PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C3/Sugar-and-Salt-solutions/English - Revision history

Snehalathak at 09:58, 10 January 2023

2023-01-10T09:58:11Z

Snehalathak at 09:56, 10 January 2023

2023-01-10T09:56:56Z

Snehalathak at 09:56, 10 January 2023

2023-01-10T09:56:15Z

Snehalathak at 07:37, 10 January 2023

2023-01-10T07:37:52Z

Madhurig at 09:38, 9 January 2023

2023-01-09T09:38:59Z

Madhurig at 08:06, 9 January 2023

2023-01-09T08:06:41Z

Show changes

Vidhithakur at 06:35, 17 November 2022

2022-11-17T06:35:46Z

Vidhithakur at 06:31, 17 November 2022

2022-11-17T06:31:33Z

Vidhithakur at 06:26, 17 November 2022

2022-11-17T06:26:01Z

Vidhithakur: Created page with "'''Sugar and Salt Solutions''' '''Author: Vidhi Thakur''' '''Keywords: '''PhET simulation''', '''Sugar, Salts, solute, molarity, concentration, evaporation, Conductivity,..."

2022-11-17T05:52:08Z

Created page with "'''Sugar and Salt Solutions''' '''Author: Vidhi Thakur''' '''Keywords: '''PhET simulation''', '''Sugar, Salts, solute, molarity, concentration, evaporation, Conductivity,..."

New page

'''Sugar and Salt Solutions'''

'''Author: Vidhi Thakur'''

'''Keywords: '''PhET simulation''', '''Sugar, Salts, solute, molarity, concentration, evaporation, Conductivity, water partial charges, space fill format and Ball and stick format, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.

{|border=1
|-
||'''Visual Cue'''
||'''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to this tutorial on '''Sugar and Salt solutions.'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

|| In this tutorial, we will learn about,

*Change in concentration of the solution on:
*addition of a solute
*addition of a solvent
*evaporation

Conductivity of a solution

Identify whether the given compound is ionic or covalent.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 3'''

'''System Requirement'''
|| Here I am using

'''Windows 11 (64 bit).'''

'''Java version 1.8'''

|-
||'''Slide Number 4'''

'''Pre-requisites'''
||To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.

Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET Simulations.

|-
||'''Slide Number 5'''

'''Link for PhET simulation'''

point to

'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/sugar-and-salt-solutions'''
||'''Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.'''

'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/sugar-and-salt-solutions'''

|-
||'''Point to the file in the Downloads folder'''.
||I have downloaded'''Sugar and Salt Solutions'''simulation, to my'''Downloads'''folder.
|-
||'''Double click the file to open'''
||To open the simulation double click on the file.
|-
||'''Cursor on the interface.'''
||This is the interface of'''Sugar and Salt Solutions simulation'''
|-
|| Cursor on simulation interface.

Move the cursor on the tabs, '''Macro, Micro and Water'''.

|| The simulation interface has 3 tabs.

'''Macro, Micro '''and''' Water'''.
|-
|| Cursor on Macro interface.

|| '''Macro '''tab opens first by default.

The main panel shows a container with inlet and outlet water faucets.
|-
|| Show the location of inlet and outlet Faucets.
|| Inlet water faucet is placed at the top-left of the container.

Outlet water faucet is placed at the bottom-right of the container.
|-
|| Cursor on the container.
|| The container is graduated and filled with water.

The markings show 0 Litre, 1 Litre and 2 Litres.
|-
|| Show salt shaker.
|| A salt shaker is placed at the top of the container.

Shake the salt dispenser to add salt to the container.
|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.
|| On the right, we see '''Solute''', '''Concentration '''and''' Conductivity '''panels.
|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.

Point to the options.
|| From the '''Solute''' panel, the solute type can be selected.

The '''Solute''' panel shows '''Salt''' and '''Sugar''' radio buttons.

From here we can select the solute type.

Let us keep the default solute as salt.

|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.

Click on the show values checkbox
|| The '''Concentration''' panel shows the concentration as a bar graph.

Let us check the '''Show values''' checkbox to see the concentration values.
|-
|| Cursor to bottom panel

Drag the Evaporation slider from none to lots.
|| At the bottom we see '''Evaporation''' panel with a slider.

