View source for PHP & MySQL OLD

PHP or "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor" is a widely-used Open Source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for Web development and can be embedded into HTML. Its syntax draws upon C, Java, and Perl, and is easy to learn. The main goal of the language is to allow web developers to write dynamically generated web pages quickly, but you can do much more with PHP. MySQL is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDBMS RDBMS](Relational database management system). We use such a system in order to store, retrieve and manage data related to our applications. Apache is an Open Source web server in wide usage. A web-server is required to host a web-application(webpage) on a remote server and is responsible for processing the request from the client, who wants to access the application(or webpage). 

__TOC__
=PHP=
== Basic Level==
These tutorials would help you get started with PHP programming. In this section we would go through the basics of installing and getting PHP ready for development, and the basic syntax and features of the language.

=== [[/Introduction to PHP, XAMPP and MySQL/]] ===
*What is each of the above
*Why each of the above

=== [[/Setting up PHP,MySQL and Apache in Windows/]] ===
*Minimum requirements of the system.
*Installation and configuring PHP, Apache and MySQL (native installation)in Windows.
*Using XAMPP and MySQL GUI Tools on Windows. 
=== [[/Setting up PHP,MySQL and Apache in Linux/]] ===
*Minimum requirements of the system.
*Installation and configuring PHP, Apache and MySQL(native installation)in Linux.
*Using XAMPP and MySQL GUI Tools on Linux.               									
	
=== [[/Hello World/]] ===
Procedure to embed into a HTML source.
Introduction to echo command.
=== [[/Datatypes, variables and constants/]] ===
Introduction to the various datatypes
Syntax for declaration and usage of   
variables and constants.
=== [[/String Operations /]] ===
<center>String Function:-</center>

= 2. PHP chr() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The chr() function returns a character from the specified ASCII value.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| chr(ascii) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| ascii
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. An ASCII value

|}
== Tips and Notes ==
'''Note:''' The x parameter can be specified in decimal, octal, or hex values. Octal values are defined by a leading 0, while hex values are defined by a leading 0x.

== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki><nowiki>echo chr(52)."<br />";</nowiki><nowiki>echo chr(052)."<br />";</nowiki><nowiki>echo chr(0x52)."<br />";</nowiki>?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:

= 4. PHP print() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The print() function outputs one or more strings.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| print(strings) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| strings
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. One or more strings to be sent to the output

|}
== Tips and Notes ==
'''Note: '''The print() function is not actually a function, so you are not required to use parentheses with it.

'''Tip:''' The print() function is slightly slower than echo().

== Example 1 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$str = "Who's Kai Jim?";print $str;<nowiki>print "<br />";</nowiki><nowiki>print $str."<br />I don't know!";</nowiki>?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Who's Kai Jim?Who's Kai Jim?I don't know! 

|}
== Example 3 ==
Difference of single and double quotes. Single quotes will print the variable name, not the value:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$color = "red";print "Roses are $color";<nowiki>print "<br />";</nowiki>print 'Roses are $color';?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Roses are redRoses are $color 


= 5. PHP str_ireplace() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The str_ireplace() function replaces some characters with some other characters in a string.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| str_ireplace(find,replace,string,count) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| find
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the value to find

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| replace
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the value to replace the value in ''find''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the string to be searched

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| count
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. A variable that counts the number of replacements

|}
== Tips and Notes ==
'''Note: '''This function is case-insensitive. Use str_replace() to perform a case-sensitive search.

'''Note: '''This function is binary-safe.

== Example 1 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo str_ireplace("WORLD","aaditya","Hello world!");?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Hello aaditya! 

|}
== Example 2 ==
In this example we will demonstrate str_ireplace() with an array and a count variable:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$arr = array("blue","red","green","yellow");print_r(str_ireplace("RED","pink",$arr,$i));echo "Replacements: $i";?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Array(<nowiki>[0] => blue</nowiki><nowiki>[1] => pink</nowiki><nowiki>[2] => green</nowiki><nowiki>[3] => yellow</nowiki>)Replacements: 1 

|}


|}
= 6. PHP str_pad() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The str_pad() function pads a string to a new length.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| str_pad(string,length,pad_string,pad_type) 




|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the string to pad

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| length
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the new string length. If this value is less than the original length of the string, nothing will be done

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| pad_string
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies the string to use for padding. Default is whitespace

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| pad_type
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies what side to pad the string.

