Difference between revisions of "KTurtle/C3/Common-Errors-in-KTurtle/English"

From Script | Spoken-Tutorial
Jump to: navigation, search
 
(15 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 +
Title of the tutorial:
 +
 +
Author: Madhuri Ganapathi
 +
 +
Key words:  Errors, syntax errors, run time errors, logical errors, compilation, clear command, Video tutorial.
 +
 +
 +
 
{|border =1
 
{|border =1
 
!Visual Cue
 
!Visual Cue
Line 12: Line 20:
 
'''Learning Objectives'''
 
'''Learning Objectives'''
 
||In this tutorial, we will learn about
 
||In this tutorial, we will learn about
* Syntax errors   
+
* '''Syntax errors'''  
  
* Runtime errors
+
* '''Runtime errors'''  and
  
* Logical errors
+
* '''Logical errors'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| Slide Number 3
 
|| Slide Number 3
Line 23: Line 31:
 
||To record this tutorial I am using,
 
||To record this tutorial I am using,
  
Ubuntu Linux OS v. 12.04.  
+
'''Ubuntu''' '''Linux''' OS version 12.04.  
  
KTurtle v. 0.8.1 beta.
+
'''KTurtle''' version. 0.8.1 beta.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Slide  Number 4
 
||Slide  Number 4
  
 
'''Pre-requisites'''
 
'''Pre-requisites'''
||We assume that you have basic working knowledge of KTurtle   
+
||We assume that you have basic working knowledge of '''KTurtle'''  
  
 
If not,  
 
If not,  
Line 36: Line 44:
 
for relevant tutorials, please visit our website.  
 
for relevant tutorials, please visit our website.  
  
http://spoken-tutorial.org
+
'''http://spoken-tutorial.org'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Slide Number 5
 
||Slide Number 5
Line 43: Line 51:
 
||Let's first define,  What is an error ?
 
||Let's first define,  What is an error ?
  
Error is a mistake in a program that produces an incorrect or unexpected result.
+
'''Error''' is a mistake in a program that produces an '''incorrect''' or '''unexpected''' result.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
||First I will explain about "Types of errors".
+
||First I will explain about '''"Types of errors".'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Slide  Number 5
 
||Slide  Number 5
Line 52: Line 60:
 
'''Syntax Errors'''
 
'''Syntax Errors'''
  
||A syntax error is a violation of  grammatical rules, of a programming language.
+
||A '''syntax error''' is a '''violation of  grammatical rules''', of a '''programming language'''.
  
Compilation fails when a program has syntax errors.
+
'''Compilation''' fails when a program has '''syntax errors'''.
  
Syntax errors are easy to find and fix.
+
'''Syntax errors''' are easy to find and fix.
  
 
For Example:   
 
For Example:   
  
* Unmatched parentheses, square brackets and curly braces.  
+
* '''Unmatched parentheses''', '''square brackets''' and '''curly braces'''.  
  
* Use of variable that has not been declared.
+
* Use of ''' variable''' that has not been '''declared'''.
  
* Missing quotes in strings.
+
* Missing '''quotes''' in '''strings.'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Switch to KTurtle Application
 
||Switch to KTurtle Application
Dash  home >>Search bar appears>>
 
In the Search bar type KTurtle
 
Click on the  KTurtle icon.
 
||Let's open a new KTurtle Application.
 
Click on  Dash  home. The Search bar appears.
 
  
In the Search bar, type KTurtle.
+
Dash  home >>In the Search bar type KTurtle
  
 
Click on the  KTurtle icon.
 
Click on the  KTurtle icon.
 +
||Let's open a new '''KTurtle''' Application.
 +
 +
Click on  '''Dash  home'''. In the Search bar, type '''KTurtle.'''
 +
 +
Click on the  '''KTurtle''' icon.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
||Let's begin the tutorial with some types of syntax errors.
+
||Let's begin the tutorial with some types of''' syntax errors'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
 
||I already have a program in a text editor.  
 
||I already have a program in a text editor.  
 
|-
 
|-
||Comment code  
+
||'''Comment code'''
||To explain the error in the program, I will comment part of the code.  
+
||To explain the '''error''' in the program, I will comment part of the code.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Highlight  
 
||Highlight  
$a=ask "enter any number and click Ok"  
+
 
||Here, I will comment the line $a=ask "enter a number and click Ok"  
+
'''$a=ask "enter any number and click Ok"'''
 +
||Here, I will comment the line  
 +
 