To evaporate water, drag the slider from '''none''' to '''lots'''.

Observe the change in the concentration in the '''Concentration''' panel.

As water evaporates the concentration of the salt increases.

|-
|| Cursor to the bottom of container
|| There is a '''Remove salt '''button at the bottom of the container.

On clicking this button salt is removed from the solution.
|-
|| Click the '''Reset All '''button.
|| '''Reset All '''button resets the simulation to default parameters.
|-
|| Cursor on the water container.

Click on the show value check box.
|| Let us observe the concentration of salt in water.

Let the water level in the container be at 1 litre mark.

Let us check the '''Show values''' box.
|-
|| Shake the salt dispenser.
|| Shake the salt shaker to add salt to the container.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Definition of concentration'''

||

Concentration is a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a given solution.

Molarity is one way of expressing concentration.

Molarity = Number of moles of the solute/Volume of the solution in litres(L)

Molarity (M) = n/Vyes after recording the concentration as a slide with tableThe show values values check box shows various values of molarity.

Using the molarity we can calculate the amount of salt added.

We can show a table here with different molarities and the respective weights.

|-
||
||
|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

|-
|| Cursor on concentration panel

Shake the dispenser to add salt
|| On adding salt, concentration increases as seen in the concentration panel.

I will record the change in concentration.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''Calculations'''
|| Solute in the shaker is 100 g

Molecular weight of sodium chloride(NaCl) is 58.44 g/mol

Molarity = Weight /(Molecular wt x V)

Molarity = 100 / (58.44 x 1)

Molarity <nowiki>= 1.72 M(molar)</nowiki>

|-
|| Cursor on concentration panel
|| Let us add more salt and record the change in concentration.

Letâ€™s tabulate the values to calculate the amount of solute.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 8'''

'''Table 1'''
|| Here I have calculated the amount of solute for different concentrations.
|-
||
||
|-
||Drag the slider on the inlet Faucet.
||Letâ€™s add some water to the container till the 1.5 litres mark.okayhere you can specify how much water is added as the container is graduated.

Observe the concentration in the panel.
|-
||Cursor on the simulation.
||A decrease in concentration is observed.

As per the formula concentration is inversely related to the volume of solution.

Hence on increasing the volume, concentration decreases.
|-
|| Cursor on Evaporation panel.

Slide the evaporation slider to the right.

Cursor to the concentration panel.
|| Now let us see the effect of '''evaporation''' on concentration.

I will drag the evaporation slider from '''none '''to''' lots '''to decrease the volume.

We can see an increase in concentration as the volume decreases.
|-
|| Cursor to the green electrode

Cursor to red electrode

Cursor to bulb and battery
|| Let us now check the '''Conductivity''' panel.

It has a circuit with a green negatively charged anode.

The red positively charged electrode acts as a cathode.

A bulb is connected to a battery to observe the luminescence conductivity.
|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.

Drag the circuit inside the solution

Cursor towards the blub
|| Now let us observe the conductivity of the solution.

Let us drag the circuit inside the solution.

The bulb glows now.
|-
|| Shake the salt dispenser.

Cursor to the bulb

|| Letâ€™s add more salt to the container.

The bulb glows brighter as the concentration of salt in the solution increases.

|-
|| Point to the bulb.
|| Dissociated salts conduct electricity through ions.

Hence intensity of brightness increases.
|-
|| Click on Reset all button

Click on the show values checkbox
||Click on the'''Reset All '''button.

Let us select the '''Show values''' checkbox in the Concentration panel.
|-
|| Cursor on the water container.

|| Let us observe the concentration of sugar in water.

Click on the'''Sugar '''radio button to select sugar as solute.
|-
|| Shake the sugar dispenser.
|| Letâ€™s add sugar to the container.

|-
|| Cursor on concentration panel

Shake the dispenser to add salt
|| On adding sugar concentration increases as seen in the Concentration panel.

Letâ€™s add more sugar to the container and record the concentration.

