Difference between revisions of "Prevention-of-Corporal-Punishment/C2/Corporal-Punishment-in-Schools/English"

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'''Title slide'''
 
'''Title slide'''
 
|| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Corporal Punishment in Schools'''
 
|| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Corporal Punishment in Schools'''
−
 
−
 
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 18: Line 16:
  
  
−
|| In this tutorial we will discuss the following topics.
+
|| In this tutorial we will discuss the following topics-
  
−
Definition of '''Corporal Punishment'''(CP)
+
*Definition of Corporal Punishment(CP)
  
−
National Commission for the protection of Child Rights (NCPCR Website)
+
*National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR Website)
−
 
+
−
Some situations that lead to '''Corporal punishment'''
+
  
 +
*Some situations that lead to corporal punishment
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 32: Line 29:
 
'''Learning Objectives '''
 
'''Learning Objectives '''
  
−
||Types of '''Corporal punishment'''
+
||
 +
*Types of corporal punishment
  
−
Examples on how a teacher deals with the situation in a positive manner
+
*Examples on how a teacher deals with the situation in a positive manner
  
−
General perceptions and misconceptions  
+
*General perceptions and misconceptions  
  
−
Some ground facts about CP
+
*Some ground facts about corporal punishment
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 50: Line 48:
 
of Child Rights)
 
of Child Rights)
 
|| The content for this tutorial is taken from the document,
 
|| The content for this tutorial is taken from the document,
−
 
−
 
 
'''“Guidelines for Eliminating Corporal Punishment in schools”'''
 
'''“Guidelines for Eliminating Corporal Punishment in schools”'''
  
  
 
This document is published by  
 
This document is published by  
 +
#'''National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights'''
 +
#Ministry of Women and Child Development and
 +
#'''MHRD'''
 +
Government of India.
  
−
'''NCPCR '''(National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights)
+
|-
−
 
+
||Highlight the link in the slide
−
[https://ncpcr.gov.in/ https://ncpcr.gov.in/]
+
||Here is the link for '''NCPCR''' website.
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) and the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India.
+
−
 
+
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
||  
+
|| Open the website in a web-browser
−
 
+
−
Open the Website in web-browser
+
  
 
[https://ncpcr.gov.in/ https://ncpcr.gov.in/]
 
[https://ncpcr.gov.in/ https://ncpcr.gov.in/]
 +
  
 
Show the first page and guidelines link on the left-panel.
 
Show the first page and guidelines link on the left-panel.
−
||  
+
|| I have opened the website in a web browser.  
−
 
+
−
Here is the link for '''NCPCR''' website.
+
−
 
+
−
I have opened the website in a webbrowser.This is the home page.
+
−
 
+
−
Links to various web pages and documents are available in the '''Navigation''' section on the left side of this page.  
+
  
 +
This is the Homepage.
  
 +
Links to various web pages and documents are available in the '''Navigation''' section on the left.
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 89: Line 80:
  
 
Click on the '''Guidelines''' link.
 
Click on the '''Guidelines''' link.
−
 
+
|| Scroll down.
−
 
+
−
Click on the link.
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
|| Scroll down,
+
  
 
Click on the '''Guidelines''' link.
 
Click on the '''Guidelines''' link.
  
 +
|-
 +
||Click on the '''Archives '''link.
 +
||
 
Click on the '''Archives '''link on the top right corner.
 
Click on the '''Archives '''link on the top right corner.
  
Line 104: Line 92:
 
'''Guidelines (Archived) '''page opens.
 
'''Guidelines (Archived) '''page opens.
  
−
Click on the link,
+
|-
 +
||Click on the '''Guidelines''' link
 +
||Click on the link-
  
−
'''Guidelines for eliminating Corporal punishment in schools.'''
+
'''Guidelines for eliminating Corporal Punishment in schools.'''
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Point to the document
 
|| Point to the document
 
|| The document opens in a new window.
 
|| The document opens in a new window.
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
||  
+
|| Scroll down
 
|| The document is divided into various sections and subsections.
 
|| The document is divided into various sections and subsections.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Go to '''Guidelines'''.
 
|| Go to '''Guidelines'''.
  
