View source for Arduino/C2/Electronic-components-and-connections/English


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#c0c0c0;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Visual Cue'''
| style="background-color:#c0c0c0;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Narration'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 1:

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the''' Spoken Tutorial''' on''' ''' '''Electronic components and connections.'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 2:

Learning objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn how to use the:

* '''Breadboard''' and its internal connections
* '''LED''' on the breadboard
* '''PushButton''' and
* '''Seven Segment Display''' on the breadboard

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 3:

Pre-requisites

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To follow this series, you should have basic knowledge of''' '''

* '''Electronic components '''such as resistors, push-button, LED, etc.
* Open circuit
* Closed circuit
* Serial and parallel connections
* Batteries
* Positive and Negative voltage

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 4:

Components Required

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This tutorial is recorded using the following components:

* '''Breadboard'''
* '''LED or Tri Colour LED'''
* '''Push Button'''
* '''Resistor '''
* '''Seven Segment Display'''
|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show the image:

Breadboard 

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is what the '''breadboard''' looks like. 
|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:5

Breadboard
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| A '''breadboard''' is a device for holding the components of a circuit, and connecting them together.

We can build an electronic circuit on a '''breadboard''' without doing any soldering.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide: 6

Show the image (Breadboard2.jpg) :

Point to the image according to narration.

Breadboard with internal wiring

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The top two rails and bottom two rails are called '''power rails'''.

The top row of holes are all connected together, and are marked here with red dots and blue dots.

Note that the connection breaks in the middle of the '''breadboard'''.

In the middle, the columns of wires are connected together.

For example, all the green holes marked are connected together.

But they are not connected to the yellow holes.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:7

LED

Show the image of LED :

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''LED '''stands for '''light emitting diode. '''

It emits a coloured light when there is a current flowing through it. 

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show the image of LED internal (LED2.png):

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| An '''LED''' has two '''leads''', namely '''anode''' and '''cathode'''.

The longer '''lead''' is the '''anode'''. It should be connected to the '''positive voltage.'''

The shorter '''lead '''is the '''cathode'''. It should be connected to the '''ground'''.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:8

Tri-color LED 

Show the image of Tri-color LED:

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Tri-color LED''' is an advanced version of '''LED''' which emits three different colours.

It has 4 pins.

The longest '''lead''' is called the '''common lead.'''

The remaining three '''pins '''are for the red, green and blue colour '''LEDs'''.

There are two types of '''tri-color LEDs, common anode '''and '''common cathode.'''

In '''common anode '''version, the '''common lead '''should be connected to the '''positive voltage.'''

In '''common cathode''' version, the '''common lead''' should be connected to the '''ground.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn about '''Resistor'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:9

Resistor

Show the image of Resistor (Resistor1.png):

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| A '''resistor''' is used to limit the current flowing in the circuit.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, let’s build a simple circuit using an '''LED''', a '''resistor''' and a '''breadboard'''.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide :10

LED Connection (LED_running.png)

Point to the image as per narration:

Show the image of LED connections:

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The image shows the proper connections.

'''Positive''' of the''' 9 volt battery''' is connected to the second rail.

'''Negative''' of the '''9 volt battery '''is connected to the 1st rail.

'''Anode''' (i.e Right '''lead''') of the '''LED,''' is connected to the 2nd rail of the '''breadboard''' through a '''resistor'''.

'''Cathode''' (i.e Left '''lead''') of the '''LED,''' is connected to the 1st rail of the '''breadboard'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is the live setup of the '''LED '''connections.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| You can see that the '''LED''' is glowing, because the connections we used are proper. 

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we’ll see the common mistakes people make when using '''breadboard''' to make connections.
|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:11

Mistake 1 (LED_mis1.png)

(legs are not connected)

Show the image of LED connections:

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this connection, the '''LED''' doesn’t glow, because the connections are not proper.

The '''resistor''' and '''LED''' are placed beside each other.

The holes in the '''breadboard''' except the '''power rails''' are connected column-wise.

So, there’s no connection between the '''anode''' of the '''LED''' and the '''resistor lead'''. 

This makes the '''LED''' isolated.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| SLIDE:12Mistake 2 (LED_mis2.png)

(reverse connection)

Show the image:

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the next connection, the '''cathode '''of the '''LED '''is connected to the 2nd '''rail'''.