Letâ€™s tabulate the results.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 9'''

'''Table 2'''
|| Molecular weight of sugar is 342.3 g/mol

Here I have calculated the amount of sugar for different concentrations.
|-
|| Cursor on right panel.

Drag the circuit inside the solution

Cursor towards the blub
|| Let us observe the conductivity of sugar solution.

Drag and place the circuit inside the solution.

This time the bulb does not glow.
|-
|| Point to the solution and bulb.

|| This is because sugar does not dissociate into ions.

Hence cannot conduct electricity.

|-
|| Click on the micro tab to open.
|| To observe this phenomenon in detail click the '''Micro '''tab to open it.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.
|| In the '''Micro''' tab, molecular movement of ions can be observed in the solution.
|-
|| Cursor on right panel.

|| On the right, you will see '''Solute '''and '''Concentration '''panels.

The '''Solute '''panel shows different solutes.

Let us look at the '''Concentration''' panel.

Here sodium ion is shown as a purple sphere and chloride ion as green sphere.

'''Sucrose''' is represented as a molecule with white, grey and red spheres.
|-
|| Cursor on the water container.

Cursor on pause and slow button

|| I will keep Sodium chloride as the default solute.

On the bottom left '''pause''' and '''slow-motion''' buttons can be seen.

Slow-motion button can be used to observe the dissociation in slow motion.
|-
|| Shake salt shaker in a container,

Click on the pause button.

Click the slow-motion button multiple times.

Cursor in right panel
|| Let us add sodium chloride to the container using the salt shaker.

Click the '''pause''' button as soon as the molecules touch the surface of water.

Now click the '''slow-motion''' button multiple times to observe slow dissociation.

I will continue to click the button until all the atoms ionize.

On adding the salt to water it dissociates into ions of opposite charges.

Observe the increase in concentration of the ions in the right panel.
|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.

Click on the Sucrose option in the solute panel.

Add Sucrose
to the container.

Cursor towards the container.
|| Letâ€™s click the '''Reset All''' button to reset the simulation to default parameters.

Now I will change the solute to '''Sucrose'''.

Letâ€™s add '''Sucrose '''to the container.

As observed, '''Sucrose '''does not dissociate into ions.
|-
|| Point to the molecules in the container.
|| Sucrose will not dissociate, as it is a molecular solid with covalent bonding.

So it will not show conductivity as shown by salts.

This explains the conductivity of salts but not sugar.
|-
|| Click the arrow button to show the solutes.
|| Now slide the '''solute''' panel to explore more solutes.

You can practise with the other solutes present in the panel.

|-
|| Cursor on Periodic table button.

Click on the button.

Close the periodic table box.
|| The''' Periodic table button''' is present in the right panel.

This gives information about the elements present in the selected molecule.

They can be individually identified as metals or non-metals.

Close the periodic table box.
|-
|| Click on the Water tab.

Cursor on magnified view.
|| Now click on the '''Water''' tab.

It shows a magnified version of molecular interactions between water molecules.

|-
|| Point to sugar and salt in molecular form.
|| Interface shows salt and sugar as solutes in molecular form.
|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.

Cursor on options and buttons.

Point to sugar highlight option.

Point to the sugar molecules in the Sugar bucket.

Uncheck the '''Sugar highlight '''option.

Point to the sugar molecules in the Sugar bucket.

Click the '''Water partial charges''' option.

Cursor on water partial charges in the container.
|| On the bottom right panel, you will see the '''Show '''panel.

It has two options, Water partial charges and Sugar highlight .

Sugar highlight option is selected by default.

Here the sugar molecules are highlighted in yellow colour.

Lets uncheck the '''Sugar highlight '''option.

Observe that sugar molecules appear in their default colours.

Click the '''Water partial charges''' option.

Partial charges are shown on all water molecules.

|-
|| Cursor on the button.

Click on the '''Sugar in 3D '''button.

Point to the model in the window.

Click on the Ball and stick model.
|| In the right panel, we can also see a '''Sugar in 3D '''button.

Now I will click the '''Sugar in 3D''' button.

A window opens with a 3D model of sugar in '''space fill''' format.

Now Letâ€™s select the Ball and stick option.

