Linux/C2/File-System/Oriya

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Time ବିବରଣୀ
0:00 ଲିନକ୍ସ ଫାଇଲ୍ ସିଷ୍ଟମ ବିଷୟରେ ଏହି ସ୍ପୋକେନ୍ ଟ୍ୟୁଟୋରିଆଲ କୁ ସ୍ବାଗତ.
0:04 ମୁଁ ଉବଣ୍ଟୁ 10.04 ର ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁଛି.
0:07 ଆମେ ମାନୁଁ ଯେ ଲିନକ୍ସ ଅପେରଟିଂଗ୍ ସିଷ୍ଟମ (Linux operating system) ସହିତ କିପରି ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବାକୁ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ଏହାର କମାଣ୍ଡ୍ ଗୁଡିକ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ କିଛି ମୌଳିକ ଧାରଣ ଏହା ଆପଣ ଜାଣନ୍ତି.
0:13 ଯଦି ଆପଣ ଆଗ୍ରହି ଅଟନ୍ତି, ଏହା http://spoken-tutorial.org ୱେବ୍ ସାଇଟ୍ ରେ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ସ୍ପୋକେନ୍ ଟ୍ୟୁଟୋରିଆଲ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ଉପଲବ୍ଧି ଅଛି
0:25 ଏହା ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଏ ଯେ ଲିନକ୍ସ ସେନସିଟିଭ (sensitive) କେସ୍ ଅଟେ.
0:28 ଏହି ଟ୍ୟୁଟୋରିଆଲ ରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ସବୁ କମାଣ୍ଡ ଗୁଡିକ ଲୋୟର କେସ୍ ରେ ଅଛି ଯେପର୍ଯ୍ଯନ୍ତ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ ହୋଇନାହିଁ.
0:36 ଲିନକ୍ସ ରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ସବୁକିଛି ଏକ ଫାଇଲ୍ ଅଟେ.
0:39 ଫାଇଲ୍ କଣ ଅଟେ ? ପ୍ରକୃତରେ ଆମେ ଜାଣୁ ଫାଇଲ୍ ଏହା ଅଟେ ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଆମେ ଆମର ଡକୁମେଂଟ୍ସ (documents) ଏବଂ ପେପରସ୍ (papers) ସଂଚୟ କରୁ.
0:47 ଏକା ସଦୃଶ, ଏକ ଲିନକ୍ସ ମଧ୍ୟ ଫାଇଲ୍ ସୁଚନା କୁ ଗଛିତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଏକ ଜାଗା ଅଟେ.
0:53 ପରବର୍ତୀ, ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (directory) କଣ ଅଟେ ?
0:56 ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (directory) କୁ ଫାଇଲସ୍ (files) ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟ ଉପ- ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀଜ (sub-directories) ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ ରୁପରେ ବୁଝିବାକୁ ପଡିବ.
1:02 ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (directory) ଆମକୁ ଆମର ଫାଇଲସ୍ (files) ରେ ନିୟମିତ ପ୍ରଥା ରେ ଆୟୋଜନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ସାହାଜ୍ୟ କରେ.
1:08 ଏହା ଏହିପରି ଅଟେ ଯାହାକୁ ଆମେ ୱିନଡୋଜ ରେ ଫୋଲଡରସ୍ (folders) କହୁ.
1:12 ଏହା ଅନୁମତି ଦିଏ ଅଲଗା ଅଲଗା ୟୂଜରସ୍ ମାନଂକୁ ସେମାନେ ନିଜର ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀଜ (directories) ସହିତ ଫାଇଲସ୍ (files) ରଖିପାରିବେ ଯାହା ଅନ୍ୟମାନେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କିମ୍ବା ପରିବର୍ତନ କରିପାରିବେ ନାହିଁ.
1:20 ଯଦି ସେଠାରେ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀଜ (directories) ନ ଥାଏ, ସିଷ୍ଟମ ରେ ସବୁ ଫାଇଲସ୍ ଗୁଡିକର ଅଲଗା ଅଲଗା ଅସାଧାରଣ ନାମ ଦେବା ଦରକାର, ଯାହା ଚାଲୁରଖିବା ବହୁତ କଷ୍ଟ ହେବ.
