PhET-Simulations-for-Chemistry/C2/Conductivity/English - Revision history

Madhurig at 07:40, 23 January 2023

2023-01-23T07:40:37Z

Madhurig at 12:11, 10 January 2023

2023-01-10T12:11:48Z

Vidhithakur at 03:32, 17 December 2022

2022-12-17T03:32:51Z

Nancyvarkey at 08:18, 6 December 2022

2022-12-06T08:18:14Z

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Vidhithakur: Created page with " '''Conductivity''' '''Author: Vidhi Thakur''' '''Keywords: PhET simulation,''' '''Conductivity, battery, metals, plastic, photoconductor, valence band, conduction band, b..."

2022-10-21T06:35:10Z

Created page with " '''Conductivity''' '''Author: Vidhi Thakur''' '''Keywords: PhET simulation,''' '''Conductivity, battery, metals, plastic, photoconductor, valence band, conduction band, b..."

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'''Conductivity'''

'''Author: Vidhi Thakur'''

'''Keywords: PhET simulation,''' '''Conductivity, battery, metals, plastic, photoconductor, valence band, conduction band, band gap, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.'''

{|border=1
||'''Visual Cue'''
||'''Narration'''
|-
|'''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
||Welcome to this spoken tutorial on '''Conductivity.'''
|-
||'''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

||In this tutorial, we will learn how,

* Change in voltage makes the electrons move in the circuit.

* Large band gap in plastics do not allow conductivity.

* Shining light on a photoconductor causes it to conduct electricity.
|-
||'''Slide Number 3'''

'''System Requirement'''
||Here I am using

'''Windows 11 (64 bit)'''.

'''Java Version 1.8'''.

|-
||'''Slide Number 4'''

'''Pre-requisites'''

'''https://spoken-tutorial.org'''
|| To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.

Please use the link below to access the tutorials on PhET simulations.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Link for PhET simulation'''

point to

'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about'''
|| Please use the given link to download the PhET simulation.

'''https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/conductivity/about'''

|-
|| '''Point to the file in the Downloads folder'''.
|| I have downloaded the '''Conductivity simulation '''to my '''Downloads''' folder.
|-
|| '''Double click the file to open'''
|| To open the simulation double click on the file.

|-
|| '''Cursor on the interface.'''
|| This is the interface of '''Conductivity simulation.'''
|-
|| Cursor on main panel.

Cursor on input box.

Cursor on electrons.

Cursor on the block.

|| The main panel consists of a circuit.

The circuit has a battery with a box to input the voltage.

Electrons represented as blue spheres are seen throughout the circuit.

A block of material is attached to the circuit at the bottom of the simulation.
|-
|| Cursor on left panel.

|| The expanded rectangle is divided into two bands.

Low energy band is valence band and high energy band is conduction band.

The material conducts electricity when electrons are present in the conduction band.

The gap between the two bands is known as bandgap.

We can see that by default all electrons are in the low energy state.

|-
|| Cursor on Materials.

Cursor on shine the light.

|| On the right panel we can see the Materials section.

It has Metal, Plastic, and Photoconductor radio buttons.

On the right panel t he â€œShine the lightâ€ option is available.

|-
|| Cursor on torch.

|| At the bottom, we have a torch to shine light.

|-
||

Click on up arrow on battery voltage box till 0.5 volts.

|| Let us leave the default selection of material as Metal.

Click the up arrow in the battery voltage box to increase the voltage to 0.2 volts.

Observe the movement of electrons in the circuit.

It means current is flowing through the circuit.

Observe the movement of electrons in the valence band.

|-
|| Click on the Pause button.
|| Let us now pause the simulation.
|-
||

Click the play button.

Click the up arrow button of Battery Voltage
to 0.5 V.
|| This simulation helps to understand the concept of conductivity.

Observe that electrons are present in the circuit, but are not moving.

Now click the '''Play''' button.

The electrons start moving, as we increase the voltage.

|-
|| Click the up arrow button of Battery Voltage to 2 V.

|| Letâ€™s increase the voltage to 2 volts and observe.

As voltage increases the potential difference between the terminals increases.

The electrons now move faster and also move to higher energy levels.
|-
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:| Cursor on left panel.

| | The gap between the valence band and the conduction band is negligible in metals.