 +
'''$a=ask within double quotes "enter any number and click Ok"'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Type #
 
||Type #
||I will use hash(#) sign to comment a line.
+
||I will use '''hash(#)''' sign to comment the line.
 
|-
 
|-
||reset  
+
||'''reset'''
#$a=ask "enter a number and click ok"
+
print $a^3
+
spritehide
+
  
||I will Copy the program into '''Kturtle''' Editor.
+
'''#$a=ask "enter any number and click ok"'''  
  
Pause the tutorial and type the program your into '''KTurtle''' editor
+
'''print $a^3''''  
  
 +
'''spritehide'''
 +
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''Kturtle's''' Editor.
 +
 +
Pause the tutorial here and type the program your into '''KTurtle''' editor
  
 
Resume the tutorial after typing the program.
 
Resume the tutorial after typing the program.
 
|-
 
|-
||'''Zoom text'''
+
||'''Run the program'''
||Let me zoom into the program text.
+
||Let's click on '''Run''' button to run the program  
  
It may possibly be a little blurred.
+
'''Complier''' shows the following error,
|-
+
||'''Comment code'''
+
||To explain error in the program, I will comment the code.
+
|-
+
||Highlight
+
  
'''$a=ask "enter any number and click Ok"'''
+
''' variable "$a" was used without first being assigned  to a value.'''
||Here, I will comment the line '''$a=ask "enter any number and click Ok"'''  
+
 
|-
 
|-
||'''Run the program'''
+
||Highlight '''Line number 4'''
||Let's Click on Run button to run the program
+
||Here the error is in line number 4.
  
Complier shows the following error,
 
 
'''The variable "$a" was used without first being assigned  to a value.'''
 
|-
 
||Highlight '''Line number 2'''
 
||Error is in line number 2.
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Syntax error'''
 
||'''Syntax error'''
||This is syntax error. It occured, as the variable  'a' was not declared.
+
||This is a '''syntax error'''. It occured, as the variable  'a' was not declared.
 
|-
 
|-
||Highlight '''$a=ask "enter any number and click Ok"'''  
+
||Highlight '''$a=ask "enter any number and click Ok"'''  
  
 
'''Remove the comment'''
 
'''Remove the comment'''
||So I will go to line number 2 and remove the comment.
+
||So I will go to line number 2 remove the comment.
 
|-
 
|-
||'''Run the program'''
+
||'''reset'''  
||Let's run again
+
  
press '''F5''' key to run the program
+
'''$a=ask "enter a number and click ok" '''
  
Enter 6 for 'a' and click OK
+
'''print $a^3 '''
  
We see that the program runs without errors.  
+
'''spritehide'''
 +
|| I will copy the program from text Editor and paste it into''' KTurtle's editor'''.
 
|-
 
|-
||“clear” command
+
||'''Run the program'''
||I will clear the current program from the editor.
+
||Let's click on '''Run''' button to run the program
Type clear command and Run to clean the canvas.
+
 
 +
Enter '''6''' for '''a''' value and click OK
 +
 
 +
Program runs without errors.
 +
|-
 +
||'''clear command'''
 +
||I will clear the current program from '''KTurtle''' editor.
 +
 
 +
Type '''clear''' command and '''Run''' to clean the canvas.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
||Next let's look at another error.
+
|| let's next look about another error.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
 
||I already have a program in a text editor.  
 
||I already have a program in a text editor.  
 +
|-
 +
|| Highlight
 +
 +
'''$radian=(pi/180)*$degree'''
 +
||Here the value of "'''pi'''" is '''predefined''' in KTurtle.
 +
|-
 +
||Highlight $
 +
||Let's delete the "'''$'''" sign in the program.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''reset'''  
 
||'''reset'''  
'''$degree=ask "enter an angle value and click OK"'''  
+
 
 +
'''degree=ask "enter an angle value and click OK"'''  
  
 
'''$radian=(pi/180)*$degree'''  
 
'''$radian=(pi/180)*$degree'''  
Line 165: Line 182:
  
 
'''spritehide'''
 
'''spritehide'''
||I will copy the program into ''' Kturtle''' Editor
+
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into ''' Kturtle's Editor'''  
  
Pause the tutorial and type the program your into '''KTurtle''' editor
+
Pause the tutorial and type the program your into '''KTurtle editor'''  
  
  
 
Resume the tutorial after typing the program.
 
