Python/C3/Matrices/English

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Visual Cue Narration
Show Slide 1

Containing title, name of the production team along with the logo of MHRD

Hello friends and welcome to the tutorial on 'Matrices'.
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Leaning objectives

At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to,
  1. Create matrices using data.
  2. Create matrices from lists.
  3. Do basic matrix operations like addition,multiplication.
  4. Perform operations to find out the -- - inverse of a matrix. - determinant of a matrix. - eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix. - norm of a matrix. - singular value decomposition of a matrix.


Show Slide 3

Pre-requisite slide

Before beginning this tutorial,we would suggest you to complete the tutorial on "Getting started with lists", "Getting started with arrays", "Accessing parts of arrays".
ipython -pylab Let us start our ipython interpreter with pylab loaded
m1 = array([1,2,3,4]) All matrix operations are done using arrays. Thus all the operations on arrays are valid on matrices also. A matrix may be created as,
m1.shape Using the method shape, we can find out the shape or size of the matrix,
l1 = [[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]]
m2 = array(l1)
Since it is a one row four column matrix it returned a tuple, one by four.

A list can also be converted to a matrix as follows,

Pause the video here, try out the following exercise and resume the video.
Show Slide 4

Assignment 1

Create a two dimensional matrix m3 of order 2 by 4 with elements 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
Switch to terminal
m3 = array([[5,6,7,8],[9,10,11,12]])
Switch to terminal for solution. m3 can be created as,
m3 + m2 Let us now move to matrix operations. We can do matrix addition and subtraction easily. m3+m2 does element by element addition, that is matrix addition. Note that both the matrices should be of the same order.
m3 - m2 Similarly,m3-m2 does matrix subtraction, that is element by element subtraction.
m3 * m2 Now let us try,matrix multiplication
dot(m3, m2) Note that in arrays m3 * m2 does element wise multiplication and not matrix multiplication,

Matrix multiplication in matrices are done using the function dot()

m1.shape Due to size mismatch, the multiplication could not be done and it returned an error.

Now let us see an example for matrix multiplication. For doing matrix multiplication we need to have two matrices of the order n by m and m by r and the resulting matrix will be of the order n by r. Thus let us first create two matrices which are compatible for multiplication.

m4 = array([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6],[7,8]])
dot(m1, m4)
matrix m1 is of the shape one by four, let us create another one, of the order four by two,
Thus the dot() function is used for matrix multiplication.
Show Slide 5

Recall from arrays

As we already learnt in arrays, the function identity() which creates an identity matrix of the order n by n, the function zeros() which creates a matrix of the order m by n with all zeros, the function zeros_like() which creates a matrix with zeros with the shape of the matrix passed, the function ones() which creates a matrix of order m by n with all ones, the function ones_like() which creates a matrix with ones with the shape of the matrix passed; all these functions can also be used with matrices.
Switch to the terminal
print m4
m4.T
Let us now see, how to find out the transpose of a matrix we can do,
As you saw, Matrix name dot capital T will give the transpose of a matrix

Pause the video here, try out the following exercise and resume the video.

Show Slide 6

Assignment 2:Frobenius norm & inverse

Find out the Frobenius norm of inverse of a 4 by 4 matrix, the matrix being,

Unexpected indentation.

m5 = arange(1,17).reshape(4,4)

The Frobenius norm of a matrix is defined as, the square root of the sum of the absolute squares of its elements

Continue from paused state Switch to the terminal
m5 = arange(1,17).reshape(4,4)
print m5
Switch to terminal for the solution Let us create the matrix m5 by using the data provided in the question
im5 = inv(m5) The inverse of a matrix A, A raise to minus one, is also called the reciprocal matrix, such that A multiplied by A inverse will give 1. The Frobenius norm of a matrix is defined as square root of sum of squares of elements in the matrix. The inverse of a matrix can be found using the function inv(A).
sum = 0
for each in im5.flatten():
    sum += each * each
print sqrt(sum)
And the Frobenius norm of the matrix im5 can be found out as,
Thus we have successfully obtained the Frobenius norm of the matrix m5

Pause the video here, try out the following exercise and resume the video.

