View source for Python-3.4.3/C4/Using-Python-Modules/English

'''Title of script''': '''Using Python Modules '''

'''Author: Puneeth, Aditya Palaparthy, Thirumalesh H S,Arun KP'''

'''Keywords: Python, Ipython, scripts, import, plot, modules, video tutorial'''


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Visual Cue'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Narration'''

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containing title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Using Python Modules'''. 

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Objectives 



| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to- 

* '''Execute''' '''python''' '''scripts''' from '''command''' '''line'''
* Use '''import''' in '''scripts '''and
* '''Import numpy '''and''' matplotlib.pyplot modules'''



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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide 

System Specifications 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using 

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3'''
* '''IPython 5.1.0 '''and
* '''Gedit text editor'''



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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide 

Prerequisite slide 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to 

* use '''plot''' interactively
* '''embellish''' and save a '''plot'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

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What is a '''module'''? 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we will learn what is a '''module'''.


A '''module''' is a file containing '''Python''' '''definitions''' and '''statements'''. 


'''Modules''' are used to break down large programs into small manageable and organized files.


'''Definitions''' from a '''module''' can be '''imported''' into other '''modules''' or to the '''main''' '''module'''. 

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open text editor


Type, '''print ("Hello World")'''



| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us see how to run a Python script from command line.


Open any '''text''' '''editor''' and type, 

'''print''''' inside brackets inside double quotes '''''Hello World'''


We have created a simple '''python''' script to print '''hello''' '''world'''.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the script as '''hello.py''' 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save this '''script''' as '''hello.py''' in the current working directory.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open terminal and navigate to directory where '''hello.py''' was saved 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us open the '''terminal.'''


Then navigate to the '''directory''' where '''hello.py''' is saved.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''python3 hello.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now type, '''python3 hello.py''' and press '''Enter'''.


It executes the '''script''' and gives the output as '''Hello World.'''


From here onwards, remember to press the Enter key after typing every command on the terminal.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the '''four_plot.py''' '''file''' in '''text''' '''editor''' and show 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see how to '''import''' modules and use them in python scripts.


Let me open the file''' four''''' underscore '''''plot.py''' in the text editor.


This file is available in the '''Code files '''link of this tutorial.


You can download and use it.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the 4 plot command
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This code will plot for '''x, -x, sin of x '''and''' xsin of x'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide

Four plot Problem
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.053cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| When we run this''' '''code, we will see the final plot as shown here.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''python3''' '''four_plot.py''' 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us '''run''' the file '''four '''''underscore''''' plot.py''' as a '''python''' script. 


Type,

'''python3''' '''four '''''underscore''''' plot.py''' 


It gives an error '''linspace()''' is not defined.


It means that,

'''function linspace()''' is not available in the current '''namespace'''.


A '''namespace''' is a system for making all the names in a program to be unique.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to '''four_plot.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us go back to the file''' four '''''underscore''''' plot.py.'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Add the line as first line in '''four_plot.py''' and save 


'''from numpy import *'''

Highlight '''linspace'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Add this line as the first line in the script, 


'''from numpy import '''''asterisk''


When we use''' asterisk''' in '''imports, '''all the '''functions''' and '''constants''' are imported from '''numpy''' module. 


'''linspace''' is a function available in '''numpy.'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Press Ctrl + S to save the file.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, 

'''python3 four_plot.py '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us run the script again, 


Now it gave another '''NameError:''' '''name''' ‘'''plot’ is not defined.'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''four_plot.py''' in '''text editor'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us edit the '''four '''''underscore''''' plot.py '''file''' '''again.


Add the following as the second line in our script.

'''from matplotlib.pyplot import *'''


'''plot''' is a function which is available in the '''matplotlib.pyplot. '''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now save the file. 

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''python3''' '''four_plot.py'''



| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will run the '''script.''' 


We get the output now. 


We '''imported''' all the required '''modules''' using the '''keyword''' '''import'''.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the window
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let me close the window.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide 

Import functions



| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can import only functions which are required from a module as,


'''from numpy import linspace, pi, sin'''

instead of, 

'''from numpy import *''' 


In the same way we can import only required functions from '''matplotlib.pyplot'''

instead of,

'''from matplotlib.pyplot import *'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| slide :

Import Functions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * It is always good to use '''function''' '''names''' instead of '''asterisk'''. 
* If we use '''asterisk''' to '''import''' from a particular '''module,''' all the '''functions '''will be imported.
* It replaces some existing '''functions''' with the same name in the '''namespace'''.



|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to script ''''four_plot.py'''' 


delete the first two lines and add the following 


'''from numpy import linspace, pi, sin'''


'''from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, legend, annotate'''


'''from matplotlib.pyplot import xlim, ylim, title, show'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will add only required functions from '''numpy''' and '''matplotlib.pyplot'''




|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us save the file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''python3''' '''four_plot.py''' 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will run the code again in the terminal.