1:31 ଯଦିଓ ଫାଇଲସ୍ ଏବଂ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀଜ (directories) ର ପରିଭାଷା ସେମାନକଂ ସମ୍ଭନ୍ଧରେ ଏକ ସାଧାରଣ ସୁଚନା ଦେବା ପାଇଁ ଠିକ୍ ଅଟେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା ସେମାନକଂ ପାଇଁ ପୁରା ଠିକ୍ ନୁହେଁ.
1:42 ଫାଇଲ୍ ର ନାମ ଏବଂ କିଛି ଗୁଣ କିମ୍ବା ପ୍ରଶାସନିକ ସୁଚନା ଯାହା ଏହାର କନ୍ଟେଟସ୍ (contents) ର ସହିତ ଅଛି; ଯାହା ସେହି ଫାଇଲ୍ ର ରଚନା/ରୁପନ୍ତର ତାରିଖ ଏବଂ ଏହାର ଅନୁମତି ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ସୁଚନା ଦିଏ.
1:55 ଏହି ସୁଚନା ଫାଇଲ୍ ର inode ରେ ଗଛିତ ଅଛି, ଯାହା ଫାଇଲ୍ ସିଷ୍ଟମ ରେ ଡାଟା ର ଏକ ବିଶେଷ ଅବରୋଧ ଏବଂ ଏଥିରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଫାଇଲ୍ ର ଲମ୍ଭା ଏବଂ disk ର କେଉଁ ଠାରେ ସଂଚୟ ଅଛି ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୂକ୍ତ.
2:08 ସିଷ୍ଟମ ଫାଇଲ୍ ର inode ନମ୍ବର୍ କୁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରେ. ଆମର ସୁବିଧା ପାଇଁ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (directory) ଆକାର ଫାଇଲ୍ ର ନାମ ଦିଏ, ଯେପରି ଆମକୁ ବହୁତ ନମ୍ବର୍ସ୍ ଠାରୁ ବେଶୀ ନାମ ମନେରଖିବାକୁ ସୁବିଧା ହୋଇଥାଏ.
2:23 ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (directory) କୁ ଅତିସରଳ ପରିଭାଷା ରେ ବିରୋଧ କରେ ଯେ, ଏକ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (directory) ବାସ୍ତବରେ ଅନ୍ୟ ଫାଇଲସ୍ କୁ ଗଛିତ କରେ ନାହିଁ, କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା ନିଜେ ଏକ ଫାଇଲ୍ ଅଟେ ଯାହା ଅନ୍ୟ ଫାଇଲ୍ ଗୁଡିକର inode ଏବଂ ନମବର୍ସ୍ (numbers) ଏବଂ ନାମ କୁ ଧାରଣ କରେ.
2:37 ପ୍ରକୃତରେ ଲିନକ୍ସ ରେ ତିନି ପ୍ରକାରର ଫାଇଲସ୍ ଅଛି:
2:41 1 Regular Files or Ordinary files - ଏଥିରେ କେବେଳ ଅଖ୍ୟର ର ଧାର ର ରୁପ ପରି ଡାଟା (data) ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ.
2:48 2 Directories: ଯାହାକି ଆମେ ପୁର୍ବ ସ୍ଲାଇଡ୍ ଗୁଡିକରେ ରେ ଦେଖିଥିଲୁ.
2:52 3 Device Files: ସବୁ hardware ଉପକରଣ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରାନ୍ତ ସମ୍ବଂଧିୟ (peripherals) କୁ ଲିନକ୍ସ ରେ ଫାଇଲସ୍ ରୁପରେ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଇଛି.
2:59 ଲିନକ୍ସ ରେ ସବୁ ଉପକରଣ ଯେପରି CD, Harddisk, ଏପରି usb stick ସବୁ କିଛି ଏକ ଫାଇଲ୍ ଅଟେ . କିନ୍ତୁ ଏହା ଏପରି କାହିଁକି ? ଏହା ଏହି ଉପକରଣ କୁ ସାଧାରଣ ଫାଇଲ୍ ଗୁଡିକ ପରି ସମାନ ରୁପରେ ଲେଖିବାକୁ ଏବଂ ପଡିବାକୁ ସାହାଜ୍ୟ କରେ.
3:15 ଲିନକ୍ସ ରେ ସବୁ ଫାଇଲସ୍ ସମ୍ବଂଧିତ ଅଟେ, ସଂଖେପରେ, ସେମାନେ ଆମ ଭଳି ଏକ ପରିବାର ପରି ଅଟନ୍ତି.
3:22 ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (directory) ରେ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ କିଛି ଫାଇଲସ୍ ଏବଂ ଉପ- ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀଜ (sub-directories) ର ସମ୍ପର୍କ ଅଭିଭାବକ ଏବଂ ପିଲା ପରି ଅଟେ. ଏହା ଲିନକ୍ସ ଫାଇଲ୍ ସିଷ୍ଟମ ଟ୍ରି (tree) କୁ ଜନ୍ମ ଦିଏ.
3:34 ସବୁଠାରୁ ଉପରେ ରୂଟ୍ (root) ଅଟେ ଯେପରି frontslash / ଦ୍ବାରା ସୁଚାଇ ଦିଆଯାଏ. ଏହା ସବୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଫାଇଲସ୍ ଏବଂ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀଜ (directories) କୁ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ କରେ.