Possible values:

* STR_PAD_BOTH - Pad to both sides of the string. If not an even number, the right side gets the extra padding
* STR_PAD_LEFT - Pad to the left side of the string
* STR_PAD_RIGHT - Pad to the right side of the string. This is default

&nbsp;

|}
== Example 1 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$str = "Hello World";echo str_pad($str,20,".");?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Hello World......... 

|}
== Example 2 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$str = "Hello World";echo str_pad($str,20,".",STR_PAD_LEFT);?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| .........Hello World 

|}
== Example 3 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$str = "Hello World";echo str_pad($str,20,".:",STR_PAD_BOTH);?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| .:.:Hello World.:.:. 


= 7. PHP str_repeat() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The str_repeat() function repeats a string a specified number of times.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| str_repeat(string,repeat) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the string to repeat

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| repeat
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the number of times the string will be repeated. Must be greater or equal to 0

|}
== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo str_repeat(".",13);?> 

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| ............. 

|}


|}
= 8. PHP str_replace() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
Syntax


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| str_replace(find,replace,string,count) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| find
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the value to find

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| replace
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the value to replace the value in ''find''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the string to be searched

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| count
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. A variable that counts the number of replacements

|}
== Tips and Notes ==
'''Note: '''This function is case-sensitive. Use str_ireplace() to perform a case-insensitive search.

'''Note: '''This function is binary-safe.

== Example 1 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo str_replace("world","aaditya","Hello world!");?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Hello aaditya! 

|}
== Example 2 ==
In this example we will demonstrate str_replace() with an array and a count variable:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$arr = array("blue","red","green","yellow");print_r(str_replace("red","pink",$arr,$i));echo "Replacements: $i";?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Array(<nowiki>[0] => blue</nowiki><nowiki>[1] => pink</nowiki><nowiki>[2] => green</nowiki><nowiki>[3] => yellow</nowiki>)Replacements: 1 

|}
= 9. PHP str_shuffle() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The str_shuffle() function randomly shuffles all the characters of a string.


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Syntax : - str_shuffle(string) '''

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the string to shuffle

|}
== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo str_shuffle("Hello World");?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| H leooWlrld 

|}
= 10. PHP str_word_count() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The str_word_count() function counts the number of words in a string.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| str_word_count(string,return) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the string to check

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| return
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies the return value of the str_word_count() function.

Possible values:

* 0 - Default. Returns the number of words found
* 1 - Returns an array with the words from the string
* 2 - Returns an array where the key is the position of the word in the string, and value is the actual word



|}
== Example 1 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo str_word_count("Hello world!");?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| 2 

|}
== Example 2 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>print_r(str_word_count("Hello world!",1));?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Array(<nowiki>[0] => Hello</nowiki><nowiki>[1] => world</nowiki>) 

|}
== Example 3 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>print_r(str_word_count("Hello world!",2));?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Array(<nowiki>[0] => Hello</nowiki><nowiki>[6] => world</nowiki>) 

|}
= 11. PHP strcasecmp() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The strcasecmp() function compares two strings.

This function returns:

* 0 - if the two strings are equal
* <nowiki><0 - if string1 is less than string2</nowiki>
* >0 - if string1 is greater than string2


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Syntax ; -strcasecmp(string1,string2)''' 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string1
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the first string to compare

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string2
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the second string to compare

|}
== Tips and Notes ==
'''Tip:''' The strcasecmp() function is binary safe and case-insensitive. USE strcmp for case-sensitive

== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo strcasecmp("Hello world!","HELLO WORLD!");?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| 0 

= 12. PHP strtolower() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The strtolower() function converts a string to lowercase.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| strtolower(string) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| String
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the string to convert

|}
== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo strtolower("Hello WORLD.");?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| hello world. 

|}
= 13. PHP strtoupper() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The strtoupper() function converts a string to uppercase.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| strtoupper(string) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the string to convert

|}
== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo strtoupper("Hello WORLD!");?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| HELLO WORLD! 


