View source for Apps-On-Physics/C2/Linear-Motion/English

{|border=1
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-

|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Linear Motion'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning objective'''
|| In this tutorial we will demonstrate, 

* '''Motion with constant Acceleration''' and
* '''Newton's Second Law Experiment Apps'''

|-
|| '''Slide Number 3'''

'''System Requirements'''
|| Here I am using,
* '''Ubuntu Linux OS''' version 16.04.
* '''Firefox Web Browser''' version 62.0.3.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''

'''Pre-requities'''

'''https://spoken-tutorial.org'''
|| To follow this tutorial,

learner should be familiar with '''Apps on Physics'''.

For the pre-requisites tutorials please visit this site.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Learning Goals'''

* Demonstrate motion of a car with constant acceleration.
* Explain the graphs of position, velocity and acceleration.
* Calculate position and velocity of a car using equations of motion.

|| Using these '''Apps''' we will,

* Demonstrate motion of a car with constant acceleration.
* Explain position, velocity  and acceleration graphs.
* Calculate the position and velocity of a car using equations of motion.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Learning Goals'''
* Demonstrate the setup of an air track glider.
* Verify the of Newton's second law of motion.
||
* Demonstrate the setup of an air track glider.
* Verify the Newton's second law of motion.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

Link for '''Apps on physics'''

'''https://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen/'''

|| Use the given link to download the ''' App'''.

|-
|| Point to the file in the '''Downloads''' folder.
|| I have already downloaded '''Apps on Physics''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.
|-
|| Click on the '''phen''' folder.

Press '''Ctrl''' and '''F''' keys simultaneously.
||Double-click on '''html5phen''' folder.
Double-click on the '''phen''' folder.

To open '''Motion with Constant Acceleration''', press '''Ctrl''' + '''F''' keys simultaneously.
|-
|| Type '''acceleration''' in the search bar.
|| In the search bar type '''acceleration'''.

|-
|| Right click on '''acceleration_en.htm''' file.

Select the option '''Open With Firefox web Browser'''option.
|| Right click on '''acceleration_en.htm''' file.

Select the option '''Open With Firefox web Browser'''.
|-
|| Cursor on the '''App'''.
|| '''Motion with constant Acceleration App''' opens in the browser.
|-
|| Point to the interface.
|| Interface has two panels.
|-
|| Point to the text fields in the green panel 

'''Initial position'''

'''Initial velocity '''

and '''Acceleration'''.
|| Green control panel contains text fields.

Here we can edit

* '''Initial position '''
* '''Initial velocity''' and 
* '''Acceleration'''.
|-
|| Point to the radio buttons.

'''Show velocity vector''' and 

'''Show acceleration vector'''.
|| At the bottom of the green panel there are two radio buttons. 

* '''Show velocity vector''' and 
* '''Show acceleration vector'''.

By default '''Show velocity vector''' is selected.
|-
|| Point to the three digital clocks.
|| On the yellow panel we have three digital clocks.

They show the elapsed time.
|-
|| Point to the barriers.
|| Here we can see a green and red colored barriers.
|-
|| Click on '''Start''' button.
|| Click on '''Start''' button.
|-
|| Click on '''Slow motion''' check-box.
|| Click the '''Slow motion''' check-box. 
|-
|| Point to the car.

|| Observe that a car starts to move with a constant acceleration.
|-
|| Point to '''Acceleration'''.
|| The default value for '''Acceleration''' is 

1 '''m/s<sup>2'''</sup> (meter per second square).
|-
|| Point to the green barrier and clock.
|| When the car crosses the green barrier with its front bumper, green digital clock stops.
|-
|| Point to red digital clock.
|| Similarly when the car crosses the red barrier, the red digital clock stops.
|-
|| Move the cursor to show that car has moved out of screen.
|| Notice that car has moved out of the screen, but it is still in motion.
|-
|| Point to the grey digital clock.
|| This is indicated by grey digital clock.

This clock shows the instantaneous time of the moving car.
|-
|| At the bottom point to '''x''' and '''v''' values.
|| Observe that, the values of '''x''' and '''v''' are changing continuously.

It means that the car is in uniform motion.

And it will continue to be in motion until an external force is applied.

