PhET-Simulations-for-Physics/C3/Pendulum-Lab/English - Revision history

Madhurig at 06:33, 15 July 2021

2021-07-15T06:33:16Z

Madhurig: Created page with "{| border=1 || '''Visual Cue''' || ''' Narration''' |- || '''Slide Number 1''' '''Title slide''' || Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Pendulum Lab simulation'''. |-..."

2021-05-10T10:38:44Z

Created page with "{| border=1 || '''Visual Cue''' || ''' Narration''' |- || '''Slide Number 1''' '''Title slide''' || Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Pendulum Lab simulation'''. |-..."

New page

{| border=1
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| ''' Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title slide'''
|| Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Pendulum Lab simulation'''.

|-
|| '''Slide number 2'''

'''Learning objectives'''
|| In this tutorial we will demonstrate,

'''Pendulum Lab PhET simulation'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 3'''

'''System Requirements'''
|| Here I am using,

Ubuntu Linux OS version 16.04

Java version 1.8.0

Firefox web browser version 62.0.3

|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''

'''Pre-requisites'''
|| To follow this tutorial,

Learner should be familiar with topics in high school physics.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Learning goals'''
|| Using this '''simulation''', we will,

* Describe simple harmonic motion
* Demonstrate the oscillations of a pendulum
* Investigate the factors that affect the oscillations of a pendulum

|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Learning goals'''
||
* Explain Conservation of energy during motion of the pendulum
* Demonstrate the oscillations for a pair of pendulums
* Demonstrate the oscillations of a pendulum on other celestial bodies

|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''Simple Pendulum'''
|| '''Simple Pendulum'''.

A simple pendulum has a fixed string attached to a bob.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 8'''

'''Simple harmonic motion'''
|| Now we will define simple harmonic motion

Simple harmonic motion arises when the force on the oscillating body is directly proportional to its displacement from its mean position.

i.e.,

'''F α -x'''

In '''SHM '''there is a continuous interchange of kinetic and potential energies.

Here, mechanical energy is conserved.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 9'''

'''Link for PhET Simulation'''

'''http://phet.colorado.edu'''
|| Use the given link to download the''' simulation.'''

'''http://phet.colorado.edu'''
|-
|| Point to the files in the downloads folder.
|| I have already downloaded the '''simulation''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.

|-
|| Right click on '''pendulum-lab_en.html''' file.

Select '''Open with Firefox web Browser''' option.
|| Right click on '''pendulum-lab_en.html''' file.

Select the option '''Open with Firefox Web Browser'''.

'''Pendulum Lab simulation''' opens.

|-
|| Point to each screen.
|| In the '''Pendulum lab simulation''', we have three screens

'''Intro'''

'''Energy '''

'''Lab'''

|-
|| Click on the '''Intro screen'''.
|| Click on '''Intro''' screen to open it.

|-
|| Point to Pendulum.

Point to protractor.

Point to the ruler.
|| In this screen we have,

A blue coloured pendulum.

A Protractor to show the changes in the angle of the pendulum.

A ruler to measure the distance from the fixed point to the centre of mass.

|-
|| Point to''' Length''' and '''Mass sliders'''.
|| '''Length''' and '''Mass''' sliders to change the length and mass of the pendulum.

|-
|| Point to '''Gravity '''and '''Friction''' sliders.
|| '''Gravity''' and '''Friction''' sliders to change gravity and friction.

|-
|| Move the cursor on check box.
|| At the bottom left corner of the screen we have grey coloured box.

It has the following check boxes.

A '''Ruler'''

A '''Stopwatch''' and

A '''Period Trace'''.

|-
|| Move the cursor to the bottom of the screen.
|| At the bottom of the screen we have,

A '''Pendulum''' and a '''Pair of pendulum''' buttons.

|-
|| Point to '''Stop''', '''Play/Pause''' and '''Step''' buttons.
|| '''Stop''' button to stop the oscillations of the pendulum.