= 14. PHP substr() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The substr() function returns a part of a string.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| substr(string,start,length) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the string to return a part of

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| start
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies where to start in the string

* A positive number - Start at a specified position in the string
* A negative number - Start at a specified position from the end of the string
* 0 - Start at the first character in string



|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| length
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies the length of the returned string. Default is to the end of the string.

* A positive number - The length to be returned from the start parameter
* Negative number - The length to be returned from the end of the string



|}
== Tips and Notes ==
'''Note:''' If start is a negative number and length is less than or equal to start, length becomes 0.

== Example 1 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo substr("Hello world!",6);?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| world! 

|}
== Example 2 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo substr("Hello world!",6,5);?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| world 

|}


|}


|}
= 15. PHP ucwords() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The ucwords() function converts the first character of each word in a string to uppercase.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| ucwords(string) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the string to convert

|}
== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo ucwords("hello world");?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Hello World 

= 16. PHP trim() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The trim() function removes whitespaces and other predefined characters from both sides of a string.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| trim(string,charlist) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| string
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the string to check

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| charlist
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies which characters to remove from the string. If omitted, all of the following characters are removed:

* "\0" - NULL
* "\t" - tab
* "\n" - new line
* "\x0B" - vertical tab
* "\r" - carriage return
* " " - ordinary white space



|}
== Example 1 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><html></nowiki><nowiki><body></nowiki><nowiki><?php</nowiki>$str = " Hello World! ";echo "Without trim: " . $str;<nowiki>echo "<br />";</nowiki>echo "With trim: " . trim($str);?><nowiki><body></nowiki><nowiki><html> </nowiki>

|}
The browser output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Without trim: Hello World!With trim: Hello World! 

|}
If you select "View source" in the browser window, you will see the following HTML:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><html></nowiki><nowiki><body></nowiki><nowiki>Without trim:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hello World!&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />With trim: Hello World!</nowiki><nowiki></body></nowiki><nowiki></html> </nowiki>

|}


|}
<center>Date Function: -</center>

= 1. PHP Date() Function =
The PHP date() function is used to format a time and/or date.

== The PHP Date() Function ==
The PHP date() function formats a timestamp to a more readable date and time.

A timestamp is a sequence of characters, denoting the date and/or time at which a certain event occurred. 

=== Syntax ===

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| date(''format'',''timestamp'') 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| format
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the format of the timestamp

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| timestamp
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies a timestamp. Default is the current date and time

|}
== PHP Date() - Format the Date ==
The required ''format'' parameter in the date() function specifies how to format the date/time.

Here are some characters that can be used:

* d - Represents the day of the month (01 to 31) 
* m - Represents a month (01 to 12)
* Y - Represents a year (in four digits)


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki><nowiki>echo date("Y/m/d") . "<br />";</nowiki><nowiki>echo date("Y.m.d") . "<br />";</nowiki>echo date("Y-m-d")?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be something like this:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| 2009/05/112009.05.112009-05-11 

|}
== PHP Date() - Adding a Timestamp ==
The optional ''timestamp'' parameter in the date() function specifies a timestamp. If you do not specify a timestamp, the current date and time will be used.

The mktime() function returns the Unix timestamp for a date.

The Unix timestamp contains the number of seconds between the Unix Epoch (January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT) and the time specified.

=== Syntax for mktime() ===

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| mktime(hour,minute,second,month,day,year,is_dst) 

|}
To go one day in the future we simply add one to the day argument of mktime():


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$tomorrow = mktime(0,0,0,date("m"),date("d")+1,date("Y"));echo "Tomorrow is ".date("Y/m/d", $tomorrow);?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be something like this:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Tomorrow is 2009/05/12 

|}
= 2. PHP checkdate() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The checkdate() function returns true if the specified date is valid, and false otherwise.