−
Highlight  
+
Highlight the section
  
  
Line 135: Line 125:
  
  
−
|| According to '''RTE Act 2009''',  
+
|| According to '''RTE Act 2009''', corporal punishment could be classified as-
−
corporal punishment could be classified as  
+
−
 
+
−
'''Physical punishment'''
+
−
 
+
−
'''Mental harassment'''
+
−
and
+
  
−
'''Discrimination'''
+
*'''Physical punishment'''
  
 +
*'''Mental harassment''' and
  
 +
*'''Discrimination'''
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 154: Line 140:
  
  
−
The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child defines corporal punishment as follows:  
+
The '''United Nations Committee''' on the '''Rights of the Child''' defines corporal punishment as follows:  
  
−
The Committee defines '''“corporal” '''or '''“physical”''' punishment as any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of pain or discomfort, however light'''.'''
+
The '''Committee''' defines “corporal” or “physical” punishment as any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of pain or discomfort, however light.  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Magnify and show the section.
 
|| Magnify and show the section.
Line 164: Line 150:
  
 
Highlight the sections
 
Highlight the sections
−
|| Scroll down the page to '''RTE act, 2009'''.
+
|| Scroll down the page to '''RTE Act, 2009'''.
  
−
'''RTE act''' prohibits physical punishment and mental harassment,UNder '''section 17(1)''' and makes it is a punishable offence under section 17(2)
+
'''RTE Act''' prohibits physical punishment and mental harassment, under '''section 17(1)'''.
 +
 
 +
And makes it is a punishable offence under section 17(2).
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
|| Click on the D'''ownload''' button on the top right corner of the page
+
|| Click on the '''Download''' button on the top right corner of the page
 
|| Please download the document and read all the sections of this document carefully.
 
|| Please download the document and read all the sections of this document carefully.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Click on the download button on the top right corner of the page.
 
|| Click on the download button on the top right corner of the page.
−
|| To download the document click on the download button on the top right corner of the page.
+
|| To download the document click on the '''Download''' icon on the top right corner of the page.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| In the dialog box click on''' “save''' '''file”''' option  
 
|| In the dialog box click on''' “save''' '''file”''' option  
Line 179: Line 167:
 
|| A dialog-box opens which prompts you to save the file.
 
|| A dialog-box opens which prompts you to save the file.
  
−
Click on Ok Button. The file downloads to the '''Downloads''' folder.
+
Click on '''Ok''' button. The file downloads to the '''Downloads''' folder.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Show Downloads folder.
 
|| Show Downloads folder.
−
 
−
 
−
 
 
|| The file downloads to the download folder.
 
|| The file downloads to the download folder.
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 193: Line 178:
  
 
Children playing in the school ground.
 
Children playing in the school ground.
−
|| Here is a situation,It is lunchtime, <children are playing in the playground.
+
|| Here is a situation,It is lunchtime, children are playing in the playground.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Image 2
 
|| Image 2
Line 209: Line 194:
 
|| They seem to be very depressed.
 
|| They seem to be very depressed.
  
−
They are discussing about bad experiences they had in the classroom .
+
They are discussing about bad experiences they had in the classroom.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Image 4 (Animation)
 
|| Image 4 (Animation)
  
−
Anil&nbsp;says to other children.
+
Anil says to other children.
  
  
Line 237: Line 222:
  
 
Vivek says
 
Vivek says
−
 
−
 
−
Vani says
 
−
 
−
 
−
Anil says
 
 
|| Vivek says,
 
|| Vivek says,
  
Line 248: Line 227:
 
“As we are not good in studies, all other students make fun of us.
 
“As we are not good in studies, all other students make fun of us.
  
 +
|-
 +
|| Image 5 (Animation)
 +
Vani says
  
  
  
−
Vani says,
+
||Vani says,
  
  
−
Even they are not ready to talk to us.
+
"Even they are not ready to talk to us."
  
