas around it.


Due to this, buoyant forces act on the balloon and it rises.

|-
|| Drag the handle to the right.
||Let us decrease the volume of the chamber.


Drag the handle to the right to decrease the volume.

We observe that pressure and temperature increase.

|-
|| Drag the handle to the right
||Drag the handle still further.


We see that the lid flies off and the gas molecules move out of the chamber.

|-
|| Point to '''Return Lid button'''


Click on the '''return lid button'''

Click on the '''Reset button'''
||A '''Return Lid button''' gets activated.

Click the '''Return Lid button''' to bring back the lid to its place.


Click the '''Reset button''' in the right panel bottom to reset the simulation.

|-
||Drag the piston to add '''Heavy species.'''

Go to '''heat control''' and move the slider upwards and hold the left mouse button.

Click on the '''Return Lid button.'''
||Let’s increase the temperature of the chamber.


Add '''Heavy species '''using the pump as before.


Go to the '''heat control.'''

Move the slider upwards and hold the mouse button to add heat.

After some time the balloon rises up and the lid again flies off.


Click the''' Return Lid button '''to close the chamber.

|-
|| Drag the piston to add '''Heavy species.'''


Go to the '''Constant Parameter''' and click the '''Pressure '''option.


Click on the''' Pressure '''option.
||Let’s add '''Heavy species''' to the chamber.


Let’s go to the '''Constant Parameter''' and click the '''Pressure '''option.

We see that the volume keeps changing to keep the pressure constant.

|-
|| Go to '''Gravity control''' and drag the slider to Lots.
||Let’s now increase the gravity of the chamber.


Go to the '''Gravity''' option''' '''and drag the slider to '''Lots'''.

|-
|| Drag the slider of '''Hot Air Balloon''' control up to add heat.


Point to the balloon.
||Go to the '''Hot Air Balloon '''control and add heat to the balloon.


We see that the balloon rises up but to a much lower height than before.


This happens because an increase in gravity pulls the balloon downwards.

|-
|| Click the '''Measurement Tools '''option.


Click on the '''Energy Histograms '''checkboxes.
||Let’s take a look at the Energy Histogram.

Go to the '''Measurement Tools'''.

Click on the '''Energy Histograms''' option.

A pop-up window with the energy histograms for the system appears.

|-
|| Point to Kinetic energy histogram

Point to Speed histogram.

Close the Particle Statistics window.
||Here only a few particles possess higher kinetic energy and speed.

So as Kinetic energy increases the number of particles with it will be lower.

For speed, most particles will have an average speed.

Close the '''Energy Histograms''' window.

|-
|| Click on '''Rigid Hollow Sphere''' tab


Point to '''Rigid Hollow Sphere'''

Point to '''Gas in Sphere''' option on the right panel.
||Switch to the '''Rigid Hollow Sphere''' tab.


Here, '''Hot Air Balloon''' inside the chamber is replaced by a '''Rigid Hollow Sphere'''.


Instead of a '''Hot Air Balloon''' option, a '''Gas in Sphere''' option is given on the panel.


Using this option we can manually input gas particles inside the sphere. 

|-
|| Only narration
||Let us demonstrate buoyancy using the '''Rigid Hollow Sphere.'''
|-
|| Point to the '''Pump'''


Click and drag the piston of the '''Pump'''
||Click and drag the piston of the '''Pump''' up and down.

This adds '''Heavy gas particles''' inside the chamber. 

|-
|| Point to '''Rigid Hollow Sphere'''
||We see that the '''Rigid Hollow Sphere''' floats to the top of the container.

|-
|| Point to''' Gas in Sphere''' option


Click in the '''Heavy Species box'''


Type '''200''' >> press''' Enter'''
||Go to the '''Gas in Sphere''' option on the right panel.

Click in the '''Heavy Species box'''.


Type '''200''' and press E'''nter'''.

|-
|| Point to '''Rigid Hollow Sphere '''
||We see that 200 '''heavy species particles '''are added inside the sphere.

Now the '''Rigid Hollow sphere''' sinks to the bottom of the chamber.

|-
|| Click on '''Helium balloon''' tab


Point to '''helium balloon'''

Point to '''Helium in Balloon''' option
||Switch to the '''Helium balloon''' tab.


An expandable '''helium balloon''' is given inside the chamber.

Here an additional option, '''Helium in Balloon''' is given on the right panel.