Resume the tutorial after typing the program.
|-
 
||'''Zoom text'''
 
||Let me zoom into the program text.
 
It may possibly be a little blurred.
 
|-
 
||Highlight'''$radian=(pi/180)*$degree'''
 
||Value of "pi" is predefined in KTurtle.
 
|-
 
||Highlight $
 
||Let's delete '''$''' sign in the program.
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Run the program'''
 
||'''Run the program'''
||Let's Click on Run button to run the program.  
+
||Let's Click on '''Run''' button to run the program.  
  
Complier shows the following error,
+
'''Complier''' shows the following error,
  
 
'''you cannot put “=” here'''
 
'''you cannot put “=” here'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Highlight '''Line number 2'''
 
||Highlight '''Line number 2'''
||Error is in line number 2.  
+
||This error is in line number 2.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Show error'''
 
||'''Show error'''
||This syntax error occured, as there is no container  of variables.
+
||This is a '''syntax error''' it occured, as there is no '''container  of variable.'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Replace $ sign'''  
 
||'''Replace $ sign'''  
||Let's replace the $ sign and run again.  
+
||Let's go back to the program replace the $ sign.
Enter 35 for angle value and click OK
+
Program runs properly
+
 
|-
 
|-
||Highlight "enter an angle value and click OK"
+
||'''reset'''
||Let's remove one of the quotes of the string.
+
 
 +
'''$degree=ask "enter an angle value and click OK" '''
 +
 
 +
'''$radian=(pi/180)*$degree '''
 +
 
 +
'''go 50,50'''
 +
 
 +
'''print "Value in radians is"+ " " +$radian'''
 +
 
 +
'''spritehide'''
 +
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''KTurtle's''' Editor
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Run the program'''
 
||'''Run the program'''
||Let's click on '''Run''' button to run the program
+
||let's click on '''Run''' button to run the program.
Complier shows the following error,
+
 
 +
Enter '''45''' for angle value and click '''OK'''
  
'''text string was not properly closed, expected a double quote “ ” to close the string.'''
+
Program runs without errors.
 +
|-
 +
||Highlight '''"enter an angle value and click OK" '''
 +
||Let's remove one of the quotes of the string.
 +
|-
 +
||'''reset'''
 +
 
 +
'''$degree=ask "enter an angle value and click OK'''
 +
 
 +
'''$radian=(pi/180)*$degree'''
 +
 
 +
'''go 50,50'''
 +
 
 +
'''print "Value in radians is"+ " " +$radian'''
 +
 
 +
'''spritehide'''
 +
|| I will Copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''KTurtle's ''' Editor
 +
|-
 +
||'''Run the program'''
 +
||Click on  '''Run''' button to run the program
 +
 
 +
'''Complier''' shows the following error,
 +
 
 +
'''Text string was not properly closed, expected a double quote “ ” to close the string.'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Highlight '''Line number 2'''
 
||Highlight '''Line number 2'''
||Error is in line number 2.  
+
||Here the error is in line number 2.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Replace the quotes'''  
 
||'''Replace the quotes'''  
||So I will  go to line number 2 and replace the quotes.  
+
|| I will  go to line number 2 and replace the quotes.  
 +
|-
 +
||'''reset'''
  
press F5 key to run the program.
+
'''$degree=ask "enter an angle value and click OK" '''
  
Program runs without errors.
+
'''$radian=(pi/180)*$degree'''
  
This way you can find the line at which error has occured, and correct it.
+
'''go 50,50'''
  
 +
'''print "Value in radians is"+ " " +$radian'''
 +
 +
'''spritehide'''
 +
||
 +
I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into''' Kturtle's''' Editor
 +
|-
 +
||'''Run the program'''
 +
||Click on '''Run''' button to run the program
 +
 +
Enter '''45''' for angle value and click OK.
 +
 +
Program runs without errors.
 +
 +
This way you can find the line at which error has occured, and also correct it.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
Line 228: Line 283:
  
 
'''Runtime errors'''
 
'''Runtime errors'''
||Run-time error occurs during the execution of a program.  
+
||'''Run-time error''' occurs during the '''execution''' of a program.  
  