This is due to '''Newton's first law of motion'''.
|-
|| Click on '''Pause''' button >> uncheck '''Slow motion''' check-box.
|| Click on the '''Pause''' button and uncheck the '''Slow motion''' check-box.
|-
|| Point to the '''Pause''' button.
|| Let’s assume that by clicking '''Pause''' button we have applied an external force on the car.
|-
|| Point to the grey digital clock.
|| Notice that the grey digital clock has stopped.

It means that car has stopped moving.
|-
|| Click on  '''Reset''' button.
|| Click on the '''Reset''' button.
|-
|| Change the '''Initial position''' to 5 '''m''' >> press '''Enter'''.
|| Let's change the '''Initial position''' to 5 '''m ''' and press '''Enter'''. 
|-
|| Change the '''Initial velocity''' to 5 '''m/s'''.
|| Change the '''Initial velocity''' to 5 '''m/s''' ('''meter per second''') and press '''Enter'''.
|-
|| Edit the value of '''Acceleration''' to 2 '''m/s<sup>2'''</sup>.
|| And value of '''Acceleration''' to 2 '''m/s<sup>2'''</sup> ('''meter per second square)''' and press '''Enter'''.
|-
|| Move the cursor to show the change in the '''Position''' from 0 to 5 '''m'''.
|| Observe the '''Position v/s time''' and '''Velocity v/s time''' graphs.

The red point in the '''Position v/s time''' graph has shifted from 0 '''m''' to 5 '''m'''.
|-
|| Move the cursor to show the change in the 
'''Velocity''' from 0 to 5 '''m/s'''.
|| The pink point in the '''Velocity v/s time''' graph has shifted from 0 '''m/s''' to 5 '''m/s'''.
|-
|| Point the blue point in '''Acceleration v/s time''' graph.
|| Notice the shift in blue point in '''Acceleration v/s time''' graph.
|-
|| Click on '''Start''' button.
|| Click on the '''Start''' button.
|-
|| Click on '''Pause''' button when it reaches the red barrier.
|| And then click on the '''Pause''' button when car touches the red barrier.
|-
|| Point to pink color vector.
|| Observe that the pink colored vector shows the direction of velocity.
|-
|| Point to each graph.
|| Now let us study the variations in each graph.
|-
|| Point to '''Acceleration v/s time''' graph.

Move the cursor to show the straight line.

Point to the time axis of acceleration.
|| Observe the '''Acceleration v/s time''' graph.

It shows a straight line parallel to the time axis.

As time changes acceleration remains constant.
|-
|| Point to '''Velocity v/s time''' graph

point to the pink line.

|| Observe the '''Velocity v/s time''' graph.

Note that velocity increases linearly with time.

|-
|| Point to '''Position v/s time''' graph.
|| Look at the '''Position v/s time''' graph.

This graph is exponentially increasing, due to the change in '''position''' and '''velocity''' of the car.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.
|| Let us verify the values of '''position''' and '''velocity''' using equations of motion. 
|-
|| '''Slide Number 8'''

'''Equations of Motion'''

'''v = v<sub>0</sub> + at '''


'''x = x<sub>0</sub> + v<sub>0</sub> t + 1/2at<sup>2</sup> '''


'''v<sup>2</sup> = v<sub>0</sub><sup>2</sup> + 2 a (x − x<sub>0</sub>)'''


'''v<sub>0 '''</sub>and '''v''' are the initial and final velocities.

'''x<sub>0'''</sub> and '''x''' are the initial and final positions.

|| Here are the '''Equations of motion'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 9'''

'''Tabular column'''.
|| We will note the measured and calculated values in the table.
|-
|| Point to red and green barrier.
|| Next we will use both green and red barrier to measure position and velocity.
|-
|| Click >> drag the green barrier to 15 '''m'''.
|| Click and drag the green barrier to 15 '''m'''.
|-
|| Drag the red barrier to 40 '''m'''.
|| Similarly drag the red barrier to 40 '''m'''.
|-
|| Click on the '''Start''' button >> '''Pause''' when it touches the green barrier.
|| Click on the '''Start''' button and then '''Pause''' when it touches the green barrier.
|-
|| Point to position and velocity values.
|| Note that the '''App''' has measured the values of position and velocity.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Equations of Motion'''

'''v = v<sub>0</sub> + at'''

'''<nowiki>= 5 + 2 * 1.531</nowiki>'''

'''<nowiki>=8.06 m/s</nowiki>'''

|| Let us calculate velocity using the first equation of motion.

Substitute the values of acceleration, time and initial velocity shown in the '''App''' in the equation.