 +
|-
 +
|| Image 5 (Animation)
  
−
Anil says,
+
Anil says
 +
||Anil says,
  
−
All teachers are angry and teasing us every day.”
+
"All teachers are angry and teasing us every day.”
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Highlight the aspects of Physical punishment and mental harassment.
 
|| Highlight the aspects of Physical punishment and mental harassment.
Line 279: Line 264:
 
Ramu beat other children in the class
 
Ramu beat other children in the class
  
−
Image 8
 
  
−
Teacher twisted the ears of Ramu.
 
  
  
  
−
|| Here is another situation,
+
|| Here is another situation.
  
 
Ramu is a naughty boy. He always troubles other students.  
 
Ramu is a naughty boy. He always troubles other students.  
Line 291: Line 274:
 
He hits other students while the teacher is taking the class.  
 
He hits other students while the teacher is taking the class.  
  
−
Teacher twisted his ears and asked him to stand in a corner of the class.
+
|-
 +
||Image 8
 +
 
 +
Teacher twisted the ears of Ramu.
 +
||The teacher twisted his ears and asked him to stand in a corner of the class.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Highlight the aspects of physical punishment from the guidelines.
 
|| Highlight the aspects of physical punishment from the guidelines.
Line 298: Line 285:
 
|| Image 9
 
|| Image 9
  
−
student arranging notebooks
+
Student arranging notebooks
 
||  
 
||  
  
Line 316: Line 303:
  
 
Geetha is crying and telling her mother.
 
Geetha is crying and telling her mother.
−
||  
+
|| One more situation here.
−
 
+
−
One more situation here,
+
−
 
+
−
Geetha says to her mother, “My teacher pinched and slapped me today.I did not wear proper uniform today.I don’t want to go to school anymore”.
+
−
 
+
  
 +
Geetha says to her mother, “My teacher pinched and slapped me today. I did not wear proper uniform today. I don’t want to go to school anymore”.
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 336: Line 319:
  
  
−
She could have also called the parent,
+
She could have also called the parent.
  
  
−
and explain the importance of coming to school in neat and proper uniform.
+
And explained the importance of coming to school in neat and proper uniform.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| Image 13
 
|| Image 13
  
 
Child's face disfigured
 
Child's face disfigured
−
|| Corporal Punishment leads to adverse physical, psychological and educational outcomes.  
+
|| Corporal punishment leads to adverse physical, psychological and educational outcomes.  
  
 
Its impact is long-lasting.
 
Its impact is long-lasting.
Line 356: Line 339:
 
|| In the above examples, we have seen that there is a clear difference between punishment and discipline.
 
|| In the above examples, we have seen that there is a clear difference between punishment and discipline.
  
−
'''Punishment''' creates negative emotions.
+
Punishment creates negative emotions.
  
−
'''Positive discipline''' will teach the child about mutual respect, self esteem and dignity.
+
Positive discipline will teach the child about mutual respect, self esteem and dignity.
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| '''Slide Number 5'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 5'''
Line 365: Line 348:
  
  
−
|| Corporal Punishment still exists in schools for the following reasons:  
+
|| Corporal punishment still exists in schools for the following reasons:  
−
 
+
−
It is difficult for people to differentiate between '''“punishment”''' and''' “discipline”'''
+
−
 
+
−
Lack of skill or training to handle child’s misbehavior in diverse situations.
+
  
 +
#It is difficult for people to differentiate between punishment and discipline.
 +
#Lack of skill or training to handle child’s misbehaviour in diverse situations.
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 376: Line 357:
  
 
'''General Perception'''
 
'''General Perception'''
−
|| General perceptions and misconceptions about CP
+
|| General perceptions and misconceptions about corporal punishment.
  
  
 
Punishing children is regarded as acceptable, whether in the family or school.
 
Punishing children is regarded as acceptable, whether in the family or school.
  
−
It is considered as necessary to implement CP to become competent and responsible individual.
+
It is considered as necessary to implement corporal punishment, to become competent and responsible individual.
  
 
This is a misconception.
 