'''Play/Pause''' and '''Step''' buttons.

|-
|| Point to '''Normal''' or '''Slow''' radio buttons.
|| '''Normal''' or '''Slow''' radio buttons to change animation speed.

|-
|| Point to '''Reset''' button.
|| And a '''Reset''' button to reset the '''simulation'''.

|-
|| Open the '''simulation'''

Move the cursor on the '''bob'''.
|| For the pendulum, reference line on the bob is the centre of mass.

|-
|| Click and drag the pendulum from 180 to -180 degrees.
|| Pendulum’s angle can be changed from 180 to -180 degrees.

|-
|| Click and drag the pendulum to '''30 degrees'''.
|| Drag the pendulum to a particular angle say '''30 degrees''' and allow to oscillate.

|-
|| Move the cursor on the '''Length slider'''.
|| Here, default length of pendulum is '''0.70 m'''.

|-
|| Click and drag the '''Length''' slider towards left.
|| Now click and drag the '''Length''' slider towards left till '''0.30 m'''.

|-
|| Click and drag the '''Length slider'''towards right.
|| Observe that as we decrease the length, pendulum oscillates faster.

Drag it back to '''0.70 m'''.

|-
|| Move the cursor on the '''Mass '''slider.
|| The default mass of pendulum is '''1 kg'''.

|-
|| Click and drag the mass slider towards left till '''0.50kg'''in steps of 10.
|| Click and drag the mass slider towards left till '''0.50 kg'''.

Observe that as we change the mass, it does not affect the oscillations of the pendulum.

|-
|| Point to the '''Friction''' slider.
|| Note that '''Friction''' slider is at '''None'''.

|-
|| Click and drag the '''Friction '''slider towards '''Lots'''.
|| Now click and drag the '''Friction''' slider towards '''Lots'''.

Observe that the oscillations of the pendulum slow down.

|-
|| Point to the Pendulum.
|| After sometime pendulum stops oscillating.

This is due to increase in friction, as friction damps the oscillations of the pendulum.
|-
|| Click on the '''Reset''' button.
|| Click on '''Reset''' button to reset the '''simulation'''.

|-
|| Cursor on the screen.
|| Now let us measure time for 10 oscillations at different lengths.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Tabular column'''
|| We will make a tabular column, to show length and time for 10 oscillations of a pendulum.

|-
|| Click on the '''Stop watch''' check box.
|| Next select the '''Stop watch''' to record the time for 10 oscillations.

We will count 10 oscillations for length '''0.70 m'''.

|-
|| Click and drag the pendulum.
|| Click and drag the pendulum at an angle of '''30 degrees''' to count number of oscillations.

|-
|| Click on '''Stopwatch'''.
|| Now we will count the 10 oscillations.

one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.
|-
|| Point to table.
|| Note the value in the table.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Tabular column'''
|| To find the mean time taken for 10 oscillations, we need to measure the time for '''0.70 m''' again.

|-
|| Click on the '''Reset '''button of '''stop watch'''.
|| Click on '''Reset '''button of the '''Stop watch''' to take the count of next 10 oscillations.

|-
|| Click on '''Stop '''button.
|| Click on '''Stop '''button to stop the oscillations.

|-
|| Click and drag the '''Length''' slider to '''0.60 m'''.
|| Change the length to '''0.60 m'''.

|-
|| Point to '''0.60 m'''.
|| Follow the same steps to count 10 oscillations for length '''0.60 m'''.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Tabular column '''

|| Here I have already taken the observations for two different lengths.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 13'''

'''Assignment'''
|| As an assignment,

Change the length of the pendulum to '''0.50 m''', '''0.40 m''' and '''0.30 m'''.

Count for 10 oscillations.