Here, we got the '''plots '''for''' x,-x,sin of x '''and''' xsin of x''' in a single '''figure'''. 


In this method we '''imported''' the required '''functions''' to the current '''namespace'''. 

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| There is another way of fixing errors. 


Let us see that.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


Highlight

'''numpy.pi in '''line 3 and line 10, 11


'''plt.plot '''in line 4 

'''plt.legend '''in line 8

'''plt.annotate '''in line 9

'''plt.xlim, plt.ylim '''in line 10 and 11

'''plt.show()''' in line 12



| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the file '''another''''' underscore '''''fix.py'''


This file is also available in the '''code files''' link of this tutorial.


Notice that we are going to use the name '''plt''' instead of '''matplotlib.pyplot'''.''' '''


'''plt '''is used as alias to the module '''matplotlib.pyplot'''


Now, we use '''numpy.pi '''instead''' '''of''' '''just''' pi '''as we did in four'' underscore ''plot.py.


'''Plot functions '''are''' '''called''' '''as''' '''

'''plt.plot()'''

'''plt.legend()'''

'''plt.annotate() '''

'''plt.xlim'''

'''plt.ylim'''

'''plt.show()'''


The advantage is that function names in imported modules do not get added to the current '''namespace'''.


In order to use a function in an imported module, we need to mention '''module-name.function-name'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide


Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video here.


Try this exercise and then resume the video. 


Write a '''python script''' to '''plot''' a '''sine''' '''wave''' from''' -2pi '''to''' 2pi'''. 

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| show text for codefiles


Open '''sine.py''' and show it 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the file '''sine.py''' for the solution.


This file is also available in the '''code files''' link.


In the first line we '''import''' the required '''functions.'''


The functions''' linspace, sin '''and''' constant pi''' are imported from the''' module numpy'''.


We '''import''' the '''functions plot, legend, show, title, xlabel '''and''' ylabel '''from''' matplotlib.pyplot.''' 


And the rest of the '''code''' is to generate the '''plot'''. 

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, 

'''python3''' '''sine.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us run the code and see the output.


In the terminal, type


'''python3''' '''sine.py'''


Now we can see our '''sine''' '''plot'''. 


Close the terminal.


Let us move further in our topic. 

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''ipython3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can run Python scripts in '''IPython interpreter '''also'''.'''


Open another terminal and start the '''ipython''' interpreter by typing


'''ipython3'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''%run four_plot.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Navigate to the '''directory''' where '''four '''''underscore''''' plot.py''' is saved and type


''percentage''''' run four '''''underscore''''' plot.py'''


As before we can see the output with 4 plots.

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'''Python standard library''' 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Python''' has a very rich '''standard''' '''library''' of '''modules'''. 


Some of the '''standard modules''' are, 

* for''' Math: math, random '''
* for''' Internet access: urllib2, smtplib'''
* for''' System and Command line arguments: sys '''



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'''Python standard library''' 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Few more libraries

* for''' Operating system interface: os '''
* for''' regular expression: re '''
* for''' compression: gzip, zipfile, tarfile '''

For more information refer to the below link.

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Summary 



| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize. 

In this tutorial, we have learnt to, 


* Run '''scripts''' from '''command''' '''line''' 
* '''Import''' '''modules''' by specifying the '''module''' '''name''' followed by an '''asterisk''' 
* '''Import''' only the required '''functions''' from '''modules''' by specifying the '''function''' '''name''' 
* Use '''python''' '''standard''' '''library'''. 



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Evaluation 



| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve 

# Which among the below is the most correct?
# How the functions '''xlim() '''and '''ylim'''() can be imported to the current '''namespace'''? 



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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide


Solutions 



| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers, 

# The option '''from matplotlib.pyplot import plot''' is the most correct one. Because '''plot''' is a '''function''' of '''matplotlib.pyplot''' '''module'''. 
# Functions '''xlim'''() and '''ylim'''() can be '''imported''' to the current '''namespace''' as, '''from matplotlib.pyplot import xlim, ylim''' 



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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Acknowledgment



| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thanks for watching.

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