PhET-Simulations-for-Physics/C3/Simple-AC-Circuits/English - Revision history

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Ketkinaina: Created page with " '''Title of the Tutorial: '''Simple AC Circuits '''Author:''' Dr. Jagdish Kaur and Muskaandeep Kaur '''Keywords:''' PhET, AC voltage, resistor, capacitor, inductor, capaci..."

2024-11-22T06:29:19Z

Created page with " '''Title of the Tutorial: '''Simple AC Circuits '''Author:''' Dr. Jagdish Kaur and Muskaandeep Kaur '''Keywords:''' PhET, AC voltage, resistor, capacitor, inductor, capaci..."

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'''Title of the Tutorial: '''Simple AC Circuits

'''Author:''' Dr. Jagdish Kaur and Muskaandeep Kaur

'''Keywords:''' PhET, AC voltage, resistor, capacitor, inductor, capacitive reactance, inductive reactance, video tutorial.

{|border=1
|-
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to this Spoken tutorial on '''Simple AC Circuits'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning Objectives'''
|| In this tutorial we will learn to,
* Build simple AC circuits
* Find the phase relation between voltage and current for different AC circuits
* Calculate capacitive reactance and inductive reactance of the circuits.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 3'''

'''System Requirements'''
|| This tutorial is recorded using,
* Windows 11
* Google Chrome v 123.0.63
|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''

'''Pre-requisites'''
|| To follow this tutorial,Learners should be familiar with topics in
* Basic science
* Simple AC Components
|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Alternating Current'''
|| Now let’s define alternating current,

Magnitude of AC current changes continuously with time, and its direction reverses periodically.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Alternating Current'''
|| '''Alternating Current''' can be represented by Sine or Cosine curve.
* I=Io Sin ωt or
* I=Io Cos ωt
|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''Capacitive Reactance'''
|| Capacitive reactance (XC).
* It is the opposition offered by a capacitor to the change in current.
* It depends inversely on the frequency of the ac source.
* XC = <math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}</math>

Unit of XC is ohm.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 8'''

'''Inductive Reactance'''
|| Inductive reactance (XL)

It is the opposition offered by an inductor to the change in current.

It varies directly with the frequency of the ac source.

XL = 2πνL

Unit of XL is ohm.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 9'''

Links for '''PhET simulations'''

[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab]
|| In this tutorial we will use '''Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab''' '''PhET simulation'''.

Please use the given link to download the simulation.

[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab]
|-
|| Point to the simulations in the''' Downloads folder.'''

'''Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab'''
|| I have already downloaded the '''simulation '''to my '''Downloads '''folder.
|-
|| '''Point to Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation.'''
|| Let us begin.
|-
|| '''Right-click on Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation_en.html file.'''

Select '''Open with Google Chrome '''option.

Point to the browser address.
|| To open the simulation, right-click on '''Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation _en.html '''file.

Select the option '''Open with Google Chrome'''. The file opens in the browser.
|-
|| '''Point to the simulation interface.'''
|| This is the interface of '''Circuit construction Kit: AC Virtual Lab '''simulation.
|-
|| Point to the left side of Circuit elements
|| On the left side of the interface, we can see a list of circuit elements.
|-
|| '''Drag a Resistor.'''

'''Click on the Resistor'''

Point to the value of '''resistance.'''
|| Let’s add a resistor to the interface.

By default, Resistance of the resistor is 10 ohms.
|-
|| '''Drag an ammeter'''
|| Attach ammeter in series with the resistor by using wire.
|-
|| '''Drag a light bulb and wire.'''
|| Let’s attach a light bulb in series to the resistor using a connecting wire.
|-
|| '''Point on the AC Voltage source and attached it to the resistor'''
|| Other end of the resistor is connected to the AC Voltage source using a wire.

Here resistor is connected to AC Voltage source in parallel connection.
|-
|| '''Click on the AC Voltage'''
|| By default, AC voltage value is 9 V and its frequency is 0.50 Hz.
|-
|| '''Point on the switch and attached with the AC Voltage source.'''
|| Let’s drag a switch and attach it in series with the AC Voltage source.
|-
|| '''Drag wires and attached in the circuit.'''

'''Click on the Values check box on the right panel '''
|| The circuit is completed by connecting wires in between switch and light bulb.