A date is valid if:

* month is between 1 and 12 inclusive 
* day is within the allowed number of days for the particular month
* year is between 1 and 32767 inclusive

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| checkdate(month,day,year) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| month
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the month

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| day
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the day

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| year
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the year

|}
== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>

if(checkdate(12,31,2000)) 

echo "True";

else

echo "False";

if (checkdate(2,29,2003))

echo "true";

else

echo "False";

if( checkdate(2,29,2004))

echo "True";

else

echo "False";

?>

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| True

False

True

= 3. PHP date_default_timezone_get() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The date_default_timezone_get() function returns the default timezone used by all date/time functions in a script.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| date_default_timezone_get(void) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| void
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional.

|}
== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo(date_default_timezone_get());?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| UTC

= 4. PHP date_default_timezone_set() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The date_default_timezone_set() function sets the default timezone used by all date/time functions.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| date_default_timezone_set(timezone) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| timezone
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. The timezone identifier, like "UTC" or "Europe/Paris". List of valid timezones: [http://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php http://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php]

|}
== Tips and Notes ==
'''Note:''' This function always returns true (even if the timezone parameter isn't valid).

== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo(date_default_timezone_set("Europe/Paris"));?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| 1 

= 5. PHP getdate() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The getdate() function returns an array that contains date and time information for a Unix timestamp.

The returning array contains ten elements with relevant information needed when formatting a date string:

* <nowiki>[seconds] - seconds</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[minutes] - minutes</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[hours] - hours</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[mday] - day of the month</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[wday] - day of the week</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[year] - year</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[yday] - day of the year</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[weekday] - name of the weekday</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[month] - name of the month</nowiki>

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| getdate(timestamp) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| timestamp
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies the time in Unix time format

|}
== Example 1 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>print_r(getdate());?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Array(<nowiki>[seconds] => 45</nowiki><nowiki>[minutes] => 52</nowiki><nowiki>[hours] => 14</nowiki><nowiki>[mday] => 24</nowiki><nowiki>[wday] => 2</nowiki><nowiki>[mon] => 1</nowiki><nowiki>[year] => 2006</nowiki><nowiki>[yday] => 23</nowiki><nowiki>[weekday] => Tuesday</nowiki><nowiki>[month] => January</nowiki><nowiki>[0] => 1138110765</nowiki>) 

|}
== Example 2 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$my_t=getdate(date("U"));<nowiki>print("$my_t[weekday], $my_t[month] $my_t[mday], $my_t[year]");</nowiki>?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Wednesday, January 25, 2006 


= 6. PHP date() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The date() function formats a local time/date.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| date(format,timestamp) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| format
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies how to return the result:

* d - The day of the month (from 01 to 31)
* D - A textual representation of a day (three letters)
* j - The day of the month without leading zeros (1 to 31)
* l (lowercase 'L') - A full textual representation of a day
* N - The ISO-8601 numeric representation of a day (1 for Monday through 7 for Sunday)
* S - The English ordinal suffix for the day of the month (2 characters st, nd, rd or th. Works well with j)
* w - A numeric representation of the day (0 for Sunday through 6 for Saturday)
* z - The day of the year (from 0 through 365)
* W - The ISO-8601 week number of year (weeks starting on Monday)
* F - A full textual representation of a month (January through December)
* m - A numeric representation of a month (from 01 to 12)
* M - A short textual representation of a month (three letters)
* n - A numeric representation of a month, without leading zeros (1 to 12)
* t - The number of days in the given month
* L - Whether it's a leap year (1 if it is a leap year, 0 otherwise)
* o - The ISO-8601 year number
* Y - A four digit representation of a year
* y - A two digit representation of a year
* a - Lowercase am or pm
* A - Uppercase AM or PM
* B - Swatch Internet time (000 to 999)
* g - 12-hour format of an hour (1 to 12)
* G - 24-hour format of an hour (0 to 23)
* h - 12-hour format of an hour (01 to 12)
* H - 24-hour format of an hour (00 to 23)
* i - Minutes with leading zeros (00 to 59)
* s - Seconds, with leading zeros (00 to 59)
* e - The timezone identifier (Examples: UTC, Atlantic/Azores)
* I (capital i) - Whether the date is in daylights savings time (1 if Daylight Savings Time, 0 otherwise)
* O - Difference to Greenwich time (GMT) in hours (Example: +0100)
* T - Timezone setting of the PHP machine (Examples: EST, MDT)
* Z - Timezone offset in seconds. The offset west of UTC is negative, and the offset east of UTC is positive (-43200 to 43200)
* c - The ISO-8601 date (e.g. 2004-02-12T15:19:21+00:00)
* r - The RFC 2822 formatted date (e.g. Thu, 21 Dec 2000 16:01:07 +0200)
* U - The seconds since the Unix Epoch (January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT)



|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| timestamp
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional.

