LaTeX/C2/Equations/English

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Initial conditions # Copy equations.tex into numbers.tex
  1. Both equations.tex and numbers.tex should be sized
  2. Both should be opened in Texworks
  3. Both should be at the first line
  4. equations.tex should be at the top, and numbers.tex should be below
  5. Compile numbers.tex and get numbers.pdf
  6. numbers.pdf should be sized
  7. numbers.pdf should be scrolled all the way to the top
  8. eqn-slides.pdf should be at the first slide
  9. All should be arranged, as recorded in the tutorial
  10. equations.tex should be directly below the slides file


Texworks: Lucida Grande, 22pt, 20px. Preview: 75%, 200dpi
Opening slide Welcome to this tutorial on writing equations using LaTeX

My name is Kannan Moudgalya

Learning objectives slide


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In this tutorial, we will learn how to create an equation in LaTeX

How to write multiple equations

How to align multiple equations and

Why we should avoid the dollar mode and blank lines while writing equations

System requirements slide One may use any of Linux, Windows or the Mac operating system

One needs LaTeX

I shall use Texworks, although it is not required

Prerequisites slide



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What are the prerequisites?

One needs to be familiar with spoken tutorials that introduce LaTeX

Exposure to the recommended method of side-by-side learning

This information is available at the Spoken Tutorial webpage

Additional material slide

Open in Texworks


Back to slides file, press down arrow


Press down arrow


Press down arrow

I shall use equations.tex


I have opened it in Texworks


It is available as a code file along with this tutorial

You need to have it to practise along with me

If you don't have it, please download it from the Spoken Tutorial website

Slide on Leslie Lamport’s book






Web browser is opened

I will next call your attention to this standard textbook by Leslie Lamport

I learnt my LaTeX from this book

It is available for about Rs. 500

Let me show on the web browser where one can buy it

Let us begin the tutorial
Open equations.tex








Open numbers.tex

Let us learn how to write equations using LaTeX

I have already opened the file equations.tex in TeXworks.

I have saved it as numbers.tex to use in this tutorial

I will keep the file equations.tex intact, and not change it

Let me open numbers.tex

Please pause the tutorial, make this copy and open it

Whenever you want to start afresh, you can make a new copy of equations.tex

I recommend this method whenever a code file is given with ANY spoken tutorial

Press the typeset key Let us compile this file by pressing the typeset arrow at the top left hand corner

You can see the pdf file on the right

Let us look at the tex file, which begins with its usual commands

I have chosen the width of the pdf file to be 8cm

This is the only way I can show the entire file and also use a large font

Change 7 to 15


Put back 7


Click amsmath line


You may want to increase it to a more reasonable value, such as 15cm

But I will continue to use 8cm

I am using the package amsmath

Click the first align





click u(t) line in tex


click u(t) on slide



Hover on \left and click \right

I write the first equation within the align star environment, as shown here

You can see how it gets typeset in the pdf file

On the left hand side of this equation, we have u(t)

On the right hand side, I have produced big square brackets

How did I do this?

With “back slash left square” and “back slash right square” brackets as shown here

Scroll the tex file up


Click align* line


Click the x_1 line


Click on the eqn


Click on matrix pdf


Click on matrix tex


Delete row 1 compile



Click the pdf





Undo the last command in tex

Similarly, I write a second equation using align star


On the left hand side, we have the derivative of a vector

We can see the pdf output here

On the right hand side, we have a 3 by 3 matrix

See the corresponding output

Suppose we delete the first row in this matrix and compile


We get a 2 by 3 matrix pdf output

The first line is gone

It is your responsibility to make the equations correct and consistent

Let me put the row back


Let me compile

You can also add more rows, if necessary

Similarly, you can change the columns too








Put $ and compile


Recall that we used the $ mode to write formulae in another tutorial

Here, align plays the role of the $ mode

In fact, one should not put the dollar sign within the align environment

Suppose we put the alpha symbol within $ signs and compile


We get an error message about $

Press the cross symbol on the top left red box

And abort the previous compilation

Let us remove the $ signs

Compile again, it works


Below the line with alpha, leave a blank line



Put %

Another common mistake is leaving blank lines in the align environment

Let me leave an empty line and compile

It gives an error message

If you need this gap, put %, the comment character, in the first column

Abort compilation

Compile again - we see that it works

Let us remove this line and compile





Remove \end{align*}


Remove \begin{align*}










Put the text into \intertext{}








Compile







Put & sign before =


Repeat in the 2nd eqn.





Compile


Next, I want to align the two equations by the equal to sign

For this, we need to put both equations inside one align star environment

Remove the end align* command of the first equation

Remove the begin align* command of the second equation


Let us compile

We see only one equation appearing

The text in between the two equations appears as a large string

The second equation does not even show up

This is not what we wanted

This problem is solved with the help of the intertext command

Let us put the text in between braces

Let us also put this command back slash intertext as I type now

Note that intertext is one word, without a space in between

Do not forget the back slash before intertext

Also, do not forget the closing brace

These are all common mistakes

On compiling, we get this pdf file

You see the equations right aligned

I am not happy with it

I want to align by the equal to sign

Let us put the ampersand sign in front of the equal to sign of the first equation

Let us do it on the second equation also

If you have more equations to be aligned, do this for all of them

On compiling, we see the two equations aligned by the equal to sign

The equations are aligned even though there is text in between.

Remember to use the intertext command whether you want the equations aligned or not


Delete text lines









Put \\


Compile


Undo

What do we do if we don’t have text between equations?

To understand this, let us delete the entire text between the two equations

Note that we should not leave an empty line

On compiling, we see both equations coming in the same line

We didn’t tell LaTeX to start the second equation in the next line

We solve this by putting two back slashes

Let us compile, to get the correct pdf file

Let us now undo and put the text in between two equations

Let us compile once more

This is where we will stop

Let me go to the slides

Summary slide

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This page summarises what we learnt in this tutorial

Please recall each of these commands

This is your first assignment

More assignments slide

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I will give some more assignments

Can you pause the video and try to produce these equations?

The required code is given here

Assignment 3 Can you produce these equations?

Notice that these equations are now aligned at the equal to sign

Assignment 4 What happens if you forget a required ampersand sign?

Please pause the video and try this input

You should get this output

Forgetting ampersand signs is a common mistake made by everyone!

Assignment 5 Can you pause this video and try to produce this output?

Use the hint given here

Assignment 6 In this assignment, you have to align three equations

Please pause the video here, and try to produce them by yourself

I have given the answer here

Assignment 7 I have the last assignment in this slide

Insert some text between equations

About the ST slide


I will now give some general information


This video summarises the Spoken Tutorial project


Workshops slide We conduct workshops using Spoken Tutorials
Answers slide

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Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial? * Please visit this site
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You will have to register on this website to ask questions

Where to post slide For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit stack exchange at this address
Contact us slide For any other questions, please contact us
Acknowledgement slide Spoken Tutorial project is funded by MHRD, Government of India
Thanks for joining

Goodbye

Contributors and Content Editors

Chandrika, Nancyvarkey, Pravin1389