It may crash the program when you run it.  
+
It may '''crash''' the program when you run it.  
  
Runtime errors are commonly due to wrong input from the user.  
+
'''Runtime errors''' are commonly due to wrong input from the user.  
  
Compiler cannnot find these errors.
+
'''Compiler''' cannnot find these '''errors'''.
  
 
For example:
 
For example:
* Trying to multiply or divide by a variable that contains no value.
+
* Trying to divide by a '''variable''' that contains no value.
  
* Run a loop without a terminating condition or increment value.
+
* Run a loop without a '''terminating condition''' or '''increment value'''.
 
|-
 
|-
||“clear” command
+
||'''“clear” command''''
||I will clear the current program from the editor.
+
||I will clear the current program from the KTurtle editor.
  
Type clear command and Run to clean the canvas.
+
Type '''clear''' command and '''Run''' to clean the canvas.
 
|-
 
|-
||
+
||Highlight the program
 
||I already have a program in a text editor.  
 
||I already have a program in a text editor.  
 +
 +
This program '''divides''' two numbers.
 +
 +
'a' is''' dividend''' and 'r' is '''divisor'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''reset'''  
 
||'''reset'''  
Line 259: Line 318:
 
'''print $d'''
 
'''print $d'''
 
||
 
||
I will copy the program into Kturtle Editor.  
+
I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''KTurtle's''' Editor.  
  
Pause the tutorial and type the program into your KTurtle editor  
+
Pause the tutorial and type the program into your '''KTurtle''' editor  
  
 
Resume the tutorial after typing the program.  
 
Resume the tutorial after typing the program.  
|-
 
||'''Zoom text'''
 
||I will zoom into the program text.
 
 
It may possibly be a little blurred.
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Run the program'''  
 
||'''Run the program'''  
||Let's click on the Run button to run the program.  
+
||Let's click on '''Run''' button to run the program.  
  
Complier does not show any error.
+
le'ts enter '''5''' for 'a' and click OK
  
Let's enter 5 for 'a' and click OK
+
enter '''0''' for 'r' and click OK
  
enter 0 for 'r' and click OK
+
Here we get a ''' runtime error''' ,
  
Here we get a runtime error,
+
'''you tried to divide by zero'''”
 
+
you tried to divide by zero”
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Highlight '''Line number 4'''
 
||Highlight '''Line number 4'''
||Here error is in line number 4.
+
||This error is in line number 4.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Run time error'''
 
||'''Run time error'''
||This error occurs as we cannot divide a number with zero.
+
||This error occurs as we cannot '''divide''' a number with''' zero'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Run the program  
 
||Run the program  
||Let's run again.press F5 to run
+
||Let's run the program again.  
  
Complier does not show any error.
+
Enter '''5''' for number and click OK
  
 +
enter '''2''' for 'r' and click OK
  
Let's enter 5 for 'a' and click OK
+
Program without errors.
 
+
|-
enter 2 for 'r' and click OK
+
||'''“clear” command'''
 +
||I will clear the current program from '''KTurtle''' editor.
  
Program runs properly.
+
Type '''clear''' command and '''Run''' to clean the canvas.
|-
+
||“clear” command
+
||I will clear the current program from the editor.
+
Type clear command and Run to clean the canvas.
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
||Next we will learn about logical errors.
+
||Next we will learn about ''' logical errors'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Logical errors'''  
 
||'''Logical errors'''  
  
||Logical error is a mistake in a program's source code that results in incorrect or unexpected behavior.
+
||'''Logical error''' is a mistake in a program's '''source code''' that results in '''incorrect''' or '''unexpected''' behavior.
  
 
For example,
 
For example,
  
Assigning a value to the wrong variable.
+
'''Assigning''' a value to the wrong variable.
  
Multiplying two numbers instead of adding.
+
'''Multiplying''' two numbers instead of '''adding'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
Line 338: Line 388:
  
 
'''print $x''' }  
 
'''print $x''' }  
||I will copy the program into Kturtle Editor  
+
||I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''Kturtle's''' Editor  
  
Pause the tutorial and type the program into your KTurtle editor  
+
Pause the tutorial here and type the program into your '''KTurtle''' editor  
  
 
Resume the tutorial after typing the program.  
 