3:42 ଯଦି ଆମେ ଠିକ୍ ରାସ୍ତା ଜାଣୁ, ତେବେ ଏହା ଆମକୁ ଏକ ଫାଇଲ୍ କିମ୍ବା ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (directory) ଠାରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ କୁ ଯିବା ପାଇଁ ସାହାଜ୍ୟ କରେ.
3:51 ଯେପରି ଆମେ ଲିନକ୍ସ ଫାଇଲ୍ ସିଷ୍ଟମ ରେ କାମ କରୁ, ଏଥିରୁ ଜଣା ପଡେ ଯେ ଆମେ ଟ୍ରି (tree) ସହିତ ଆଗକୁ ଯାଉଛୁ.
3:56 ଏକ କମାଣ୍ଡ ଏବଂ ଆପଣ ଏକ ଜାଗା ରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ଜାଗା କୁ teleported ହୋଇଯାଏ.
4:01 Sounds ଆନଂଦ ଦାୟକ ! ସତରେ ଏହା ଅଟେ. ଯେପରି ଆମେ ଦେଖିବା.
4:05 ଯେବେ ଆମେ ଲିନକ୍ସ ସିଷ୍ଟମ ରେ ଲୋଗ-ଇନ୍ (login) କରନ୍ତି ଆମେ ସ୍ବାଭାବିକ ଭାବରେ ହୋମ୍-ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (home directory) ରେ ଅଛୁ.
4:11 ଏବେ, ଟର୍ମିନାଲ୍ କୁ ଯିବା.
4:13 ଉବଣ୍ଟୁ ରେ ଟର୍ମିନାଲ୍ କୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିବା ପାଇଁ Ctrl+alt+T ସାହାଜ୍ୟ କରେ.
4:17 ଏହି କମାଣ୍ଡ ସବୁ ୟୁନିକ୍ସ୍ ସିଷ୍ଟମ (unix system) ରେ କାମ କରି ନ ପାରେ. ଟର୍ମିନାଲ୍ କୁ ଖୋଲିବା ପାଇଁ ଏକ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟI ପୁର୍ବରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ସ୍ପୋକେନ୍ ଟ୍ୟୁଟୋରିଆଲ ରେ ବ୍ୟାଖା ହୋଇଛି.
4:27 ହୋମ୍-ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (home directory) କୁ ଦେଖିବା ପାଇଁ, କମାଣ୍ଡ ପ୍ରୋମପ୍ଟ୍ (command prompt) ରେ "echo space dollar H-O-M-E in capital" ଏବଂ ଏନ୍ଟର୍ ଦବାଅ.
4:40 ଏହା ଆମ ହୋମ୍-ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (home directory) ର ପାଥ୍ ନେମ୍ (pathname) ଦିଏ.
4:44 ଆମେ ଏକ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (directory) ଠାରୁ ଅନ୍ୟ କୁ ଯାଇପାରିବା.
4:47 କିନ୍ତୁ ଯେକୌଣସି ସମୟରେ ଆମେ କୌଣସି ଏକ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (directory) ରେ ରହିପାରିବା ଏବଂ ଏହି ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (directory) କୁ କରେନ୍ଟ୍ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (current directory) କିମ୍ବା ଓର୍କିଂଗ୍ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (working directory) କହନ୍ତି. ଏବେ ସ୍ଲାଇଡ୍ ଗୁଡିକ ର ପଛକୁ ଯିବା.
4:56 pwd କମାଣ୍ଡ୍ ଆମକୁ କରେନ୍ଟ୍ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (current directory) କୁ ଦେଖିବା ପାଇଁ ସାହାଜ୍ୟ କରେ . pwd ପ୍ରେଜେଣ୍ଟ ଓର୍କିଂଗ୍ ଡାଇରେକ୍ଟ୍ ଟୋରୀ (present working directory) ପାଇଁ ଦଣ୍ଡାୟମାନ.
5:03 Type at the command prompt "pwd" and press enter. Now this is our present working directory.
5:13 We have said that we can move from one directory to other.
5:17 But how do we do so? We have the cd command for this purpose.
5:22 You have to type the command cd followed by the pathname of the directory you want to move to.
5:28 Lets again see our current directory by typing pwd at the command prompt and press enter.
5:37 So, now we are placed in this directory.
5:41 Now say we want to move to slash usr directory. So, type