The sticks in the model represent covalent bonds between adjacent atoms.
|-
|| Click on the X button to close.
|| Let us close the window.
|-
|| Add salt and pause the simulation.

Cursor on the magnified view.

Cursor on negatively charged charges.

Cursor on positively charged charges.

|| Now letâ€™s add salt to water and immediately pause the simulation.

Observe the orientation of waterâ€™s partial charges with sodium and chloride ions.

Negative partial charges coloured red are aligned around sodium ions.

Positive charges coloured white are aligned around chloride ions.

This demonstrates the dissociation at molecular level in the water.
|-
||Click on the'''Reset All'''.

Click on the water partial charges option.
||Click on the'''Reset All '''button on the right panel.

Select the water partial charges option in the '''Show''' panel.
|-
|| Add sugar to water and pause the simulation.

Cursor on magnified view.
|| Now add sugar to water and immediately pause the simulation.

This time the molecules are not aligned nor do they dissociate.

This is because sugar is a complex molecule with covalent bonds.

This resists its dissociation in water so no ions are formed.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''Summary'''
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let's summarise.

In this tutorial we have learnt about,

Change in concentration of the solution on:
*addition of a solute
*addition of a solvent
*evaporation

Conductivity of a solution.

Identify whether the given compound is ionic or covalent.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 8'''

'''Assignment'''
||

As an assignment,

Explore more solutes and observe their dissociation in water.

Interpret the possible dissociated ions and predict their conductivity.
|-
|| '''Slide''': 9

'''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
||The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
*Please download and watch it.

|-
|| '''Slide''': 10

'''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
||We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.
*For more details, please contact us.

|-
|| '''Slide''': 11

'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''

Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

Please visit this site

Choose the minute and second where you have the question.

Explain your question briefly

The spoken tutorial project will ensure answer.

You will have to register on this website to ask questions.
|| * <div style="margin-left:1.245cm;margin-right:0cm;">Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
|| '''Slide''': 17

'''Forum '''
||The Spoken Tutorial forum is for specific questions on this tutorial.
*Please do not post unrelated and general questions on them.
*This will help reduce the clutter.
*With less clutter, we can use these discussions as instructional material.

|-
|| '''Slide''': 12

'''Acknowledgement '''
|| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India
|-
||
||This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE
*summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay
*signing off

Thank you for joining.

|-
|}

@@ Line 706: / Line 706: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 18'''
+|| '''Slide Number 17'''
@@ Line 712: / Line 712: @@
 || Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India
 |-
-||'''Slide Number 19'''
+||'''Slide Number 18'''
 '''Thank you'''

@@ Line 704: / Line 704: @@
 ||
 * Please post your timed queries in this forum.
 |-

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:37, 10 January 2023
Line 360:		Line 360:


−	Let us drag and place the circuit inside the solution.	+	Let us drag and place the conductivity circuit inside the solution.

@@ Line 275: / Line 275: @@
 '''Table 1'''
 || Here I have calculated the amount of solute for different concentrations.
-|-
-||
 |-
@@ Line 545: / Line 544: @@
-Let's add '''Sucrose '''to the container.
+Let's add '''Sucrose''' to the container.

@@ Line 715: / Line 715: @@
 '''Thank you'''
-||This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE
+||This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off
-*summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay
-*signing off
-−