Note down the time.

|-
|| Move cursor on '''Energy''' screen.
|| Next we will move on to '''Energy''' screen,

Click on '''Energy''' screen button at the bottom of the interface.

|-
|| Click on the '''Energy''' screen.
|| In this screen we will explain how energy is conserved during the oscillations of the pendulum.

|-
|| Move the cursor on the '''Energy Graph'''.
|| '''Energy''' screen has almost same tools as that for '''Intro''' screen except for the '''Energy Graph'''.

|-
|| Move the cursor on the pendulum.
|| Click and drag the pendulum to '''60 degrees''' and allow it to oscillate.

Observe the graph.

|-
|| From drop down select '''Jupiter'''.

Point to the graph.
|| From the drop down below '''Gravity''' select '''Jupiter'''.

Observe the change in graph.
|-
|| Click on the '''Slow''' radio button.
|| Click on the '''Slow''' radio button to see the change in graph during the oscillations of the pendulum.

|-
|| Move the cursor on graph.
|| Here, we observe that at the extreme positions the potential energy is maximum.

At the mean position the kinetic energy is maximum.

Therefore, the total mechanical energy is conserved during the motion.

|-
|| Click on the '''Normal''' radio button.
|| Click on the '''Normal''' radio button.

|-
|| Point to '''Friction'''.
|| Now we will see the effect of friction in the graph.

|-
|| Click and drag the '''Friction''' slider towards '''Lots'''.
|| Click and drag the '''Friction''' slider towards '''Lots'''.

|-
|| Point to '''Energy Graph'''.
|| Observe that due to increase in friction there is sudden increase in thermal energy.

|-
|| Point to the '''Energy Graph'''.
|| After sometime total mechanical energy equals thermal energy.

This is because friction damps oscillations of the pendulum.

|-
|| Point to '''Lab''' screen.
|| Now we will move to '''Lab''' screen.

|-
|| Click on the '''Lab''' screen.

Point to the check boxes.
|| In this screen we have the same tools that are included in previous screens.

Additionally we have '''velocity''' and '''Acceleration''' check boxes at the top left corner.

|-
|| Point to''' Period timer.'''
|| And '''Period Timer''' instead of '''Period Trace'''.

|-
|| From bottom of the screen click on pair of pendulums.
|| Select the pair of pendulums.

|-
|| Move the cursor on the top right corner of the screen.
|| Here, we can see that on the top right corner,

there are two lengths and two mass sliders.
|-
|| Move the cursor on '''Length 2'''.
|| The default length of second pendulum is '''1 m'''.

|-
|| Move the cursor on '''Mass 2'''.
|| Default mass is '''0.50 kg'''.

|-
|| Click and drag the blue pendulum to '''60 degrees'''.
|| Drag the blue pendulum to '''60 degrees''' and allow it to oscillate.

|-
|| Click and drag the red pendulum to '''60 degrees'''.
|| Similarly, drag the red pendulum.

|-
|| Move the cursor on the '''Acceleration''' and ''' Velocity''' box.
|| Note that green colour is for '''Velocity''' vector.

And yellow is for '''Acceleration'''.

|-
|| Click on the '''Velocity''' check box.
|| Select '''Velocity''' check box.

|-
|| Click on the '''Slow''' radio button.
|| Select the '''Slow '''radio button to observe the velocity vector carefully.

|-
|| Move cursor on '''green''' colour arrow.
|| Here, we observe that velocity is maximum at its mean position.

It decreases at the extreme positions.

This is due to maximum kinetic energy at the mean position.

|-
|| Click on the acceleration check box.
|| Similarly, let us select '''Acceleration''' vector and observe the change in acceleration.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 14'''

'''Assignment '''
|| As an assignment,

Explain why acceleration is maximum at extreme positions?

|-
|| Click on the '''Reset''' button.
|| Click on '''Reset '''button to reset the '''simulation.'''

|-
|| Point to the Blue pendulum.
|| Using the pendulum, we will compare calculated and measured Time period for different lengths.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 15'''

'''Tabular column'''
|| Let us make a tabular column for

Length '''L''',

Time period '''T''' (Calculated) and

Time period '''T''' (Measured).

|-
|| '''Slide Number 16'''

'''Formula for time period'''

We can calculate the time period using formula

'''T=2π√(l/g)'''

Where '''‘l’''' is the length and '''‘g’''' is acceleration due to gravity.