"cd space slash usr" . Remember here slash in linux means front slash and press enter.

5:56 Now lets see our current directory. Type pwd and press enter.
6:03 Yes we have moved to slash usr directory.
6:08 The problem here is the pathnames can be very long, this is because these are Absolute Pathnames that enlist the entire path staring from the root directory.
6:18 Instead we may use Relative pathnames that begin from the current directory.
6:23 Here we need to know two special characters.

dot that represent the current directory and dot dot that represent the parent directory of the current directory.

6:36 Now let us have a brief session on cd command
6:40 The command cd without any argument is used to move back to the home directory.
6:46 Type at the command prompt "cd" and press enter.
6:51 Now check our current directory by the pwd command.
6:55 So, now we are back in our home directory

/home/gnuhata [ narration- slash home slash gnuhata ]

7:01 Now let us move to music directory. Type at the command prompt "cd space Music(M in capital) slash" and press enter
7:13 Now check our current directory by the pwd command. pwd and press enter. See, we have moved /home/gnuhata/Music
7:26 Let us go to the parent directory from Music. For that you have to use cd command with dot dot.
7:33 Type at the command prompt cd space dot dot and press enter.
7:40 Now check our present directory by typing pwd. We are again in /home/gnuhata
7:51 Now lets try to move to a subdirectory of the current directory using dot.
7:58 Type at the command prompt cd space dot slash Documents(D in capital) slash. Press enter.
8:09 Check our current directory by typing pwd. We are at /home/gnuhata/Documents
8:19 Let me clear the screen by pressing control L. So you can see clearly.
8:23 To go back to our home directory by cd command.

Type cd and press enter.