Click on the '''Values''' check box on the right, to display value of each component.
|-
|| '''Single click on the switch'''
|| Now, close the switch by clicking on it.
|-
|| '''Observe the intensity of light bulb'''
|| We observe that intensity of light bulb is varying due to AC voltage source.
|-
|| Only Narration
|| Now we will find the phase relation between voltage and current for a resistor.
|-
|| '''Click on the Pause button'''
|| Pause the simulation
|-
|| '''Drag Voltage Chart'''
|| Drag Voltage Chart and attach its terminals (probes) across the ends of the resistor.
|-
|| '''Drag Current chart'''
|| Drag Current Chart and place its terminal (probe) on the resistor.
|-
|| '''Click on Play button'''
|| Play the simulation.
|-
|| Point to the graphs in the charts.
|| It is observed that current and voltage peak at the same time.

This indicates that Voltage and current are in phase.
|-
|| '''Click on the Pause button'''
|| Pause the simulation
|-
|| Only Narration
|| Now, we will find the phase relation between voltage and current for a capacitor.
|-
|| Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart close to the charts.
|| Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart to their default positions.
|-
|| Point to the information box.
|| In the circuit click on resistor component.

In the resistance edit box click on the delete icon to delete the resistance.
|-
|| '''Drag a capacitor'''

'''Click on the capacitor'''
|| Drag a capacitor from the circuit components.

Place the capacitor at the same position as the resistor.

By default, capacitance of the capacitor is 0.10 F.
|-
|| '''Click on Play button'''
|| Now Play the simulation.
|-
|| '''Point to the capacitor'''
|| Observe the changing red and blue charges on the plates of capacitor.

These indicate the charging and discharging of the capacitor.
|-
|| '''Point to the light bulb'''
|| The intensity of light bulb is changing due to AC voltage source.
|-
|| '''Click on the AC Voltage source and Point to the frequency '''
|| Click on the AC Voltage source and note the frequency.
|-
|| Point to the values of capacitance and frequency on the interface.
|| Let us calculate '''Capacitive reactance '''using '''frequency '''and '''capacitance '''values.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Capacitive reactance'''
||
* The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz.
* Capacitance of the capacitor is 0.1 F.
* XC <nowiki>= </nowiki><math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}}</math><nowiki>=</nowiki><math>\frac{1}{2\times 3.14\times 0.5\times 0.1}</math>
* XC <nowiki>= 3.18 Ω</nowiki>
|-
|| '''Click on the pause button'''
|| Pause the simulation.
|-
|| '''Point to the voltage and current chart'''
|| Now, we will attach the probes of voltage chart and current chart to the capacitor.
|-
|| '''Click on the play radio button'''
|| Now play the simulation.
|-
|| Point to the graphs in the charts.
|| Observe the graphs in the charts, A phase change is noticed.

When a capacitor is connected in the circuit current leads voltage.
|-
|| Click on the pause button
|| Pause the simulation
|-
||
|| Now, we will find the phase relation between voltage and current for an Inductor.
|-
|| Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart close to the charts.
|| Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart to their default positions.
|-
|| Point to the information box.
|| In the circuit click on capacitor component.

In the capacitor edit box click on the delete icon to delete the capacitor.
|-
|| '''Click on the inductor and drag in the interface'''
|| Now, drag an inductor from the given components.

Place the inductor at the same position as the capacitor.

By default, inductance of the inductor is 5 H.
|-
|| '''Click on Play button'''
|| Now Play the simulation.
|-
|| Point to the values of inductance and frequency on the interface.
|| Let us calculate inductive reactance using '''frequency '''and '''inductance '''values.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Inductive Reactance '''
||
* The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz.
* Inductance of the inductor is 5 H
* XL <nowiki>= 2πνL = 2 × 3.14 × 0.5 × 5 = 15.7 Ω</nowiki>
|-
|| '''Click on the pause button'''
|| Pause the simulation.
|-
|| '''Point to the voltage and current chart'''
|| Now, we will attach the probes of voltage chart and current chart to the inductor.
|-
|| '''Click on the play radio button'''
|| Now play the simulation.
|-
|| Point to the graphs in the charts.
|| Observe the graphs in the charts, a phase change is noticed.

When an inductor is connected in the circuit voltage leads current.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Series AC Circuits'''
|| '''Series AC Circuits'''
* In AC Circuits resistor, capacitor and inductor are connected in series.
* The '''impedance (Z)''' is the total opposition to the flow of current in the AC circuit.
* Z = <math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math>
* For, LC circuit, R = 0
* RC circuit, XL<nowiki>= 0 and </nowiki>LR circuit, XC<nowiki>= 0</nowiki>
|-
|| '''Click on Refresh button'''
|| Clear the interface using refresh button.
|-
|| '''Point to the Resistor '''
|| Let’s make series RC circuit.