Resume the tutorial after typing the program.  
 
|-
 
|-
||'''Zoom text'''
 
||Let me zoom into the program text.
 
  
It may possibly be a little blurred.
+
||'''Run the program'''
|-
+
||Now click on the '''Run''' button to run the program.
||Run the program  
+
  
Highlight '''“ while”  loop condition'''
+
A dialog box pops-up, let's click OK.
||Now click on the Run button to run the program.  
+
  
Complier does not show any error.  
+
Loop goes into an '''infinite loop'''.
 +
|-
 +
||Highlight '''“ while”  loop condition'''
 +
||We see that '''“while”''' loop prints numbers from 31 and it is still printing.
  
Loop goes into an infinite loop.  
+
This is a '''logical error'''.
  
We see that “while” loop prints numbers from 31 and it is still printing.
+
In the “while” condition x is greater than 20,
  
This is a logical error.
+
but the '''variable''' x is always greater than 20
 
+
In this “while” condition x is greater than 20,
+
 
+
but the variable x is always greater than 20
+
 
+
So the loop never terminates.
+
  
 +
So, the loop never '''terminates.'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Abort the process'''  
 
||'''Abort the process'''  
||I will click on Abort button to abort the process.  
+
||I will click on '''Abort''' button to abort the process.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Change '''$x=$x+1''' to '''$x=$x-1'''
 
||Change '''$x=$x+1''' to '''$x=$x-1'''
||Let's Change '''$x=$x+1''' to '''$x=$x-1'''.
+
||Let's change $x=$x+1 to $x=$x-1.
 +
|-
 +
||'''reset'''  
  
Run again.
+
'''$x=30'''
 +
 
 +
'''message"In while loop, code inside the loop repeats till boolean
 +
evaluates false" '''
 +
 
 +
'''while $x>20 { '''
 +
 
 +
''''$x=$x-1''''
 +
 
 +
'''fontsize 15'''
 +
 
 +
'''forward 20'''
 +
 
 +
'''print $x } '''
 +
|| I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into '''KTurtle's''' editor.
 +
|-
 +
||'''Run the program'''
 +
||Let's click on '''Run''' button to run the program.  
  
program runs properly.
+
A dialog box pop-up let's click OK.
  
Loop terminates after printing values from 29 to 20.
+
Loop '''terminates''' after printing values from''' 29 to 20.'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
Line 391: Line 454:
 
||In this tutorial we have learnt, errors and types of errors such as
 
||In this tutorial we have learnt, errors and types of errors such as
  
* Use of variable that has not been declared.
+
* Use of '''variable''' that has not been declared.
 
+
* Missing quotes in strings.
+
  
* Errors related to print command
+
* Missing '''quotes''' in strings.
  
* Runtime errors
+
*''' Runtime errors''' and
  
* Logical errors
+
* '''Logical errors'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
||Slide Number 10
 
||Slide Number 10
 
'''Assignment'''
 
'''Assignment'''
||As an assignment I would like you to find errors in the given programs-
+
||As an assignment I would like you to find errors in the given programs
 
|-
 
|-
 
||'''Assignment 1'''
 
||'''Assignment 1'''
Line 452: Line 513:
  
 
'''Acknowledgement'''
 
'''Acknowledgement'''
||Watch the video available at  
+
||Watch the video available at this URL
 
http://spoken-tutorial.org/What is a Spoken Tutorial  
 
http://spoken-tutorial.org/What is a Spoken Tutorial  
 
It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project  
 
It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project  
Line 471: Line 532:
  
 
It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India  
 
It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India  
More information on this Mission is available at http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro ]
+
More information on this Mission is available at this link
 +
http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro ]
  
This is Madhuri Ganpathi from IIT Bombay
+
This is Madhuri Ganpathi from IIT Bombay signing off.
 
Thank you  for joining
 
Thank you  for joining
 
|-
 
|-

Latest revision as of 15:57, 18 December 2013

Title of the tutorial:

Author: Madhuri Ganapathi

Key words: Errors, syntax errors, run time errors, logical errors, compilation, clear command, Video tutorial.


Visual Cue Narration
Slide Number 1 Hello everybody.