8:32 Again check our current directory by pwd command. We are back to /home/gnuhata .
8:41 We can combine any number of .. [narration - dot dot] separated by / [narration- slash] in a relative path .
8:47 In this slide, we can see the file system hierarchy. Root or / is at the top. home and bin are two sub-directories under root. username , here the directory named gnuhata is a sub-directory under home.
9:05 So, now we are in /home/gnuhata. Now how can we go to the bin directory?
9:12 Type at the command prompt

"cd space dot dot slash dot dot slash bin" and press enter.

9:23 Check our current directory by the command pwd.

We are at /bin [narration - slash bin]

9:30 The first .. [narration-dot dot] takes us from /home/gnuhata [narration - slash home slash gnuhata] to /home [narration - slash home] . |- | 9:37 |The next takes us from /home to root.
9:43 Now from / or root, we have moved to /bin directory.
9:48 Go back to our home directory by the command cd.
9:52 To create a directory we use the mkdir command.
9:56 You have to type the command and name of directory to be created and a directory would be created under the current directory.
10:04 To create a directory named testdir, type the command "mkdir space testdir" and press enter.
10:15 This creates the testdir directory successfully.
10:19 Note that, there is no explicit notification of successful directory creation or removal.
10:25 If you do not get any error message, it denotes successful execution.
10:30 We can also use the relative or absolute pathname to create a directory anywhere in the tree provided we have the permission to do so and a directory by that name does not already exist.
10:43 This process can be used for making multiple directories or even a hierarchy of directories.
10:49 Type "mkdir space test1 space test2 and press enter ,this will make two directories named test1 and test2 under the present directory.
11:06 Type "mkdir space testtree space testtree slash test3".
11:20 This will make a directory testtree and another directory test3 which is a sub-directory under testtree.
11:28 So, we have created four directories namely testdir,test1,test2 and testtree in the current directory, out of which first three are empty and the last one contains a subdirectory namely test3.
11:47 Similar to mkdir is the rmdir command which is used for removing a directory or directories.
11:56 The command "rmdir space test1" removes the test1 directory successfully.
12:09 A directory can be removed only if you are its owner, your current directory is hierarchically above the directory to be removed and the directory is empty.
12:23 Now type at the command prompt

"cd space testtree slash test3"

12:35 So, we are now in test3 directory which is a subdirectory under testtree.
12:42 Lets try to remove the testdir directory by typing the command "rmdir space testdir". Press enter.
12:55 We see it can't be done, because the current directory is not hierarchically above the directory to be removed.
13:02 So,we have to go to the directory which is hierarchically above testdir directory.
13:08 Type "cd space dot dot" and press enter.
13:14 Now, go back to our parent directory by typing the command "cd space dot dot".
13:20 Now, again try the previous command.
13:24 Type "rmdir space testdir". Press enter.
13:30 The testdir directory is successfully deleted. Note that, testdir directory was also empty.
13:38 Multiple directories or a hierarchy of directories can be removed at once.So, try to delete the testtree directory along with its subdirectory test3.
13:48 Type at the command prompt

"rmdir space testtree space testtree slash test3 "press enter.

14:02 See, it is giving the error message that 'testree' directory cannot be removed because testtree is not empty.
14:11 But one thing which you may miss is that testtree/test3 has been deleted as it was empty.
14:19 To check that, type at the command prompt "cd space testtree" and press enter.
14:27 Now type "ls" and press enter. See, the directory contains nothing. So, test3 was deleted.
14:36 So in this linux tutorial we have learnt about Linux Files and directories and how to work with Linux Directories. See them, move between them, make them,remove them.
14:49 This brings me to the end of this tutorial. Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT.
15:03 More information this is available at the following link
15:08 This script has been contributed by ----------------------(name of the translator) and this is -----------------------(name of the recorder) from --------------------------(name of the place)signing off . Thanks for joining.

Contributors and Content Editors

Devraj, Gaurav, Manoranjan, PoojaMoolya, Pradeep