Value of '''g = 9.81m/s^2'''
|| We can calculate the time period using formula

'''T=2π√(l/g)'''

Where '''‘l’''' is length and '''‘g’''' is acceleration due to gravity.

Value of '''g = 9.81 m/s^2'''

|-
|| Click on the '''Period Timer''' check box from the left bottom grey colour box.
|| Select '''Period Timer'''.

On the right side of the screen a '''Period Timer''' appears.

|-
|| Point to length slider.
|| Note down '''0.70 m''' in the length column.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 17'''

'''Tabular column'''
|| Here I have already calculated the time period using the formula.

We will measure the time period from the '''simulation'''.

|-
|| Click and drag the '''pendulum'''.
|| Now click and drag the pendulum to '''40 degrees'''.
|-
|| Click on the start button of '''Period Timer'''.
|| Click on the start button of the '''Period Timer'''.

Value for time period appears on the screen.

|-
|| Cursor on interface.
|| Note the time period in the measured column.

|-
|| Click and drag the '''Length''' slider to '''0.60 m'''.
|| Now change the length to '''0.60 m'''.

|-
|| Click on the '''Period Timer'''.
|| Again click on the '''Period Timer'''.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 18'''

'''Tabular column'''
|| Note the value in the table.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 19 '''

'''Assignment '''
|| As an assignment,

* Change the lengths of the pendulum to '''0.50 m''', '''0.40 m''', and '''0.30 m'''.
* Note down the measured Time period.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 20'''

'''Assignment '''
||
* Calculate the time period using the formula.
* Compare the calculated and measured time period values.

|-
|| Click on '''Reset''' button.
|| Next '''Reset '''the '''simulation'''.

|-
|| Click and drag the pendulum to '''30 degrees'''.
|| Drag the pendulum to '''30 degrees''' to oscillate.

|-
|| Point to '''Gravity'''.
|| Note that acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9.81 meter per second square.

|-
|| Click on the drop down list below '''Gravity''' to select '''Jupiter'''.
|| Now select '''Jupiter''' from the drop down list.

|-
|| Point to pendulum.
|| Observe the change in oscillations of the pendulum.

|-
|| Point to '''Gravity''' value.
|| Note that value of acceleration due to gravity on '''Jupiter''' is more than that on '''Earth.'''

|-
|| '''Slide Number 21'''

'''Assignment'''
|| As an assignment,

Observe the oscillations on other celestial bodies.

|-
||
|| Let us summarise

|-
|| '''Slide Number 22'''

'''Summary'''
|| In this tutorial, we have demonstrated,

How to use '''Pendulum lab PhET simulation'''.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 23'''

'''Summary'''
|| Using this '''simulation''', we have,

Described simple harmonic motion

Demonstrated oscillations of a pendulum

Investigated the factors that affect the oscillations of a pendulum

|-
|| '''Slide Number 24'''

'''Summary'''
|| Demonstrated how energy is conserved during oscillations

Demonstrated the oscillations of a pair of pendulums

Observed the oscillations on other celestial bodies

|-
|| '''Slide Number 25'''

'''About Spoken Tutorial project'''
|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 26'''

'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project''' team,

conducts workshops using spoken tutorials and

gives certificates on passing online tests.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 27'''

'''Forum for specific questions:'''

Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

Please visit this site

Choose the minute and second where you have the question. Explain your question briefly

Someone from our team will answer them
|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 28'''

'''Acknowledgements'''
|| This project is partially funded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 29'''

'''Acknowledgement'''
|| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.

More information on this mission is available at this link.

|-
||
|| This is Himanshi Karwanje from IIT-Bombay.

Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 Java version 1.8.0
-Firefox web browser version 62.0.3
+Firefox Web Browser version 62.0.3
 |-
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 '''Simple harmonic motion'''
-|| Now we will define simple harmonic motion
+|| Now we will define simple harmonic motion.
 Simple harmonic motion arises when the force on the oscillating body is directly proportional to its displacement from its mean position.
@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
 '''http://phet.colorado.edu'''
 |-
-|| Point to the files in the downloads folder.
+|| Point to the files in the '''Downloads''' folder.
 || I have already downloaded the '''simulation''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.
@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 |-
 || Point to each screen.
-|| In the '''Pendulum lab simulation''', we have three screens
+|| In the '''Pendulum lab simulation''', we have three screens.
 '''Intro'''
-'''Energy '''
+'''Energy '''  and
 '''Lab'''
@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 || Point to Pendulum.
-Point to protractor.
+Point to the protractor.
 Point to the ruler.
@@ Line 140: / Line 140: @@
 |-
-|| Move the cursor on check box.
+|| Move the cursor on the check box.
 || At the bottom left corner of the screen we have grey coloured box.
-It has the following check boxes.
+It has the following checkboxes.
 A '''Ruler'''
@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
 || At the bottom of the screen we have,
-A '''Pendulum''' and a '''Pair of pendulum''' buttons.
+a '''Pendulum''' and a '''Pair of pendulum''' buttons.
 |-
@@ Line 194: / Line 194: @@
 |-
-|| Click and drag the '''Length slider'''towards right.
+|| Click and drag the '''Length slider''' towards right.
 || Observe that as we decrease the length, pendulum oscillates faster.
@@ Line 221: / Line 221: @@
 |-
 || Point to the Pendulum.
-|| After sometime pendulum stops oscillating.
+|| After some time pendulum stops oscillating.
 This is due to increase in friction, as friction damps the oscillations of the pendulum.
@@ Line 254: / Line 254: @@
 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.
 |-
-|| Point to table.
+|| Point to the table.
 || Note the value in the table.
@@ Line 306: / Line 306: @@
 |-
 || Click on the '''Energy''' screen.
-|| In this screen we will explain how energy is conserved during the oscillations of the pendulum.
+|| In this screen, we will explain how energy is conserved during the oscillations of the pendulum.
 |-
@@ Line 333: / Line 333: @@
 || Here, we observe that at the extreme positions the potential energy is maximum.
-At the mean position the kinetic energy is maximum.
+At the mean position, the kinetic energy is maximum.
 Therefore, the total mechanical energy is conserved during the motion.
@@ Line 355: / Line 355: @@
 |-
 || Point to the '''Energy Graph'''.
-|| After sometime total mechanical energy equals thermal energy.
+|| After some time total mechanical energy equals thermal energy.
 This is because friction damps oscillations of the pendulum.
@@ Line 366: / Line 366: @@
 || Click on the '''Lab''' screen.
-Point to the check boxes.
+Point to the checkboxes.
-|| In this screen we have the same tools that are included in previous screens.
+|| In this screen, we have the same tools that are included in previous screens.
 Additionally we have '''velocity''' and '''Acceleration''' check boxes at the top left corner.
@@ Line 376: / Line 376: @@
 |-
-|| From bottom of the screen click on pair of pendulums.
+|| From the bottom of the screen click on pair of pendulums.
 || Select the pair of pendulums.
@@ Line 502: / Line 502: @@
 |-
-|| Cursor on interface.
+|| Cursor on the interface.
 || Note the time period in the measured column.
@@ Line 550: / Line 550: @@
 |-
 || Click on the drop down list below '''Gravity''' to select '''Jupiter'''.
-|| Now select '''Jupiter''' from the drop down list.
+|| Now select '''Jupiter''' from the drop-down list.
 |-
-|| Point to pendulum.
+|| Point to a pendulum.
 || Observe the change in oscillations of the pendulum.