|}
== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki><nowiki>echo("Result with date():<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(date("l") . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(date("l dS \of F Y h:i:s A") . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo("Oct 3,1975 was on a ".date("l", mktime(0,0,0,10,3,1975))."<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(date(DATE_RFC822) . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(date(DATE_ATOM,mktime(0,0,0,10,3,1975)) . "<br /><br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo("Result with gmdate():<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(gmdate("l") . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(gmdate("l dS \of F Y h:i:s A") . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo("Oct 3,1975 was on a ".gmdate("l", mktime(0,0,0,10,3,1975))."<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(gmdate(DATE_RFC822) . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(gmdate(DATE_ATOM,mktime(0,0,0,10,3,1975)) . "<br />");</nowiki>?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be something like this:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Result with date():TuesdayTuesday 24th of January 2006 02:41:22 PMOct 3,1975 was on a FridayTue, 24 Jan 2006 14:41:22 CET1975-10-03T00:00:00+0100Result with gmdate():TuesdayTuesday 24th of January 2006 01:41:22 PMOct 3,1975 was on a ThursdayTue, 24 Jan 2006 13:41:22 GMT1975-10-02T23:00:00+0000


= 7. PHP localtime() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The localtime() function returns an array that contains the time components of a Unix timestamp.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| localtime(timestamp,is_associative) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| timestamp
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies the date or time to be formatted. If no timestamp is specified, it uses the current local time.

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| is_associative
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies whether to return an associative or indexed array. If set to false the array returned is an indexed array. If set to true then the array returned is an associative array.

The keys of the associative array are:

* <nowiki>[tm_sec] - seconds</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_min] - minutes</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_hour] - hour</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_mday] - day of the month</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_mon] - month of the year (January=0)</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_year] - Years since 1900</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_wday] - Day of the week (Sunday=0)</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_yday] - Day of the year</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_isdst] - Is daylight savings time in effect</nowiki>



|}
== Example ==
Example without and with associative arrays:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>print_r(localtime(time(),true));?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Array(<nowiki>[tm_sec] => 28</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_min] => 35</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_hour] => 13</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_mday] => 25</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_mon] => 0</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_year] => 106</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_wday] => 3</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_yday] => 24</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_isdst] => 0</nowiki>) 


= 8. PHP time() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The time() function returns the current time as a Unix timestamp (the number of seconds since January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT).

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| time(void) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| void
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional.

|}
== Tips and Notes ==
'''Note:''' Calling this function is identical to calling mktime() with no parameters, or calling date("U").


== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$t=time();<nowiki>echo($t . "<br />");</nowiki>echo(date("D F d Y",$t));?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| 1138618081Mon January 30 2006 


PR!1 : Script to find Indian Standard Time.

<nowiki><html></nowiki>

<nowiki><body></nowiki>

<nowiki><?php </nowiki>

$t=getdate();

<nowiki>$Hours=$t[hours];</nowiki>

echo ($Hours+5);

<nowiki>echo "<br>";</nowiki>

<nowiki>$Minutes=$t[minutes];</nowiki>

echo $Minutes+30;

<nowiki>$Seconds=$t[seconds];</nowiki>

echo $Seconds;

?> 

<nowiki><body></nowiki>

<nowiki><html></nowiki>

|}


|}


|}


|}


|}


|}


|}

=== [[/Operators and Expressions/]] ===
Exploring operator concept: 9 types
Precedence of operators
Exploring expressions 			

=== [[/Conditional statements: If-Else, Switch-case/]] ===
=== [[/Loops: For, While, Do-while/]] ===
=== [[/Foreach, Break-continue /]] ===


=== [[/Break and continue statements/]] ===
=== [[/Arrays/]] ===

=== [[/Functions/]] ===
Declaring a function
Passing a value
Returning value
=== [[/Form Handling/]] ===
=== [[/A PHP form example 1/]] ===
=== [[/A PHP form example 2/]] ===


== Intermediate Level==

=== [[/Including Files/]] ===
=== [[/Sessions/]] ===
===[[/Cookies/]] ===
===[[/Email/]] ===
===[[/Date and Time/]] ===
= 1. Date() Function =
The PHP date() function is used to format a time and/or date.