Welcome to this tutorial on Common Errors in KTurtle.

Slide Number 2

Learning Objectives

In this tutorial, we will learn about
  • Syntax errors
  • Runtime errors and
  • Logical errors
Slide Number 3

System Requirement

To record this tutorial I am using,

Ubuntu Linux OS version 12.04.

KTurtle version. 0.8.1 beta.

Slide Number 4

Pre-requisites

We assume that you have basic working knowledge of KTurtle

If not,

for relevant tutorials, please visit our website.

http://spoken-tutorial.org

Slide Number 5

Definition of Error

Let's first define, What is an error ?

Error is a mistake in a program that produces an incorrect or unexpected result.

First I will explain about "Types of errors".
Slide Number 5

Syntax Errors

A syntax error is a violation of grammatical rules, of a programming language.

Compilation fails when a program has syntax errors.

Syntax errors are easy to find and fix.

For Example:

  • Unmatched parentheses, square brackets and curly braces.
  • Use of variable that has not been declared.
  • Missing quotes in strings.
Switch to KTurtle Application

Dash home >>In the Search bar type KTurtle

Click on the KTurtle icon.

Let's open a new KTurtle Application.

Click on Dash home. In the Search bar, type KTurtle.

Click on the KTurtle icon.

Let's begin the tutorial with some types of syntax errors.
I already have a program in a text editor.
Comment code To explain the error in the program, I will comment part of the code.
Highlight

$a=ask "enter any number and click Ok"

Here, I will comment the line

$a=ask within double quotes "enter any number and click Ok"

Type # I will use hash(#) sign to comment the line.
reset

#$a=ask "enter any number and click ok"

print $a^3'

spritehide

I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into Kturtle's Editor.

Pause the tutorial here and type the program your into KTurtle editor

Resume the tutorial after typing the program.

Run the program Let's click on Run button to run the program

Complier shows the following error,

variable "$a" was used without first being assigned to a value.

Highlight Line number 4 Here the error is in line number 4.
Syntax error This is a syntax error. It occured, as the variable 'a' was not declared.
Highlight $a=ask "enter any number and click Ok"

Remove the comment

So I will go to line number 2 remove the comment.
reset

$a=ask "enter a number and click ok"

print $a^3

spritehide

I will copy the program from text Editor and paste it into KTurtle's editor.
Run the program Let's click on Run button to run the program

Enter 6 for a value and click OK

Program runs without errors.

clear command I will clear the current program from KTurtle editor.

Type clear command and Run to clean the canvas.

let's next look about another error.
I already have a program in a text editor.
Highlight

$radian=(pi/180)*$degree

Here the value of "pi" is predefined in KTurtle.
Highlight $ Let's delete the "$" sign in the program.
reset

degree=ask "enter an angle value and click OK"

$radian=(pi/180)*$degree

go 50,50

print "Value in radians is"+ " " +$radian

spritehide

I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into Kturtle's Editor

Pause the tutorial and type the program your into KTurtle editor


Resume the tutorial after typing the program.

Run the program Let's Click on Run button to run the program.

Complier shows the following error,

you cannot put “=” here

Highlight Line number 2 This error is in line number 2.
Show error This is a syntax error it occured, as there is no container of variable.
Replace $ sign Let's go back to the program replace the $ sign.
reset

$degree=ask "enter an angle value and click OK"

$radian=(pi/180)*$degree

go 50,50

print "Value in radians is"+ " " +$radian

spritehide

I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into KTurtle's Editor
Run the program let's click on Run button to run the program.

Enter 45 for angle value and click OK

Program runs without errors.

Highlight "enter an angle value and click OK" Let's remove one of the quotes of the string.
reset

$degree=ask "enter an angle value and click OK

$radian=(pi/180)*$degree

go 50,50

print "Value in radians is"+ " " +$radian

spritehide

I will Copy the program from text editor and paste it into KTurtle's Editor
Run the program Click on Run button to run the program

Complier shows the following error,

Text string was not properly closed, expected a double quote “ ” to close the string.

Highlight Line number 2 Here the error is in line number 2.
Replace the quotes I will go to line number 2 and replace the quotes.
reset

$degree=ask "enter an angle value and click OK"

$radian=(pi/180)*$degree

go 50,50

print "Value in radians is"+ " " +$radian

spritehide

I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into Kturtle's Editor

Run the program Click on Run button to run the program

Enter 45 for angle value and click OK.