This is a misconception.
−
 
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 400: Line 380:
  
  
−
|| Some ground facts about CP.No  
+
|| Some ground facts about corporal punishment.
 +
#No human being likes being hurt, physically or emotionally.
  
−
human being likes being hurt, physically or emotionally.
+
#No child is admitted to a school to deserve corporal punishment.
  
−
No child is admitted to a school to deserve CP.
+
#It is natural for children to have different behavioural patterns.
−
 
+
−
It is natural for children to have different behavioral patterns.
+
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
|| '''Slide Number 9'''
 
|| '''Slide Number 9'''
Line 412: Line 391:
 
'''Some Ground Facts'''
 
'''Some Ground Facts'''
  
−
||CP is a violation of a child’s space and rights.
+
||Corporal punishment is a violation of a child’s space and rights.
−
 
+
−
According to '''UNCRC''', the Child is defined as a person in the age group of 0 to 18 years.
+
  
 +
*According to '''United Nations Convention on the Rights of a Child, UNCRC''',
 +
*the child is defined as a person in the age group of 0 to 18 years.
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 427: Line 406:
 
Legal consequences can be quite severe.
 
Legal consequences can be quite severe.
  
−
CP leads Violations of sections of '''IPC, RTE Act 2009, UNCRC'''
+
Corporal punishment leads to violations of sections of '''IPC, RTE Act 2009''' and  '''UNCRC'''.
−
 
+
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
 
||  
 
||  
−
|| We will learn more about CPin the upcoming tutorials.''' '''
+
|| We will learn more about corporal punishment in the upcoming tutorials.
−
 
+
−
 
+
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 441: Line 417:
 
'''Summary slide'''
 
'''Summary slide'''
 
|| This brings to the end of the tutorial.
 
|| This brings to the end of the tutorial.
−
In this tutorial, we have discussed about  
+
In this tutorial, we have discussed about  
−
 
+
−
 
+
−
Definition of '''Corporal Punishment'''(CP)
+
  
−
National Commission for the protection of Child Rights (NCPCR Website)
+
*Definition of Corporal Punishment
  
−
Some situations that lead to '''Corporal punishment'''
+
*NCPCR website
  
 +
*Some situations that lead to corporal punishment
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 456: Line 430:
 
'''Summary slide'''
 
'''Summary slide'''
  
−
||Types of '''Corporal punishment'''
+
||
 +
*Types of corporal punishment
  
−
Examples on how a teacher deals with the situation in a positive manner
+
*Examples on how a teacher deals with the situation in a positive manner
  
−
General perceptions and misconceptions
+
*General perceptions and misconceptions
−
 
+
−
Some Ground Facts about CP
+
  
 +
*Some ground facts about corporal punishment
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 475: Line 449:
  
 
If you do not have a good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
 
If you do not have a good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
 
−
|-
 
−
|| '''Slide Number 14'''
 
−
 
−
'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
 
−
|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project team''':
 
−
 
−
Conducts workshops and gives certificates.
 
−
 
−
For more details, please write to us.
 
  
 
|-  
 
|-  
Line 519: Line 480:
 
''' Acknowledgement'''
 
''' Acknowledgement'''
  
−
||Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by,
+
||Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by Government of India.
  
−
* National Mission on Education through ICT and
+
|-
 +
|| About contributors
  
−
* Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching, MHRD,Government of India.  
+
|| This tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan, Viji Nair, Saurabh Gadgil from IIT Bombay.
  
 +
This tutorial is reviewed by Dr. Bindu Laxmi Pattadath from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.
  