Using this we can manually input the number of''' helium atoms''' inside the balloon. 

|-
|| Only narration
||Let us demonstrate '''buoyancy''' using the '''Helium balloon.'''

|-
|| Point to the '''Pump'''


Click and drag the piston of the '''Pump'''
||Click and drag the piston of the '''Pump''' up and down.

This adds Heavy species gas particles inside the chamber.

|-
|| Point to '''Helium balloon'''
||We see that the '''Helium balloon''' remains at the bottom of the container.

|-
|| Point to''' Helium in Balloon''' option


Click in the '''Number of atoms '''box


Type '''30''' >>press''' Enter'''
||Go to the '''Helium in Balloon''' option on the right side.

Click in the '''Number of atoms''' box.


Type '''30''' and press '''enter'''.

|-
|| Point to '''Helium balloon'''
||We see that 30 '''helium atoms '''are added to the balloon.

Now the '''Helium balloon''' rises to the top of the container.

|-
||Click on '''Gas properties'''
||Switch to the '''Gas properties tab'''.


Here the chamber is empty.

Apart from this, all the controls are the same as in the hot air balloon. 

|-
|| Only Narration
||Let’s demonstrate the relation between the number of particles and pressure.
|-
|| Click on '''Volume'''


Point to '''Gas in chamber''' option


Type in 100 in the '''Heavy species''' box
||Click on '''Volume''' option in the constant parameter section on the right panel.

Now go to the''' Gas in chamber''' option on the right side.

Type 100 in the '''Heavy species''' box and press '''Enter'''.

We see that 100 particles of the '''Heavy species''' are added to the chamber.

|-
|| Point to pressure gauge
||Here the pressure is shown to be about 0.55 atmospheres.

|-
||Point to''' Gas in chamber'''

Click and hold the upward arrow on the Heavy''' species''' box to increase the particles to 150.

Point to '''Pressure gauge'''
||Now let us increase the number of particles.


Go to the '''Gas in chamber''' option.


Click and hold the upward arrow to increase the particles to 150.

Here we see that pressure has increased.

Observe that pressure increases with the number of particles. 

|-
|| Only Narration
||Let’s demonstrate the relation between pressure and temperature.

|-
||Go to the '''Heat control'''

Click and drag the slider upwards to add heat to the chamber.


Point to the '''Pressure gauge.'''


Drag''' slider''' upwards


Point to '''lid'''
||Go to the '''Heat control''' option at the bottom of the chamber.


Click and drag the slider upwards to add heat to the chamber.


We can see that the Pressure of the chamber increases rapidly.


Increase the temperature further.


We see that the lid of the chamber blows off.

We can say that the pressure increases with the increase in temperature.

|-
|| Click the '''Return Lid''' button to close the chamber.

Point to the '''Pump'''


Click and drag the piston of the '''Pump'''
||Let’s click the '''Return Lid''' button to close the chamber.

Let’s add the heavy species to the chamber again.

|-
|| Go to the '''Heat control'''


Click and drag the slider downwards to remove heat from the chamber.


Point to the '''Pressure gauge.'''

Point to the particles in the chamber.

||This time let us lower the temperature of the chamber.

Click and drag the slider downwards to remove heat from the chamber.


Pressure decreases to almost 0.01 atmospheres.

We see less movement in the particles.

As the temperature decreases the particles seize to move and pressure drops down.

|-
||Only Narration. 
||With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarize.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 8'''

'''Summary'''
||In this tutorial, we have learnt about,


* How different systems will float or sink
* How pressure, volume and temperature affect the motion of the balloons

|-
|| '''Slide Number 9'''

'''Summary'''
||
* Relation between number of particles and pressure 
* Relation between temperature and pressure

|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Assignment'''

||Here is an assignment for you.


Find how the changes in temperature and pressure affect the motion of:

1. Rigid Hollow Sphere

2. Helium Balloon 

|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''About the Spoken Tutorial Project '''
||The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project. 

Please download and watch it. 

|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Spoken Tutorial workshops '''
||The Spoken Tutorial Project team: 

conducts workshops using spoken tutorials and 

gives certificates on passing online tests. 

For more details, please write to us. 

|-
|| '''Slide Number 13'''

'''Forum for specific questions: '''


Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial? 

Please visit this site. 

Choose the minute and second where you have the question. 

Explain your question briefly. 

The Spoken tutorial project will ensure an answer.

You will have to register to ask questions.
||Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 14 '''

'''Acknowledgement'''

||The Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education, Govt. of India.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 15 '''


'''Thank you'''
||This is Anandajith TS from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thank you for joining.

|-
|}