8.06 '''m/s''' is the calculated value of the velocity.
|-
|| '''x = x<sub>0</sub> + v<sub>0</sub> t + 1/2at<sup>2'''</sup>

'''<nowiki>= 5 + 5 * 1.531 + 1/2 * 2 * (1.531)</nowiki><sup>2'''</sup>

'''<nowiki>= </nowiki>14.99 m'''.
|| Let us calculate the '''position''' using the second equation of motion.

Similarly substitute the values shown in the '''App'''.

14.99 '''m''' is the calculated value of the position.
|-
|| Point to the value of position in the '''App'''.
|| Observe that the values of position and velocity are approximately equal to the measured values.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Tabular column'''
|| Note the calculated and measured values in the table.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Assignment'''

Measure the position and velocity when the car reaches the red barrier.

Calculate the values using Equations of motion.

Complete the table and compare your answers.
|| As an assignment 

* Measure the '''position''' and '''velocity''' when the car reaches the red barrier.
* Calculate the values using '''Equations of motion'''.
* Complete the table and compare your answers with the ones shown in the '''App'''.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.
|| Now we will explore the next '''App'''.
|-
|| Open '''Newton's Second Law Experiment App'''.

Right click on the '''newtonlaw2_en.htm''' file and '''Open With Firefox Web Browser'''.
|| To open '''Newton's Second Law Experiment App'''.

Right click on the '''newtonlaw2_en.htm''' file and '''Open With Firefox Web Browser'''.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.
|| Using this '''App''' we will verify the '''Newton's second law'''.
|-
|| Point to air track glider setup.
|| The '''App''' opens with air track glider setup.
|-
|| Point to blue wagon.
|| The screen shows a wagon on the air track.
|-
|| Point to show the digital clock.

Point to '''LB '''.
|| Here digital clock is used to record the time when wagon crosses the '''LB'''.

'''LB '''is the light barrier.
|-
|| Point to graph.
|| The graph records '''position''' v/s '''time''' data.
|-
|| In green control panel we can vary 


'''Mass of the wagon'''

'''Hanging mass'''and 

'''Coefficient of friction'''.
|| In the green control panel we can vary 

* '''Mass of the wagon '''
* '''Hanging mass '''and
* '''Coefficient of friction'''.
|-
|| Point to '''Mass of the wagon'''.
|| The default '''Mass of the wagon''' is 100 '''g'''.

It can take values from 1 g to 1000 g
|-
|| Scroll down to show the '''Underlying formulas'''.
|| Scroll down the screen.

Here we have the formula used in this experiment.

By default, '''motion with constant acceleration''' is used in the '''App'''.
|-
|| Click on  '''Start/Record Data''' button.
|| Click on the '''Start''' button.

This button is a toggle for '''Start''' and '''Record data'''.
|-
|| Point to the hanging mass.

Point to the value of '''Mass of the wagon''' and '''Hanging mass''' in the green panel.
|| Observe that the hanging mass pulls the wagon downwards.

Default value of the '''Hanging mass''' is 1 '''gram''', it takes values from 1 '''gram''' to 100 '''grams'''.
|-
|| Move the cursor to show digital clock
|| Here digital clock notes the time when the wagon crosses the '''LB'''.

The distance from the start to '''LB''' is shown as 0.5 '''meter'''.
|-
|| Point to the formula of acceleration.
|| The '''App''' has  calculated the acceleration using the formula '''2s/t<sup>2</sup>'''(2s upon t square).

The calculated value of acceleration is 0.097 '''m/s<sup>2</sup>'''.
|-
|| Click on '''Reset''' button.
|| Click on the '''Reset''' button.
|-
|| Click >> drag the '''LB''' to the left on second black rectangle. 
|| Click and drag the '''LB '''to the left on second black rectangle. 
|-
|| Click on '''Start''' button.
|| Click on the '''Start''' button.
|-
|| Point to show the value of acceleration.
|| Notice that here also the value of acceleration is 0.097 '''m/s<sup>2</sup>'''.
|-
|| Click on the '''Record''' button.

At the bottom of green control panel point to '''Data''' box.
|| Click on the '''Record data''' button.

The values are recorded in the '''Data''' box.
|-
|| Point to show inactive '''Diagram''' button.

Move the cursor to '''Data'''.
|| Observe that the '''Diagram''' button is inactive.