== The PHP Date() Function ==
The PHP date() function formats a timestamp to a more readable date and time.

A timestamp is a sequence of characters, denoting the date and/or time at which a certain event occurred. 

=== Syntax ===

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| date(''format'',''timestamp'') 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| format
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the format of the timestamp

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| timestamp
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies a timestamp. Default is the current date and time

|}
== PHP Date() - Format the Date ==
The required ''format'' parameter in the date() function specifies how to format the date/time.

Here are some characters that can be used:

* d - Represents the day of the month (01 to 31) 
* m - Represents a month (01 to 12)
* Y - Represents a year (in four digits)


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki><nowiki>echo date("Y/m/d") . "<br />";</nowiki><nowiki>echo date("Y.m.d") . "<br />";</nowiki>echo date("Y-m-d")?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be something like this:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| 2009/05/112009.05.112009-05-11 

|}
== PHP Date() - Adding a Timestamp ==
The optional ''timestamp'' parameter in the date() function specifies a timestamp. If you do not specify a timestamp, the current date and time will be used.

The mktime() function returns the Unix timestamp for a date.

The Unix timestamp contains the number of seconds between the Unix Epoch (January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT) and the time specified.

=== Syntax for mktime() ===

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| mktime(hour,minute,second,month,day,year,is_dst) 

|}
To go one day in the future we simply add one to the day argument of mktime():


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$tomorrow = mktime(0,0,0,date("m"),date("d")+1,date("Y"));echo "Tomorrow is ".date("Y/m/d", $tomorrow);?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be something like this:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Tomorrow is 2009/05/12 

|}
= 2.  checkdate() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The checkdate() function returns true if the specified date is valid, and false otherwise.

A date is valid if:

* month is between 1 and 12 inclusive 
* day is within the allowed number of days for the particular month
* year is between 1 and 32767 inclusive

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| checkdate(month,day,year) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| month
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the month

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| day
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the day

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| year
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies the year

|}
== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>

if(checkdate(12,31,2000)) 

echo "True";

else

echo "False";

if (checkdate(2,29,2003))

echo "true";

else

echo "False";

if( checkdate(2,29,2004))

echo "True";

else

echo "False";

?>

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| True

False

True

= 3.  date_default_timezone_get() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The date_default_timezone_get() function returns the default timezone used by all date/time functions in a script.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| date_default_timezone_get(void) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| void
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional.

|}
== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo(date_default_timezone_get());?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| UTC

= 4.  date_default_timezone_set() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The date_default_timezone_set() function sets the default timezone used by all date/time functions.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| date_default_timezone_set(timezone) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| timezone
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. The timezone identifier, like "UTC" or "Europe/Paris". List of valid timezones: [http://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php http://www.php.net/manual/en/timezones.php]

|}
== Tips and Notes ==
'''Note:''' This function always returns true (even if the timezone parameter isn't valid).

== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>echo(date_default_timezone_set("Europe/Paris"));?> 

|}
The output of the code above will be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| 1 

= 5.  getdate() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The getdate() function returns an array that contains date and time information for a Unix timestamp.