  
−
|-
+
Thank you for joining.
−
|| About contributors
+
−
 
+
−
|| This is Snehalatha Kaliyappan,Viji Nair, Saurabg Gadgil from IIT Bombay Signing off.
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}

Revision as of 11:51, 4 October 2019

Visual Cue Narration
Slide Number 1

Title slide

Welcome to the spoken tutorial on Corporal Punishment in Schools
Slide Number 2

Learning Objectives


In this tutorial we will discuss the following topics-
  • Definition of Corporal Punishment(CP)
  • National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR Website)
  • Some situations that lead to corporal punishment
Slide Number 3

Learning Objectives

  • Types of corporal punishment
  • Examples on how a teacher deals with the situation in a positive manner
  • General perceptions and misconceptions
  • Some ground facts about corporal punishment
Slide Number 4

NCPCR Links


Published NCPCR (National Commission for Protection

of Child Rights)

The content for this tutorial is taken from the document,

“Guidelines for Eliminating Corporal Punishment in schools”


This document is published by

  1. National Commission for the Protection of Child Rights
  2. Ministry of Women and Child Development and
  3. MHRD

Government of India.

Highlight the link in the slide Here is the link for NCPCR website.
Open the website in a web-browser

https://ncpcr.gov.in/


Show the first page and guidelines link on the left-panel.

I have opened the website in a web browser.

This is the Homepage.

Links to various web pages and documents are available in the Navigation section on the left.

Show different links on the left side

Shows different links

Click on the Guidelines link.

Scroll down.

Click on the Guidelines link.

Click on the Archives link.

Click on the Archives link on the top right corner.


Guidelines (Archived) page opens.

Click on the Guidelines link Click on the link-

Guidelines for eliminating Corporal Punishment in schools.

Point to the document The document opens in a new window.
Scroll down The document is divided into various sections and subsections.
Go to Guidelines.

Highlight the section


Scroll down the page.

Here is the section on Definition of Corporal Punishment.


Currently, there is no statutory definition of corporal punishment of children in Indian law.

Definition of corporal punishment can at best only be indicative.

Please read this section carefully.

Highlight the classification in the guidelines.


According to RTE Act 2009, corporal punishment could be classified as-
  • Physical punishment
  • Mental harassment and
  • Discrimination
Scroll down the page.

Highlight UN definition.

Scroll down the page.


The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child defines corporal punishment as follows:

The Committee defines “corporal” or “physical” punishment as any punishment in which physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of pain or discomfort, however light.

Magnify and show the section. Please read the section carefully to understand the definition of corporal punishment.
Scroll down to RTE sections.

Highlight the sections

Scroll down the page to RTE Act, 2009.

RTE Act prohibits physical punishment and mental harassment, under section 17(1).

And makes it is a punishable offence under section 17(2).

Click on the Download button on the top right corner of the page Please download the document and read all the sections of this document carefully.
Click on the download button on the top right corner of the page. To download the document click on the Download icon on the top right corner of the page.
In the dialog box click on “save file” option

Click on Ok Button

A dialog-box opens which prompts you to save the file.

Click on Ok button. The file downloads to the Downloads folder.

Show Downloads folder. The file downloads to the download folder.
Let us begin with some common incidents observed in schools.
Image 1

Children playing in the school ground.

Here is a situation,It is lunchtime, children are playing in the playground.
Image 2


Vani and her friends sitting in a corner.

In the corner of the ground, Anil, Vani and Vivek are sitting very gloomy.
Image 3

Children are discussing.


(Depressed child)

They seem to be very depressed.

They are discussing about bad experiences they had in the classroom.

Image 4 (Animation)

Anil says to other children.




Anil says, “I don’t understand Mathematics.

I am unable to do my homework properly.


My parents cannot help me with my homework.


My teacher made fun of me and asked me to stand outside the classroom.


I don’t want to come to the school.”

Image 5 (Animation)


Vivek says

Vivek says,


“As we are not good in studies, all other students make fun of us.

Image 5 (Animation)

Vani says


Vani says,


"Even they are not ready to talk to us."

Image 5 (Animation)

Anil says

Anil says,

"All teachers are angry and teasing us every day.”

Highlight the aspects of Physical punishment and mental harassment. Please note this is a form of both physical and mental harassment.
Image 6

Teacher call him separately and help to do homework

In another classroom Mathematics teacher is helping a student to understand the concepts.


He is seen helping him to complete homework after school hours.


This is an example of positive discipline.