It becomes active when at least four values are recorded in the '''Data''' box.
|-
|| Click >> drag the '''LB''' to second green rectangle.
|| Again click and drag the '''LB''' to second green rectangle.
|-
|| Click on the '''Start''' button >> click on '''Record data''' button.
|| Click on the '''Start''' button and then click on '''Record data''' button.
|-
|| Take four more readings.
|| Similarly take four more readings for distance and time and record in the '''Data''' box.
|-
|| Scroll down the '''Data''' to show the readings.
|| In the '''Data''' box, readings of six different distances have been recorded.
|-
|| Point to show the plotted points in the graph.
|| Observe the plotted points for position and time in the graph.
|-
|| Point to the '''Diagram''' button.

Click on the '''Diagram''' button.
|| '''Diagram''' button is now active.

Click on the '''Diagram''' button to plot the graph.
|-
|| Point to show the line.
|| An exponential graph appears on the screen.
|-
|| Point the acceleration and distances.
|| Notice that, acceleration remains same for all the distances.

It means that change in distance does not change the acceleration.
|-
|| Point to wagon.
|| According to '''Newton's second law''' the '''acceleration''' depends on the mass of the wagon.
|-
|| Click on '''Reset''' button.
|| Click on the '''Reset''' button.
|-
|| Change the '''Mass of the wagon''' to 300 '''g'''.
|| Now change the '''Mass of the wagon''' to 300 '''g'''.
|-
|| Click on '''Start''' button.
|| Click on '''Start''' button.
|-
|| Point to show the value of acceleration.
|| Notice the change in the acceleration.

The value of acceleration has changed to 0.033 '''m/s<sup>2'''</sup>.
|-
||Click on '''Reset''' button.
||Click on the '''Reset''' button.
|-
|| Change the value of '''Hanging mass''' to 4 '''g'''.
|| Now let us change the value of '''Hanging mass''' to 4 '''g'''.
|-
|| Click on '''Start''' button.
|| Click on '''Start''' button.
|-
|| Point to show the value of acceleration.

Point to underlying formula.
|| Notice the change in the acceleration.
The value of acceleration has changed to 0.129 '''m/s<sup>2</sup>'''.

Recall that acceleration depends on mass of the wagon and the hanging mass.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 13 + 14 '''

'''Tabular Column'''
|| Let us make a tabular column to note the values.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 15'''

'''Assignment'''

Change the values of mass of the wagon and note the changes in acceleration.

For each value of mass of the wagon change the value of Hanging mass.

Observe the difference in the acceleration.
||As an assignment
 
Change the values of mass of the wagon and note the changes in acceleration.

For each value of mass of the wagon change the value of the Hanging mass.

Observe the difference in the acceleration.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 16 + 17'''

'''Tabular column'''

Show the glimpse of the completed assignment.
|| Your completed assignment should look like this.
|-
|| 
|| Let us summarize
|-
|| '''Slide Number 18'''

'''Summary'''

* Demonstrated motion of a car with constant acceleration.
* Explained '''position''', '''velocity''' and '''acceleration''' graphs.
* Calculated the '''position''' and '''velocity''' of a car using '''equation of motion'''.

|| Using these '''Apps''' we have,

* Demonstrated motion of a car with constant acceleration.
* Explained '''position, velocity''' and '''acceleration''' graphs.
* Calculated the '''position''' and '''velocity''' of a car using '''equation of motion'''.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 19'''

'''Summary'''

* Demonstrated the setup of an air track glider.
* Verified the '''Newton's second law of motion'''.

|| 
* Demonstrated the setup of an air track glider.
* Verified the '''Newton's second law of motion'''.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 20'''

'''Acknowledgement'''

These '''Apps''' were created by Walter-fendt and his team.

|| These '''Apps''' were created by Walter-fendt and his team.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 21'''

'''About the Spoken Tutorial project'''.

|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 22'''

'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''.

|| The&nbsp;'''Spoken Tutorial Project&nbsp;'''team,

conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 23'''

'''Forum for specific questions:'''

Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

Please visit this site

Choose the minute and second where you have the question. 

Explain your question briefly

Someone from our team will answer them
|| Please post your timed queries on this forum.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 24'''

'''Acknowledgement'''
|| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by, MHRD, Government of India.
|-
|| 
|| This is Himanshi Karwanje from IIT-Bombay. 
Thank you for joining.
|-
|}