PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C3/Salts-and-Solubility/English - Revision history

Madhurig at 06:59, 10 January 2023

2023-01-10T06:59:17Z

Show changes

Madhurig at 07:30, 9 January 2023

2023-01-09T07:30:52Z

Madhurig at 06:50, 9 January 2023

2023-01-09T06:50:44Z

Madhurig at 05:53, 9 January 2023

2023-01-09T05:53:22Z

Show changes

Nancyvarkey at 10:55, 7 December 2022

2022-12-07T10:55:24Z

Show changes

Vidhithakur at 06:00, 5 November 2022

2022-11-05T06:00:34Z

Vidhithakur at 05:52, 5 November 2022

2022-11-05T05:52:23Z

Vidhithakur: Created page with "'''Salts and Solubility ''' '''Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan''' '''Keywords: '''Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, L..."

2022-11-05T05:30:35Z

Created page with "'''Salts and Solubility ''' '''Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan''' '''Keywords: '''Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, L..."

New page

'''Salts and Solubility '''

'''Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan'''

'''Keywords: '''Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, video tutorial

{|border=1
|-
||'''Visual Cue'''
||'''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to this tutorial on '''Salts and Solubility'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning Objectives'''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about,

*Solubility of different salts.

*Create a neutral compound from anions and cations.

*Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water.

*Calculate the molarity of solutions.

*Calculate Solubility Product of the salts.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 3'''

'''Learning Objectives'''
|| Application of Le Chaterlier’s principle to the dissolution of salts

*Design a salt with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products.

*Use Solubility Product values to predict solubility.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 3'''

'''System Requirement'''
|| Here I am using

'''Windows 11 (64 bit).'''

'''Java version 1.8'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''

'''Pre-requisites'''

''' '''

[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]

|| To follow this tutorial learner should be familiar with,

topics in high school science.

Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET Simulations.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Link for PhET simulation'''

point to

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/soluble-salts
|| Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.

'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/soluble-salts'''

|-
|| '''Point to the file in Downloads folder.'''
|| I have downloaded the '''Salts & Solubility '''simulation, to my Downloads folder.
|-
|| '''Double click the file to open'''
|| To open the simulation double click on the file.
|-
|| '''Cursor on the interface.'''
|| This is the interface of '''salt and solubility simulation'''.
|-
||

Cursor moves across the tabs.
||

It has 3 tabs.
|-
|| Cursor on Table Salt interface.

|| '''Table Salt '''tab opens first by default.

The main panel shows a container with inlet and outlet water taps.
|-
|| Show the location of inlet and outlet taps.
|| Inlet water tap is placed at the top-left of the container.

Outlet water tap is placed at the bottom-left of the container.
|-
|| Cursor on container.
|| The container is graduated and is filled with water.

The markings show from 1x 10-23 Liters to 8x 10-23 Liters.
|-
|| Drag the slider on the inlet water tap.

Drag the slider on the outlet water tap.
|| Drag the slider on the inlet water tap towards the right side to fill the container.

To drain the water from the container, drag the slider on the outlet water tap.
|-
|| Show salt shaker.
|| A salt shaker is placed at the top of the container.

Shake the salt dispenser to add salt to the container.
|-
|| Cursor on right panel.
|| On the right panel you will see the Salt''' '''and '''Water '''sections.
|-
|| Cursor on right panel.
|| Salt section gives information about the ions present in the container.

It shows the number of dissolved, bound and total number of ions in the container.
|-
|| Cursor on right panel.
|| The water section shows the volume of water in the container.

|-
|| Cursor on '''Reset All '''button.
|| Click on the '''Reset All '''button on the right panel.

To reset the simulation to the default parameters.
|-
|| Cursor on the water container.
|| Let us see how table salt dissolves in water.

Let the water level in the container be at the default level, 5x10-23 liters mark.
|-
|| Shake the salt shaker.
|| Shake the salt shaker to add salt to the container.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Solubility Product expression of NaCl'''

|| Table salt is scientifically called Sodium Chloride.