Show Slide 7

Assignment 3: infinity norm

Find out the infinity norm of the matrix im5. The infinity norm of a matrix is defined as the maximum value of sum of the absolute of elements in each row.
Continue from paused state Switch to the terminal
sum_rows = []
for i in im5:
    sum_rows.append(abs(i).sum())
print max(sum_rows)
Switch to terminal for the solution
Show Slide 8

norm() method

Well! to find the Frobenius norm and Infinity norm we have an even easier method, and let us see that now.
The norm of a matrix can be found out using the method norm().
Switch to the terminal
norm(im5)
In order to find out the Frobenius norm of the matrix im5, we do,
norm(im5,ord=inf) And to find out the Infinity norm of the matrix im5, we do,
det(m5) This is easier when compared to the code we wrote. Read the documentation of norm to read up more about ord and the possible type of norms the norm function produces.

Now let us find out the determinant of a the matrix m5.

The determinant of a square matrix can be obtained by using the function det() and the determinant of m5 can be found out as,

Hence we get the determinant. Let us now move on to eigen vectors and eigen values
Show Slide 9

eigen vectors and eigen values

The eigen values and eigen vector of a square matrix can be computed using the function eig() and eigvals().
Switch to the terminal
eig(m5)
Let us find out the eigen values and eigen vectors of the matrix m5. We find them as,
eig(m5)[0] Note that it returned a tuple of two matrices. The first element in the tuple are the eigen values and the second element in the tuple are the eigen vectors. Thus the eigen values are given by,
eig(m5)[1] and the eigen vectors are given by,
eigvals(m5) The eigen values can also be computed using the function eigvals() as,
Show Slide 10

Singular value decomposition

Now let us learn how to do the singular value decomposition or S V D of a matrix.

Suppose M is an m (cross) n matrix, whose entries come from the field K, which is either the field of real numbers or the field of complex numbers. Then there exists a factorization of the form

M = USigma V star

where U is an (m by m) unitary matrix over K, the matrix Sigma is an (m by n) diagonal matrix with non-negative real numbers on the diagonal, and V* is an (n by n) unitary matrix over K,which denotes the conjugate transpose of V. Such a factorization is called the singular-value decomposition of M.

Switch to the terminal
svd(m5)
The SVD of matrix m5 can be found as
Notice that it returned a tuple of 3 elements. The first one U the next one Sigma and the third one V star
Show Slide 11

Summary slide

This brings us to the end of the end of this tutorial. In this tutorial, we have learnt to,
  1. Create matrices using arrays.
  2. Add,subtract and multiply the elements of matrix.
  3. Find out the inverse of a matrix,using the function inv().
  4. Use the function det() to find the determinant of a matrix.
  5. Calculate the norm of a matrix using the for loop and also using the function norm().
  6. Find out the eigen vectors and eigen values of a matrix, using functions eig() and eigvals().
  7. Calculate singular value decomposition(SVD) of a matrix using the function svd().


Show Slide 12

Self assessment questions slide

Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve
  1. A and B are two array objects. Element wise multiplication in matrices are done by,
    • A * B
    • multiply(A, B)
    • dot(A, B)
    • element_multiply(A,B)
  1. eig(A)[1] and eigvals(A) are the same.
    • True
    • False
  1. norm(A,ord='fro') is the same as norm(A) ?
    • True
    • False


Show Slide 13

Solution of self assessment questions on slide

And the answers,
  1. Element wise multiplication between two matrices, A and B is done as, A * B
  2. False. eig(A)[0] and eigvals(A) are same, that is both will give the eigen values of matrix A.
  3. norm(A,ord='fro') and norm(A) are same, since the order='fro' stands for Frobenius norm. Hence true.


Show Slide 14

Acknowledgment slide

Hope you have enjoyed this tutorial and found it useful. Thank you!

Contributors and Content Editors

Chandrika