So they overlap each other.

This makes metals good conductors of electricity.
|-
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:1pt solid #000000;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:| Click on the Plastic radio button.

Point to band gap in the left panel.

Point to Voltage box: 2 V.

Click the '''Shine The Light '''checkbox.
| | Let us change the material to Plastic.

Observe that the energy gap between the two bands has increased.

We do not see the movement of electrons, even at high voltage.

Now let us click the '''Shine The Light '''checkbox.

Observe that even after shining light electrons are not moving.

|-
| | Cursor on left panel.

| | The band gap for plastic is very high.

So current does not flow in the circuit even after shining the light.

Hence Plastic is a non-conductor.
|-
| | Uncheck the '''Shine The Light''' check box.

| | Let us uncheck the '''Shine The Light''' check box.
|-
| | Click on the Photoconductor radio button.

Point to Voltage box: 2 V.

Click the Shine The Light check box.

Point to the movement of electrons.

Point to the electrons in the higher energy level.

| | Let us change the material to Photoconductor.

Even at high voltage no movement of electrons is seen.

Let us shine the light now.

We can now see the movement of electrons as light strikes the photoconductor.

Observe that some electrons excite to the higher energy band.

|-
| | Cursor on Left panel.
| | Band gap for a photoconductor is less than plastic and more than metal.

Hence when light strikes the material it excites electrons to high energy levels.

This intermediate material is a semiconductor with a small band gap.

Semiconductors conduct electricity in the presence of light, heat and impurities.
|-
| |
| | With this we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let's summarise.
|-
| | '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Summary'''
| | In this tutorial we have learnt how,

<div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Change in voltage makes the electrons move in the circuit.</div>
<div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Large band gap in plastics do not allow conductivity.</div>
<div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">S<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">hining light on a photoconductor causes it to conduct electricity.</div>

|-
| | '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Assignment'''
| | Here is an assignment for you.

Check if,

<div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The conductivity of a metal changes when light is shined.</div>
<div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Photoconductors conduct electricity when battery voltage is decreased.</div>

|-
| | '''Slide''': 13

'''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
| | The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
| | '''Slide''': 14

'''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
| | We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.

For more details, please contact us.
|-
| | '''Slide''': 15

'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''

Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

Please visit this site

Choose the minute and second where you have the question.

Explain your question briefly

The spoken tutorial project will ensure an answer.

You will have to register on this website to ask questions.
| | Please post your timed queries in this forum.
|-
| | '''Slide''': 16

'''Acknowledgement '''
| | Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India
|-
| |
| | This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off.

Thank you for joining.

|-
|}

<div style="margin-left:0.811cm;margin-right:0cm;"></div>

@@ Line 291: / Line 291: @@
 Check if,
 * The conductivity of a metal changes when light is shined.
-* Photoconductors conduct electricity when battery voltage is decreased.
+* Photoconductors conduct electricity when voltage is decreased after shining the light.
 |-