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 |-
-||'''Slide Number 4'''
+||'''Slide Number 5'''
 '''Pre-requisites'''
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 |-
-||'''Slide Number 5'''
+||'''Slide Number 6'''
 '''Link for PhET simulation'''
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
-The markings show 0 Litre, 1 Litre and 2 Litres.
+The markings show 0 '''Litre''', 1 '''Litre''' and 2 '''Litres'''.
 |-
 || Show salt shaker.
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 |-
 || Cursor on the right panel.
-|| On the right, we see '''Solute''', '''Concentration '''and''' Conductivity '''panels.
+|| On the right, we see '''Solute''', '''Concentration ''' and ''' Conductivity '''panels.
 |-
 || Cursor on the right panel.
@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 |-
 || Click the '''Reset All '''button.
-|| '''Reset All '''button resets the simulation to default parameters.
+|| '''Reset All ''' button resets the simulation to default parameters.
 |-
@@ Line 186: / Line 186: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 6'''
+|| '''Slide Number 7'''
-'''Definition of concentration'''
+'''Concentration and Molarity'''
@@ Line 197: / Line 197: @@
 Molarity is one way of expressing concentration.
-Molarity = Number of moles of the solute by Volume of solution in litres(L)
+||'''Slide Number 8'''
-Molarity (M) = n/V
@@ Line 208: / Line 214: @@
 Shake the dispenser to add salt
-|| On adding salt, concentration increases as seen in the concentration panel.
+|| On adding salt, concentration increases as seen in the '''Concentration''' panel.
@@ Line 219: / Line 225: @@
 Let's tabulate the values to calculate the amount of solute.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 8'''
+|| '''Slide Number 9'''
 '''Table 1'''
@@ Line 315: / Line 321: @@
 |-
 || Cursor on the water container.
-|| Let us observe the concentration of sugar in water.
+|| Now let us observe the concentration of sugar in water.
@@ Line 337: / Line 343: @@
 Let's tabulate the results.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 9'''
+|| '''Slide Number 10'''
 '''Table 2'''
@@ Line 367: / Line 373: @@
 |-
 || Click on the micro tab to open.
-|| To observe this phenomenon in detail click the '''Micro '''tab to open it.
+|| To observe this phenomenon in detail click the '''Micro ''' tab to open it.
 |-
@@ Line 374: / Line 380: @@
 |-
 || Cursor on right panel.
-|| On the right, you will see '''Solute '''and '''Concentration ''' panels.
+|| On the right, you will see '''Solute ''' and '''Concentration ''' panels.
@@ Line 568: / Line 574: @@
-The sticks in the model represent covalent bonds between adjacent atoms.
+The sticks in the model represents covalent bonds between adjacent atoms.
 |-
 || Click on the X button to close.
@@ Line 626: / Line 632: @@
 This resists its dissociation in water, so no ions are formed.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 7'''
+|| '''Slide Number 11'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 641: / Line 647: @@
 * addition of a solvent
 * evaporation
-Conductivity of a solution.
+||Conductivity of a solution.
 Identify whether the given compound is ionic or covalent.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 10'''
+|| '''Slide Number 13'''
 '''Assignment'''
@@ Line 659: / Line 668: @@
 Interpret the possible dissociated ions and predict their conductivity.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 11'''
+|| '''Slide Number 14'''
@@ Line 668: / Line 677: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 12'''
+|| '''Slide Number 15'''
@@ Line 677: / Line 686: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 13'''
+|| '''Slide Number 16'''
@@ Line 698: / Line 707: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 14'''
+|| '''Slide Number 17'''
@@ Line 709: / Line 718: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 15'''
+|| '''Slide Number 18'''
@@ Line 715: / Line 724: @@
 || Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India
 |-
-||
+||'''Slide Number 19'''
 ||This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE
 *summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay

@@ Line 533: / Line 533: @@
 Click on the Sucrose option in the solute panel.
-Add Sucrose
+Add Sucrose to the container.
- to the container.
@@ Line 761: / Line 760: @@
 Identify whether the given compound is ionic or covalent.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 8'''
+|| '''Slide Number 10'''
 '''Assignment'''
@@ Line 774: / Line 773: @@
 Interpret the possible dissociated ions and predict their conductivity.
 |-
-|| '''Slide''': 9
+|| '''Slide Number 11'''
 '''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
@@ Line 782: / Line 782: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide''': 10
+|| '''Slide Number 12'''
 '''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
@@ Line 790: / Line 791: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide''': 11
+|| '''Slide Number 13'''
 '''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''
@@ Line 809: / Line 811: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide''': 17
+|| '''Slide Number 14'''
 '''Forum '''
@@ Line 819: / Line 822: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide''': 12
+|| '''Slide Number 15'''
 '''Acknowledgement '''