Drag a resistor
|-
|| '''Point to the Capacitor'''
|| Now, drag a '''capacitor''' and attach it in series with the resistor.
|-
|| '''Point to the ammeter'''
|| Drag an ammeter and attach it in series with the capacitor.
|-
|| '''Click on the AC Voltage'''
|| Other end of the resistor is connected to the AC Voltage source in parallel using a wire.
|-
|| '''Point on the switch and attached with the AC Voltage source.'''
|| Drag a switch and attach it in series with the AC Voltage source.
|-
|| '''Point to the wire'''
|| Close the circuit by attaching a wire between switch and ammeter
|-
|| '''Single click on the switch'''
|| Now, close the switch by clicking on it. Current starts flowing through the circuit.
|-
|| '''Click on the Pause button'''
|| Pause the simulation
|-
|| '''Drag Voltage Chart'''
|| Drag Voltage Chart and attach its terminals (probes) across the ends of the resistor and capacitor.
|-
|| '''Drag Current Chart'''
|| Drag Current chart and place its terminal on the ammeter.
|-
|| '''Click on the play radio button'''
|| Now play the simulation.
|-
|| Point to the graphs in the charts.
|| Observe the graphs in the charts.

No phase change is observed in the RC series circuit.
|-
|| Point to the values of Resistance, capacitance and frequency on the interface.
|| Let us calculate Impedance of RC circuit using '''frequency, resistance '''and '''capacitance '''values.
|-
|| Click on the '''Values''' check box on the right panel
|| Click on the '''Values''' check box on the right, to display value of each component.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 13'''

'''Impedance of RC circuit'''
||
* The resistance of the resistor is 10 Ω.
* The capacitance is 0.10 F.
* Capacitive reactance, XC <nowiki>= 3.18 Ω</nowiki>
* Impedance (Z) =<math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math><nowiki>= 4.48 Ω</nowiki>
|-
|| Only Narration.
|| With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarise.
|-
||'''Slide Number 14'''

'''Summary'''
|| Using this simulation we
* Built simple AC circuits
* Found the phase relation between voltage and current for different AC circuits
* Calculated capacitive reactance and inductive reactance of the circuits.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 15'''

'''Assignment'''
|| As an assignment
* Change the frequency of the AC voltage source to 0.75 hertz and 1.0 hertz,
* find capacitive reactance and inductive reactance at these frequencies.
* Find the phase relation between voltage and current for:
* Series LC circuit
* Series RL circuit
|-
|| '''Slide Number 16'''

'''Spoken Tutorial Project'''
|| The video at the following link summarises the '''Spoken Tutorial''' Project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 17'''

'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project '''team, conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 18'''

'''Forum for specific questions:'''
|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 19'''

'''Acknowledgement'''
|| '''The Spoken Tutorial''' Project was established by the Ministry''' of Education, Government of India'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 20'''

Thank You.
|| This tutorial is contributed by Dr. Jagdish Kaur and Muskandeep Kaur from DAV College Amritsar.

Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 '''Capacitive Reactance'''
 || Capacitive reactance (X<sub>C</sub>).
 * It is the opposition offered by a capacitor to the change in current.
 * It depends inversely on the frequency of the ac source.
-* X<sub>C</sub> = <math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}</math>
+* Unit of Capacitive reactance(X<sub>C </sub>) is ohm.
-−
 Unit of Capacitive reactance(X<sub>C </sub>) is ohm.
 |-
 || '''Slide Number 8'''
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 Please use the given link to download the simulation.
-[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/circuit-construction-kit-ac-virtual-lab]
 |-
 || Point to the simulations in the''' Downloads folder.'''
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 |-
 || '''Drag an ammeter'''
-|| Attach ammeter in series to the resistor by using a connecting wire.
+|| Attach ammeter in series to the resistor using a connecting wire.
 |-
 || '''Drag a light bulb and wire.'''
@@ Line 323: / Line 323: @@
 |-
 || '''Point to the wire'''
-|| The circuit is completed by attaching a wire between switch and the ammeter.
+|| The circuit is completed by attaching wire between switch and the ammeter.
 |-
 || '''Single click on the switch'''
-|| Now, close the switch by clicking on it. The Current starts flowing through the circuit.
+|| Now, close the switch by clicking on it.
 |-
 ||Click on the Pause button