Image 7

Ramu beat other children in the class



Here is another situation.

Ramu is a naughty boy. He always troubles other students.

He hits other students while the teacher is taking the class.

Image 8

Teacher twisted the ears of Ramu.

The teacher twisted his ears and asked him to stand in a corner of the class.
Highlight the aspects of physical punishment from the guidelines. As shown here in the guidelines, the punishment given to Ramu is a violation of rule.
Image 9

Student arranging notebooks

In another classroom, the teacher has given the responsibility to the naughty student.


She asked him to collect notebooks from other students and arrange them in order.

This way the child develops a sense of responsibility and behaves maturely in the class.


This is an example of positive discipline.

Image 10

Geetha is crying and telling her mother.

One more situation here.

Geetha says to her mother, “My teacher pinched and slapped me today. I did not wear proper uniform today. I don’t want to go to school anymore”.

Image 11

The teacher writes on her diary

Image12


Teacher discusses with the parent

Instead of pinching teacher could have made a note in her school diary.


She could have also called the parent.


And explained the importance of coming to school in neat and proper uniform.

Image 13

Child's face disfigured

Corporal punishment leads to adverse physical, psychological and educational outcomes.

Its impact is long-lasting.

Images 14



In the above examples, we have seen that there is a clear difference between punishment and discipline.

Punishment creates negative emotions.

Positive discipline will teach the child about mutual respect, self esteem and dignity.

Slide Number 5

Persistence of corporal punishment


Corporal punishment still exists in schools for the following reasons:
  1. It is difficult for people to differentiate between punishment and discipline.
  2. Lack of skill or training to handle child’s misbehaviour in diverse situations.
Slide Number 6

General Perception

General perceptions and misconceptions about corporal punishment.


Punishing children is regarded as acceptable, whether in the family or school.

It is considered as necessary to implement corporal punishment, to become competent and responsible individual.

This is a misconception.

Slide Number 7 General Perception


It is widely used by the teachers and parents regardless of its ineffectiveness.

Slide Number 8

Some Ground Facts


Some ground facts about corporal punishment.
  1. No human being likes being hurt, physically or emotionally.
  1. No child is admitted to a school to deserve corporal punishment.
  1. It is natural for children to have different behavioural patterns.
Slide Number 9

Some Ground Facts

Corporal punishment is a violation of a child’s space and rights.
  • According to United Nations Convention on the Rights of a Child, UNCRC,
  • the child is defined as a person in the age group of 0 to 18 years.
Slide Number 10

Note for teachers


Your occupation can’t be an excuse for violating the law.

Legal consequences can be quite severe.

Corporal punishment leads to violations of sections of IPC, RTE Act 2009 and UNCRC.

We will learn more about corporal punishment in the upcoming tutorials.
Slide Number 11

Summary slide

This brings to the end of the tutorial.

In this tutorial, we have discussed about

  • Definition of Corporal Punishment
  • NCPCR website
  • Some situations that lead to corporal punishment
Slide Number 12

Summary slide

  • Types of corporal punishment
  • Examples on how a teacher deals with the situation in a positive manner
  • General perceptions and misconceptions
  • Some ground facts about corporal punishment
Slide Number 13

Spoken Tutorial Project

Watch the video available at the following link.

It summaries the Spoken Tutorial project.


If you do not have a good bandwidth, you can download and watch it.

Slide Number 15

Forum for specific questions

Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

Please visit our site.

Choose the minute and second where you have the question.

Explain your question briefly.

Someone from our team will answer them.

Slide Number 16

Forum for specific questions

The Spoken Tutorial forum is for specific questions on this tutorial.

Please do not post unrelated and general questions on them.

This will help to reduce the clutter.

With less clutter, we can use this discussion as instructional material.

Slide Number 17

Acknowledgement

Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by Government of India.
About contributors This tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan, Viji Nair, Saurabh Gadgil from IIT Bombay.

This tutorial is reviewed by Dr. Bindu Laxmi Pattadath from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.


Thank you for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Nancyvarkey, Snehalathak, Vijinair

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