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
-*Change in concentration of the solution on:
+Change in concentration of the solution on:
 *addition of a solute
 *addition of a solvent
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 '''Pre-requisites'''
 ||To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.
-Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET Simulations.
+Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET  Simulations.
@@ Line 68: / Line 70: @@
 '''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/sugar-and-salt-solutions'''
 |-
 ||'''Point to the file in the Downloads folder'''.
-||I have downloaded'''Sugar and Salt Solutions'''simulation, to my'''Downloads'''folder.
+||I have downloaded '''Sugar and Salt Solutions''' simulation, to my '''Downloads''' folder.
 |-
 ||'''Double click the file to open'''
@@ Line 81: / Line 82: @@
 |-
 ||'''Cursor on the interface.'''
-||This is the interface of'''Sugar and Salt Solutions simulation'''
+||This is the interface of '''Sugar and Salt Solutions simulation'''
 |-
 || Cursor on simulation interface.
@@ Line 224: / Line 225: @@
 Molarity = Number of moles of the solute/Volume of the solution in litres(L)
-Molarity (M) = n/Vyes after recording the concentration as a slide with tableThe show values values check box shows various values of molarity.
+Molarity (M) = n/Vyes after recording the concentration as a slide with table The show values values check box shows various values of molarity.
 Using the molarity we can calculate the amount of salt added.
@@ Line 232: / Line 233: @@
-|-
-||
-||
-|-
-|| '''Slide Number 6'''
@@ Line 271: / Line 269: @@
-Letâ€™s tabulate the values to calculate the amount of solute.
+Let's tabulate the values to calculate the amount of solute.
 |-
 || '''Slide Number 8'''
@@ Line 279: / Line 277: @@
 |-
 ||
-||
 |-
 ||Drag the slider on the inlet Faucet.
-||Letâ€™s add some water to the container till the 1.5 litres mark.okayhere you can specify how much water is added as the container is graduated.
+||Let's add some water to the container till the 1.5 litres mark.
@@ Line 308: / Line 306: @@
-I will drag the evaporation slider from '''none '''to''' lots '''to decrease the volume.
+I will drag the evaporation slider from '''none ''' to ''' lots '''to decrease the volume.
@@ Line 362: / Line 360: @@
-|| Letâ€™s add more salt to the container.
+|| Let's add more salt to the container.
@@ Line 379: / Line 377: @@
 Click on the show values checkbox
-||Click on the'''Reset All '''button.
+||Click on the '''Reset All ''' button.
@@ Line 391: / Line 389: @@
-Click on the'''Sugar '''radio button to select sugar as solute.
+Click on the '''Sugar '''radio button to select sugar as solute.
 |-
 || Shake the sugar dispenser.
-|| Letâ€™s add sugar to the container.
+|| Let's add sugar to the container.
@@ Line 407: / Line 405: @@
-Letâ€™s add more sugar to the container and record the concentration.
+Let's add more sugar to the container and record the concentration.
-Letâ€™s tabulate the results.
+Let's tabulate the results.
 |-
 || '''Slide Number 9'''
@@ Line 541: / Line 539: @@
 Cursor towards the container.
-|| Letâ€™s click the '''Reset All''' button to reset the simulation to default parameters.
+|| Let's click the '''Reset All''' button to reset the simulation to default parameters.
@@ Line 547: / Line 545: @@
-Letâ€™s add '''Sucrose '''to the container.
+Let's add '''Sucrose '''to the container.
-As observed, '''Sucrose '''does not dissociate into ions.
+As observed, '''Sucrose ''' does not dissociate into ions.
 |-
 || Point to the molecules in the container.
@@ Line 681: / Line 679: @@
-Now Letâ€™s select the Ball and stick option.
+Now Let's select the Ball and stick option.
@@ Line 704: / Line 702: @@
-|| Now letâ€™s add salt to water and immediately pause the simulation.
+|| Now let's add salt to water and immediately pause the simulation.
-Observe the orientation of waterâ€™s partial charges with sodium and chloride ions.
+Observe the orientation of water's partial charges with sodium and chloride ions.
@@ Line 718: / Line 716: @@
 This demonstrates the dissociation at molecular level in the water.
 |-
-||Click on the'''Reset All'''.
+||Click on the '''Reset All'''.
 Click on the water partial charges option.
-||Click on the'''Reset All '''button on the right panel.
+||Click on the '''Reset All '''button on the right panel.