@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 * X<sub>C</sub> = <math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}</math>
-Unit of X<sub>C </sub> is ohm.
+Unit of Capacitive reactance(X<sub>C </sub>) is ohm.
 |-
 || '''Slide Number 8'''
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 X<sub>L</sub> = 2πνL
-Unit of X<sub>L </sub> is ohm.
+Unit of  Inductive reactance(X<sub>L </sub>) is ohm.
 |-
 || '''Slide Number 9'''
@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 '''Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab'''
-|| I have already downloaded the '''simulation '''to my '''Downloads '''folder.
+|| I have already downloaded the '''simulation ''' to my '''Downloads '''folder.
 |-
 || '''Point to&nbsp;Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation.'''
@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 Point to the browser address.
-|| To open the simulation, click on '''Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab Simulation _en.html ''' file.
+|| To open the simulation, click on '''Circuit Construction Kit AC: Virtual Lab html ''' file.
@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 |-
 || '''Point on the AC Voltage source and attached it to the resistor'''
-||The other end of the resistor is connected to the AC Voltage source using wires.
+||The other end of the resistor is connected to AC Voltage source using wires.
 Here resistor is connected to AC Voltage source in parallel connection.
@@ Line 192: / Line 192: @@
 Place the capacitor at the same position as the resistor.
-By default, capacitance of the capacitor is 0.10 F.
+By default, the capacitance of the capacitor is 0.10 F.
 |-
 || '''Click on Play button'''
@@ Line 214: / Line 214: @@
 '''Capacitive reactance'''
 ||
 * The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz.
 * Capacitance of the capacitor is 0.1 F.
-* X<sub>C </sub><nowiki>= </nowiki><math>\frac{1}{2\mathit{\pi \nu C}}</math><nowiki>=</nowiki><math>\frac{1}{2\times 3.14\times 0.5\times 0.1}</math>
+* '''Capacitive reactance''' is 3.18 Ω.
-* X<sub>C </sub><nowiki>= 3.18 Ω</nowiki>
 |-
 || '''Click on the pause button'''
@@ Line 241: / Line 243: @@
 |-
 || Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart close to the charts.
-|| Drag the probes of the voltage chart and current chart to their default positions.
+|| Drag the probes of voltage chart and current chart to their default position.
 |-
 || Point to the information box.
@@ Line 264: / Line 266: @@
 '''Inductive Reactance '''
 ||
 * The frequency of AC voltage source is 0.5 Hz.
 * Inductance of the inductor is 5 H
-* X<sub>L </sub><nowiki>= 2πνL = 2 × 3.14 × 0.5 × 5 = 15.7 Ω</nowiki>
+* '''Inductive Reactance ''' is 15.7 Ω
 |-
 || '''Click on the pause button'''
@@ Line 286: / Line 291: @@
 '''Series AC Circuits'''
 || '''Series AC Circuits'''
 * In AC Circuits, resistor, capacitor and inductor are connected in series.
 * The '''impedance (Z)''' is the total opposition to the flow of current in the AC circuit.
-* Z = <math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math>
+* For LC circuit R=0.
-* For, LC circuit, R = 0
+* RC circuit Inductive reactance = 0 and
-* RC circuit, X<sub>L</sub><nowiki>= 0 and </nowiki>LR circuit, X<sub>C</sub><nowiki>= 0</nowiki>
+* LR circuit Capacitive reactance =0
 |-
 || '''Click on Refresh button'''
@@ Line 305: / Line 314: @@
 |-
 || '''Point to the ammeter'''
-|| Drag an ammeter and attach it in series to the capacitor using the connecting wire.
+|| Drag an ammeter and attach it in series to the capacitor using a connecting wire.
 |-
 || '''Click on the AC Voltage'''
@@ Line 317: / Line 326: @@
 |-
 || '''Single click on the switch'''
-|| Now, close the switch by clicking on it. Current starts flowing through the circuit.
+|| Now, close the switch by clicking on it. The Current starts flowing through the circuit.
 |-
 ||Click on the Pause button
@@ Line 345: / Line 354: @@
 '''Impedance of RC circuit'''
 ||
 * The resistance of the resistor is 10 Ω.
 * The capacitance is 0.10 F.
-* Capacitive reactance, X<sub>C </sub><nowiki>= 3.18 Ω</nowiki>
+* Capacitive reactance is 3.18 Ω.
-* Impedance (Z) =<math>\sqrt{\mathrm{❑}}</math><nowiki>= 4.48 Ω</nowiki>
+* Impedance  is 4.48 Ω
 |-
 || Only Narration.
@@ Line 384: / Line 395: @@
 '''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
-|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project '''team, conducts workshops.
+|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project '''team, conducts workshops using spoken tutorials.
-Gives certificates to those who pass online tests.
+Gives certificates to those who pass online test.
 For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org.