The returning array contains ten elements with relevant information needed when formatting a date string:

* <nowiki>[seconds] - seconds</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[minutes] - minutes</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[hours] - hours</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[mday] - day of the month</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[wday] - day of the week</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[year] - year</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[yday] - day of the year</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[weekday] - name of the weekday</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[month] - name of the month</nowiki>

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| getdate(timestamp) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| timestamp
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies the time in Unix time format

|}
== Example 1 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>print_r(getdate());?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Array(<nowiki>[seconds] => 45</nowiki><nowiki>[minutes] => 52</nowiki><nowiki>[hours] => 14</nowiki><nowiki>[mday] => 24</nowiki><nowiki>[wday] => 2</nowiki><nowiki>[mon] => 1</nowiki><nowiki>[year] => 2006</nowiki><nowiki>[yday] => 23</nowiki><nowiki>[weekday] => Tuesday</nowiki><nowiki>[month] => January</nowiki><nowiki>[0] => 1138110765</nowiki>) 

|}
== Example 2 ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$my_t=getdate(date("U"));<nowiki>print("$my_t[weekday], $my_t[month] $my_t[mday], $my_t[year]");</nowiki>?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Wednesday, January 25, 2006 


= 6.  date() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The date() function formats a local time/date.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| date(format,timestamp) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| format
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Required. Specifies how to return the result:

* d - The day of the month (from 01 to 31)
* D - A textual representation of a day (three letters)
* j - The day of the month without leading zeros (1 to 31)
* l (lowercase 'L') - A full textual representation of a day
* N - The ISO-8601 numeric representation of a day (1 for Monday through 7 for Sunday)
* S - The English ordinal suffix for the day of the month (2 characters st, nd, rd or th. Works well with j)
* w - A numeric representation of the day (0 for Sunday through 6 for Saturday)
* z - The day of the year (from 0 through 365)
* W - The ISO-8601 week number of year (weeks starting on Monday)
* F - A full textual representation of a month (January through December)
* m - A numeric representation of a month (from 01 to 12)
* M - A short textual representation of a month (three letters)
* n - A numeric representation of a month, without leading zeros (1 to 12)
* t - The number of days in the given month
* L - Whether it's a leap year (1 if it is a leap year, 0 otherwise)
* o - The ISO-8601 year number
* Y - A four digit representation of a year
* y - A two digit representation of a year
* a - Lowercase am or pm
* A - Uppercase AM or PM
* B - Swatch Internet time (000 to 999)
* g - 12-hour format of an hour (1 to 12)
* G - 24-hour format of an hour (0 to 23)
* h - 12-hour format of an hour (01 to 12)
* H - 24-hour format of an hour (00 to 23)
* i - Minutes with leading zeros (00 to 59)
* s - Seconds, with leading zeros (00 to 59)
* e - The timezone identifier (Examples: UTC, Atlantic/Azores)
* I (capital i) - Whether the date is in daylights savings time (1 if Daylight Savings Time, 0 otherwise)
* O - Difference to Greenwich time (GMT) in hours (Example: +0100)
* T - Timezone setting of the PHP machine (Examples: EST, MDT)
* Z - Timezone offset in seconds. The offset west of UTC is negative, and the offset east of UTC is positive (-43200 to 43200)
* c - The ISO-8601 date (e.g. 2004-02-12T15:19:21+00:00)
* r - The RFC 2822 formatted date (e.g. Thu, 21 Dec 2000 16:01:07 +0200)
* U - The seconds since the Unix Epoch (January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT)



|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| timestamp
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional.

|}
== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki><nowiki>echo("Result with date():<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(date("l") . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(date("l dS \of F Y h:i:s A") . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo("Oct 3,1975 was on a ".date("l", mktime(0,0,0,10,3,1975))."<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(date(DATE_RFC822) . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(date(DATE_ATOM,mktime(0,0,0,10,3,1975)) . "<br /><br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo("Result with gmdate():<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(gmdate("l") . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(gmdate("l dS \of F Y h:i:s A") . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo("Oct 3,1975 was on a ".gmdate("l", mktime(0,0,0,10,3,1975))."<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(gmdate(DATE_RFC822) . "<br />");</nowiki><nowiki>echo(gmdate(DATE_ATOM,mktime(0,0,0,10,3,1975)) . "<br />");</nowiki>?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be something like this:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Result with date():TuesdayTuesday 24th of January 2006 02:41:22 PMOct 3,1975 was on a FridayTue, 24 Jan 2006 14:41:22 CET1975-10-03T00:00:00+0100Result with gmdate():TuesdayTuesday 24th of January 2006 01:41:22 PMOct 3,1975 was on a ThursdayTue, 24 Jan 2006 13:41:22 GMT1975-10-02T23:00:00+0000


= 7.  localtime() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The localtime() function returns an array that contains the time components of a Unix timestamp.