The '''anode '''of the '''LED '''is connected to the 1st rail through the '''resistor'''.

The connections in this circuit are the reverse of what it should be. 

That’s why the '''LED '''doesn’t glow.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn about the '''push button.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:13

Push Button (PB1.jpg)

Show the image of Pushbutton:

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:14

Push Button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| A '''push button''' is a simple '''switch''' mechanism, that connects two points in a circuit when pressed. 

'''Push button''' usually comes with four legs.
|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show the image of Push Button Internal:

(PB2.jpg)

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Irrespective of the position of the '''switch''', legs A and C are always connected. 

Similarly legs B and D are always connected. 

When the '''switch''' is pressed all the four legs are connected to each other.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us add a '''push button''' to the previous circuit and use it to change the state of the '''LED'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:15

Push Button (PB_correct.png)

Show the image of Push button connection:

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The image shows the proper connections.

The '''LED anode '''is connected to the 2nd '''power rail''' i.e., positive voltage through a '''resistor''' and a '''push button.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see the live setup connection.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| When the '''push button''' is pressed, the '''LED''' glows as expected.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| SLIDE:16

Alternate proper connection

Show the image: (PB_correct1.png)

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| As there are 4 legs in the '''push button''', the circuit can be built in another way, as well.

Instead of using the leg '''B''' of the '''push button''', we are using the leg '''D'''.

Since they are internally connected to each other, the '''LED''' glows when the '''push button''' is pressed.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we’ll see the common mistakes people make while using '''push buttons.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:17 -

Pushbutton- Mistake 1 (PB_mis1.png)

Show the image:

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Look at this image.

The '''anode''' of the '''LED''' is connected to the 2nd '''power rail,''' through legs '''A '''and '''C '''of the '''push button.'''

Recall that the legs '''A''' and '''C '''of the '''push button''' are internally connected.

Hence the '''anode''' of the '''LED''' is always connected to 2nd '''power rail,''' irrespective of the '''push button'''.

The '''LED '''always glows in this circuit, even when the '''push button''' is '''OFF'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show the image: (SSD1.png)

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let’s now move on to the '''seven-segment display'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| SLIDE:18

Seven Segment Display
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''seven-segment display''' has seven&nbsp;'''LEDs''' arranged in the shape of number eight.

There are two types of '''seven-segment displays:'''

* '''common anode''' and 
* '''common cathode seven segment display.'''
|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show the image: (SSD2.gif)

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In a '''common cathode seven-segment display''', '''pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g '''and '''dot '''must be connected to '''+5V.'''

The two '''COM pins '''must be connected to '''ground (GND). '''

The '''common anode display '''is the exact opposite.

Here '''pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g '''and '''dot '''must be connected to '''ground.'''

And the two '''COM pins '''must be connected to '''+5V.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, let us see how to connect a '''seven-segment display''' on the '''breadboard '''and glow all the '''LEDs'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show the image: (SSD_correct.png)

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''seven-segment display '''used here in the image is a '''common anode'''. 

So, the '''common '''is connected to the 2nd '''power rail''' through a '''resistor.'''

'''LED pins a, b, c, d, e, f, g, dot '''are connected to the 1st '''power rail'''.

If the connection is proper, we will see that all the '''LEDs '''are glowing.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see the live setup connection.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see all the segments in the seven segment display is glowing.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 19:

Summary
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we learnt about

* '''Breadboard''' and its internal connections
* '''LED''' on the breadboard
* '''PushButton''' and
* '''Seven Segment Display''' on the breadboard

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 20:

About Spoken Tutorial project
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:1pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 21:

Spoken Tutorial workshops
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:1pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The''' Spoken Tutorial Project''' Team:

* conducts workshops and
* gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 22:

Forum for specific questions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?
* Please visit this site 
* Choose the minute and second where you have the question
* Explain your question briefly
* Someone from our team will answer them

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 23:
Forum for specific questions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * The Spoken Tutorial forum is for specific questions on this tutorial
* Please do not post unrelated and general questions on them
* This will help reduce the clutter
* With less clutter, we can use these discussion as instructional material

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.75pt solid #000001;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 24:

Acknowledgement
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.75pt solid #000001;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.

More information on this mission is available at

this link.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This tutorial has been contributed by '''FOSSEE''' and Spoken Tutorial Project, '''IIT Bombay'''. &nbsp;

Thanks for watching.

|}