Program runs without errors.

This way you can find the line at which error has occured, and also correct it.

Let's now learn about runtime errors.
Slide Number 6

Runtime errors

Run-time error occurs during the execution of a program.

It may crash the program when you run it.

Runtime errors are commonly due to wrong input from the user.

Compiler cannnot find these errors.

For example:

  • Trying to divide by a variable that contains no value.
  • Run a loop without a terminating condition or increment value.
“clear” command' I will clear the current program from the KTurtle editor.

Type clear command and Run to clean the canvas.

Highlight the program I already have a program in a text editor.

This program divides two numbers.

'a' is dividend and 'r' is divisor.

reset

$a=ask "enter a number for 'a' and click Ok"'

$r = ask "enter a number for 'r' and click OK"

$d=$a/$r

print $d

I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into KTurtle's Editor.

Pause the tutorial and type the program into your KTurtle editor

Resume the tutorial after typing the program.

Run the program Let's click on Run button to run the program.

le'ts enter 5 for 'a' and click OK

enter 0 for 'r' and click OK

Here we get a runtime error ,

you tried to divide by zero

Highlight Line number 4 This error is in line number 4.
Run time error This error occurs as we cannot divide a number with zero.
Run the program Let's run the program again.

Enter 5 for number and click OK

enter 2 for 'r' and click OK

Program without errors.

“clear” command I will clear the current program from KTurtle editor.

Type clear command and Run to clean the canvas.

Next we will learn about logical errors.
Logical errors Logical error is a mistake in a program's source code that results in incorrect or unexpected behavior.

For example,

Assigning a value to the wrong variable.

Multiplying two numbers instead of adding.

I already have a program in a text editor.
reset

$x=30

message"In while loop, code inside the loop repeats till boolean

evaluates false"

while $x>20 {

$x=$x+1

fontsize 15

forward 20

print $x }

I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into Kturtle's Editor

Pause the tutorial here and type the program into your KTurtle editor

Resume the tutorial after typing the program.

Run the program Now click on the Run button to run the program.

A dialog box pops-up, let's click OK.

Loop goes into an infinite loop.

Highlight “ while” loop condition We see that “while” loop prints numbers from 31 and it is still printing.

This is a logical error.

In the “while” condition x is greater than 20,

but the variable x is always greater than 20

So, the loop never terminates.

Abort the process I will click on Abort button to abort the process.
Change $x=$x+1 to $x=$x-1 Let's change $x=$x+1 to $x=$x-1.
reset

$x=30

message"In while loop, code inside the loop repeats till boolean evaluates false"

while $x>20 {

'$x=$x-1'

fontsize 15

forward 20

print $x }

I will copy the program from text editor and paste it into KTurtle's editor.
Run the program Let's click on Run button to run the program.

A dialog box pop-up let's click OK.

Loop terminates after printing values from 29 to 20.

With this we have come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarise.

Slide Number 9

Summary

In this tutorial we have learnt, errors and types of errors such as
  • Use of variable that has not been declared.
  • Missing quotes in strings.
  • Runtime errors and
  • Logical errors
Slide Number 10

Assignment

As an assignment I would like you to find errors in the given programs
Assignment 1 reset

$x=3

$y=3

if $x==$y

print"they are equal"

else {

print "they are not equal"}

Assignment 2 program to find the nth term and sum of n terms in GP

reset

$x=ask "enter value for x and click Ok"

$y = ask "enter value for y and click Ok"

$g =sqrt ($x*$y)

print "Geometric mean is ="+

Assignment 3 reset

learn sum $x {

{$r=0

for $i= 1 to $x{

return $r}

}

print

Slide number 11

Acknowledgement

Watch the video available at this URL

http://spoken-tutorial.org/What is a Spoken Tutorial It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it

Slide Number 12

The Spoken Tutorial Project Team :

Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials Gives certificates to those who pass an online test For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org

Slide number 13 Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project

It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India More information on this Mission is available at this link http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro ]

This is Madhuri Ganpathi from IIT Bombay signing off. Thank you for joining

Contributors and Content Editors

Arya Ratish, Madhurig