It ionizes in water as sodium and chloride ions.

Here is the Solubility Product expression of NaCl

NaCl(s) <----> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Ksp = [Na+] [Cl-]

The smaller the Solubility Product, the lower the solubility.

|-
|| Cursor on sodium and chloride ions.
|| Sodium ions are represented as red spheres and chloride ions as green spheres.

Add more salt to the container and observe the solution.
|-
|| Cursor on sodium and chloride ions.
|| As soon as the salt touches the water it dissociates into sodium ions and chloride ions.
|-
|| Cursor on right panel.
|| Note the number of sodium and chloride ions in the Salt panel on the right.

They are equal in number.

The sodium chloride is neutral molecule

It has one positive sodium ion and one negative chloride ion.
|-
|| Shake the salt dispenser.

180 ions in solution, no bound ions.
|| Add more salt to the container.

Observe the right panel.

Wait for a few seconds for the solution to reach equilibrium.
|-
|| Cursor on the water container.

Shake the salt dispenser.
|| Sodium chloride is highly soluble in water.

The bound ions will be zero until it reaches the saturation level.

Add more salt until you see some bound ions in the Salt panel.
|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.
|| The salt solution has now reached saturation level.

The bound or undissolved ions are in equilibrium with the dissolved ions in solution.

Approximately 180 dissolved ions are observed.

Notice the continuous adjustment of dissolved and bound ions on the panel.
|-
|| Cursor on the water container.
|| Observe the ions in the container.

The ions continuously go back and forth from dissolved to bound state to maintain the equilibrium.

|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.
|| Molar solubility for sodium chloride can be calculated using the information in the right panel.

Solubility Product can be calculated from the molar solubility value for each salt.

|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.
|| Note the number of cations and anions at saturation state for sodium chloride.

It is 180 in 5 x 10-23 liters for sodium chloride.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''Calculations: Molar Solubility'''

|| This slide shows how to calculate molar solubility for sodium chloride.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 8'''

'''Calculations: Solubility Product'''

|| We can also calculate Solubility Product for sodium chloride using molar solubility values.

Please refer to additional reading material for details of calculations.

|-
|| Cursor on Simulation interface.

|| Back to the simulation.

Add more salt.

The number of bound ions increases in the solution.
|-
|| Drag the slider on the inlet tap.
|| Add some water to the container.

Observe the ions in the panel as well as in the container.
|-
|| Cursor on the simulation.
|| The number of dissolved ions increases with dilution.

This is because the bound ions now dissolve in the extra added water.

This is in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle.
|-
|| Drag the slider on the inlet tap.
|| Add more water until all the bound ions completely dissolve.
|-
|| Cursor on the simulation.
|| Please refer to the additional material link for more information on Le Chatelier's principle.
|-
|| Click the '''Reset All '''button.
|| Click the '''Reset All '''button.

Practice with a different volume of water in the container.

Observe the results.
|-
|| Click on '''Slightly Soluble Salts''' tab.
|| Next click on '''Slightly Soluble Salts''' tab.

The right panel on the screen shows a drop-down in the '''Salt''' section.
|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.
|| 6 different types of sparingly soluble salts are listed here.
|-
||
|| The rest of the simulation interface is similar to the '''Table Salt '''screen.
|-
|| Shake the salt dispenser.
|| The first salt in the list is '''Strontium Phosphate'''.

Shake the salt dispenser.

A little amount of salt is added to the container with water.

|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.
|| Notice the ratio of Strontium to Phosphate ions in the right panel.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 9'''

Solubility Product expression for Strontium phosphate.
|| This slide shows the Solubility Product expression for Strontium phosphate.

The stoichiometry is 3 is to 2 (3:2).

Therefore the strontium phosphate molecule consists of:

3 atoms of strontium and 2 units of phosphate.
|-
|| Shake the salt dispenser.

Observe the right panel.
|| Shake the salt dispenser a few more times.

You will now notice some bound strontium and phosphate ions in the container.