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| localtime(timestamp,is_associative) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| timestamp
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies the date or time to be formatted. If no timestamp is specified, it uses the current local time.

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| is_associative
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional. Specifies whether to return an associative or indexed array. If set to false the array returned is an indexed array. If set to true then the array returned is an associative array.

The keys of the associative array are:

* <nowiki>[tm_sec] - seconds</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_min] - minutes</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_hour] - hour</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_mday] - day of the month</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_mon] - month of the year (January=0)</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_year] - Years since 1900</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_wday] - Day of the week (Sunday=0)</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_yday] - Day of the year</nowiki>
* <nowiki>[tm_isdst] - Is daylight savings time in effect</nowiki>



|}
== Example ==
Example without and with associative arrays:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>print_r(localtime(time(),true));?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Array(<nowiki>[tm_sec] => 28</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_min] => 35</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_hour] => 13</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_mday] => 25</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_mon] => 0</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_year] => 106</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_wday] => 3</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_yday] => 24</nowiki><nowiki>[tm_isdst] => 0</nowiki>) 


= 8.  time() Function =
== Definition and Usage ==
The time() function returns the current time as a Unix timestamp (the number of seconds since January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT).

== Syntax ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| time(void) 

|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Parameter'''
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| '''Description'''

|-
| style="border-top:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-bottom:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-left:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;border-right:none;padding:0cm;"| void
| style="border:0.092cm double #c0c0c0;padding:0cm;"| Optional.

|}
== Tips and Notes ==
'''Note:''' Calling this function is identical to calling mktime() with no parameters, or calling date("U").


== Example ==

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>$t=time();<nowiki>echo($t . "<br />");</nowiki>echo(date("D F d Y",$t));?> 

|}
The output of the code above could be:


{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| 1138618081Mon January 30 2006 


PR!1 : Script to find Indian Standard Time.

<nowiki><html></nowiki>

<nowiki><body></nowiki>

<nowiki><?php </nowiki>

$t=getdate();

<nowiki>$Hours=$t[hours];</nowiki>

echo ($Hours+5);

<nowiki>echo "<br>";</nowiki>

<nowiki>$Minutes=$t[minutes];</nowiki>

echo $Minutes+30;

<nowiki>$Seconds=$t[seconds];</nowiki>

echo $Seconds;

?> 

<nowiki><body></nowiki>

<nowiki><html></nowiki>

|}


|}


|}


|}


|}


|}


|}

=== [[/File Handling/]] ===
=== [[/Exception Handling/]] ===
=== [[/PHP Function Library/]] ===

===[[/Object Oriented Programming(OOPS) in PHP/]] ===
===[[/Classes, Constructors and Methods,/]] ===
===[[/Creating Instances./]] ===
===[[/Variable scope within classes/]] ===
===[[/Inheritance: the extends operator/]] ===
===[[/Static methods and variables /]] ===

== Advanced Level==
=== [[/CakePHP: A PHP Framework/]] ===
Zend programming conventions
Hands on sessions
Examples

=MySQL=
== Database Concepts ==

* Entity - Relationship Model (ERM)
* Primary And Foreign Keys
* 1 st Normal Form [1 NF]
* 2 nd Normal Form [2 NF]
* 3 rd Normal Form [3 NF]
* Overview of Denormalization

==MySQL as DB Platform==
==MySQL Data Types==
==Administrative MySQL Command==
==MySQL Database Commands==


=== [[/Basics of SQL/]] ===
Brief introduction to SQL and RDBMS
*About SQL and RDBMS 
*Relational Databases
*Primary keys
*Foreign keys
*Relationships
Simple Queries
*Create table
*Insert table into table values
*Delete 
*Update table
*Drop table

=== [[/MySQL/]] ===
MYSQL:
Working with GUI tools 
Administrative tools
Protection of databases

== Intermediate Level==
Introduction to views and joints
*Create view 
*Using multiple tables while executing query
== Advanced Level==

=PHP & MySQL Integration=
Connecting to MYSQL using PHP
Executing queries
Error handling