Observe the right panel.
|-
|| Shake the salt dispenser.

Observe the right panel.
|| Shake the salt dispenser a few more times until you see constant unbound ions in solution.

The solution is now saturated. The equilibrium is established.

At this stage, 45 strontium and 30 phosphate ions are in dissolved state .

The ratio is 3: 2
|-
|| Observe the right panel.
|| Molar solubility for salts can be calculated using the information in the right panel.

Solubility Product can be calculated from the molar solubility value for each salt.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Table Calculations: Molar solubility '''

|| This slide shows how to calculate molar solubility for strontium phosphate.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Table Calculations: Solubility Product'''
|| I have calculated the molar solubility and Solubility Product for strontium phosphate

Make a data table as shown here in your notebook and fill the columns.
|-
|| Cursor on the simulation interface.
|| Increase or decrease the volume of water in the container and observe the results.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Assignment'''
|| You can pause the video and do the following:

Add more water to the container and observe the dissolved and bound ions in water.

Check the solubility of the salts given in the salt drop-down on the right panel.

Note the ratio of ions in each salt.

Note the number of ions at saturation for each salt.

|-
|| Click on '''Design a Salt''' tab.
|| Now click on '''Design a Salt''' tab at the top of the simulation.
|-
|| Cursor on the simulation interface.
|| Here we can creatively design a salt using the different charges for cation and anion.
|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.
|| On the right panel using the drop-down buttons select the charges of your choice.
|-
|| Select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1.
|| I will select cation charge as +2 and anion as -1.
|-
|| Select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10-19
|| I will select the Solubility Product as 1 x 10-19.
|-
|| Shake the salt dispenser.
|| Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water.

Observe the ratio of dissolved cations and anions.

We see two anions for every one cation.

The number of anions is double the number of cations.

This ratio is in accordance with the charges we selected for cation and anion for the salt.
|-
||

Select Solubility Product as 1 x 10-7.
||

Now increase the Solubility Product of the salt to 1x10-7.
|-
|| Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water.
|| Shake the salt dispenser over the container of water.

Observe the number of dissolved ions in the right panel.
|-
|| Cursor on the right panel.
|| Notice the solubility of the salt.

The number of dissolved ions is more this time.

Hence, solubility is more when Solubility Product value is more.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 13'''

'''Summary'''
|| Let us summarize.

In this tutorial we have learnt about,

*Solubility of different salts

*Created a neutral compound from anions and cations

*Equilibrium expression for dissolution of salt in water.

*Calculated the molarity of solutions

*Calculated Solubility Product of salts

|-
|| '''Slide Number 14'''

'''Summary'''
|| Application of Le Chatelier's principle to the dissolution of salts

*Designed a salt with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products.

*Used Solubility Product values to predict solubility.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 15'''

'''Assignment'''

'''Show table here.'''
||

As an assignment,

Explore more salts with various combinations of charges and Solubility Products.

Calculate the molar solubility and Solubility Product for the salts.

|-
|| '''Slide''': 14

'''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
||The video at the following link

Summarises the Spoken Tutorial project

*Please download and watch it.

|-
|| '''Slide''': 15

'''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
||We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.
*For more details, please contact us.

|-
|| '''Slide''': 16

'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''

Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

Please visit this site

Choose the minute and second where you have the question.

Explain your question briefly

The spoken tutorial project will ensure answer.

You will have to register on this website to ask questions.
|| * <div style="margin-left:1.245cm;margin-right:0cm;">Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
|| '''Slide''': 18

'''Acknowledgement '''
|| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India
|-
| |
|| The script for this tutorial is contributed by Snehalatha Kaliappan from IIT Bombay.

This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE

summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay

signing off

Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:30, 9 January 2023
Line 4:		Line 4:
	'''Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan'''		'''Author: Snehalatha Kaliappan'''

−	'''Keywords: '''Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, video tutorial.	+	'''Keywords: '''PhET Simulation, Salts, sparingly soluble salts, solubility, molar solubility, solubility product, molarity, Le Chaterlier’s principle, equilibrium expression, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.

@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 3'''
+|| '''Slide Number 4'''
 '''Learning Objectives'''
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 4'''
+|| '''Slide Number 5'''
 '''System Requirement'''
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 *'''Java version 1.8'''
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 5'''
+|| '''Slide Number 6'''
 '''Pre-requisites'''
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 5'''
+|| '''Slide Number 7'''
 '''Link for PhET simulation'''
@@ Line 147: / Line 147: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 6'''
+|| '''Slide Number 8'''
 ||
 * Table salt is scientifically called '''Sodium Chloride'''.
@@ Line 153: / Line 153: @@
 |-
-||'''Slide Number 7'''
+||'''Slide Number 9'''
 '''Solubility Product expression of NaCl'''
@@ Line 238: / Line 238: @@
 It is 180 in 5 x 10<sup>-23 </sup>liters for '''Sodium Chloride'''.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 8'''
+|| '''Slide Number 10'''
 '''Calculations: Molar Solubility'''
@@ Line 244: / Line 244: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 9'''
+|| '''Slide Number 11'''
 '''Calculations: Solubility Product'''
@@ Line 319: / Line 319: @@
 || Notice the ratio of '''Strontium''' to '''Phosphate''' ions in the right panel.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 10'''
+|| '''Slide Number 12'''
 '''Solubility Product''' expression for '''Strontium Phosphate'''.
@@ Line 360: / Line 360: @@
 '''Solubility Product''' can be calculated from the '''Molar Solubility''' value for each salt.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 11'''
+|| '''Slide Number 13'''
 '''Table Calculations: Molar solubility '''
@@ Line 366: / Line 366: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 12'''
+|| '''Slide Number 14'''
 '''Table Calculations: Solubility Product'''
@@ Line 379: / Line 379: @@
 || Increase or decrease the volume of water in the container and observe the results.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 13'''
+|| '''Slide Number 15'''
 '''Assignment'''
@@ Line 439: / Line 439: @@
 Hence, solubility is more when '''Solubility Product''' value is more.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 14'''
+|| '''Slide Number 16'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 451: / Line 451: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 15'''
+|| '''Slide Number 17'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 459: / Line 459: @@
 * Application of '''Le Chatelier's principle''' to the dissolution of salts
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 15'''
+|| '''Slide Number 18'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 466: / Line 466: @@
 * Used '''Solubility Product''' values to predict solubility.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 16'''
+|| '''Slide Number 19'''
 '''Assignment'''
@@ Line 479: / Line 479: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 17'''
+|| '''Slide Number 20'''
 '''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
@@ Line 488: / Line 488: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 18'''
+|| '''Slide Number 21'''
 '''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
 ||
@@ Line 495: / Line 495: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 19'''
+|| '''Slide Number 22'''
 '''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''
@@ Line 503: / Line 503: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 20'''
+|| '''Slide Number 23'''
 '''Acknowledgement '''
 || Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India

@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 point to
-'''[https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/soluble-salts]'''
+'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/soluble-salts'''
 || Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.
@@ Line 185: / Line 185: @@
 '''Solubility Product expression of NaCl'''
@@ Line 199: / Line 202: @@
@@ Line 576: / Line 576: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide''': 14
+|| '''Slide Number 16'''
 '''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
@@ Line 592: / Line 592: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide''': 15
+|| '''Slide Number 17'''
-−
 '''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
 ||We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.
@@ Line 600: / Line 599: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide''': 16
+|| '''Slide Number 18'''
 '''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''
@@ Line 619: / Line 618: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide''': 18
+|| '''Slide Number 19'''
-−
 '''Acknowledgement '''
 || Spoken Tutorial project is funded by Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India

@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
+'''[https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]'''
-'''   '''
-−
 [https://spoken-tutorial.org/ https://spoken-tutorial.org]
@@ Line 84: / Line 81: @@
 point to
 || Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.
-'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/soluble-salts'''