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
- '''Conductivity'''
+'''Conductivity'''
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
-'''Keywords: PhET simulation,''' '''Conductivity, battery, metals, plastic, photoconductor, valence band, conduction band, band gap, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.'''
+'''Keywords''': PhET simulation, Conductivity, battery, metals, plastic, photoconductor, valence band, conduction band, band gap, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.
 {|border=1
@@ Line 14: / Line 15: @@
 '''Title Slide'''
-||Welcome to this spoken tutorial on '''Conductivity.'''
+||Welcome to this spoken tutorial on '''Conductivity'''.
 |-
 ||'''Slide Number 2'''
@@ Line 31: / Line 32: @@
 '''System Requirement'''
-||Here I am using
+||Here I am using,
-*'''Windows 11 (64 bit)'''.
+* '''Windows 11 (64 bit)'''.
-*'''Java Version 1.8'''.
+* '''Java Version 1.8'''.
 |-
@@ Line 43: / Line 44: @@
 '''https://spoken-tutorial.org'''
-|| To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in High School Science.
+|| To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.
-Please use the link below to access the tutorials on '''PhET simulations.'''
+Please use the link below to access the tutorials on '''PhET simulations'''.
 |-
 || '''Slide Number 5'''
-'''Link for PhET simulation'''
+'''PhET simulations'''
 Point to
@@ Line 61: / Line 62: @@
 |-
 || '''Point to the file in the Downloads folder'''.
-|| I have downloaded the '''Conductivity simulation '''to my '''Downloads''' folder.
+|| I have downloaded the '''Conductivity simulation ''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.
 |-
 || '''Double click the file to open'''
@@ Line 68: / Line 69: @@
 |-
 || '''Cursor on the interface.'''
-|| This is the interface of '''Conductivity simulation.'''
+|| This is the interface of '''Conductivity simulation'''.
 |-
 || Cursor on main panel.
@@ Line 134: / Line 136: @@
-It has '''Metal, Plastic''' and '''Photoconductor''' radio buttons.
+It has '''Metal''', '''Plastic''' and '''Photoconductor''' radio buttons.
-On the right panel the '''Shine the light'''  option is available.
+On the right panel the '''Shine The Light'''  option is available.
 |-
@@ Line 145: / Line 147: @@
 |-
-||
+|| Click on up arrow on battery voltage box till 0.2 volts.
-−
-−
-−
 Click on up arrow on battery voltage box till 0.2 volts.
-−
 || Let us leave the default selection of material as '''Metal'''.
@@ Line 171: / Line 168: @@
 || Let us now pause the simulation.
 |-
-||
+|| Point to the circuit.
-−
-−
-−
-−
 Point to the circuit.
 Point to the circuit.
@@ Line 197: / Line 189: @@
 |-
-||
+||Point to the circuit.
-−
 Point to the circuit.
-−
-−
 ||As voltage increases the potential difference between the terminals increases.
@@ Line 208: / Line 196: @@
 |-
 || Only narration.
-||This makes metals good conductors of electricity.
+||This makes metal good conductors of electricity.
 |-
 || Click on the '''Plastic''' radio button.
@@ Line 227: / Line 213: @@
 |-
 ||Click the '''Shine The Light '''checkbox.
 ||Now let us click the '''Shine The Light ''' checkbox.
-−
 ||Now let us click the '''Shine The Light '''checkbox.
@@ Line 236: / Line 220: @@
 |-
 || Cursor on left panel >> band gap.
 || The band gap for '''plastic''' is high.
-−
-−
-−
-−
-−
-−
-|| The band gap for '''plastic''' is very high.
@@ Line 267: / Line 244: @@
 Point to the movement of electrons.
 ||Let us shine the light now.
@@ Line 277: / Line 252: @@
 |-
 ||Point to the electrons in the energy bands in the left panel.
 ||Observe that some electrons excite to the higher energy band.
@@ Line 293: / Line 269: @@
 Semiconductors conduct electricity in the presence of light, heat and impurities.
 |-
-||
+||Only Narration
 || With this we come to the end of this tutorial.
@@ Line 303: / Line 279: @@
 || In this tutorial we have learnt how,
-*Change in voltage makes the electrons move in the circuit.
+* Change in voltage makes the electrons move in the circuit.
-*Large band gap in '''plastics''' do not allow conductivity.
+* Large band gap in '''plastics''' do not allow conductivity.
-*Shining light on a '''photoconductor''' causes it to conduct electricity.
+* Shining light on a '''photoconductor''' causes it to conduct electricity.
 |-
@@ Line 314: / Line 290: @@
 Check if,
-*The conductivity of a metal changes when light is shined.
+* The conductivity of a metal changes when light is shined.
-*Photoconductors conduct electricity when battery voltage is decreased.
+* Photoconductors conduct electricity when battery voltage is decreased.
 |-
@@ Line 341: / Line 317: @@
 || '''Slide Number 11'''
-'''Acknowledgement '''
+'''Acknowledgements '''
 || Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India
 |-
-||
+|| '''Slide Number 12'''
 || This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off.

@@ Line 298: / Line 298: @@
 Let's summarise.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 11'''
+|| '''Slide Number 6'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 308: / Line 308: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 12'''
+|| '''Slide Number 7'''
 '''Assignment'''
@@ Line 318: / Line 318: @@
 |-
-|  | '''Slide''': 13
+|| '''Slide Number 8'''
 '''About Spoken Tutorial Project '''
-| | The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
+|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.
 Please download and watch it.
 |-
-|  | '''Slide''': 14
+|| '''Slide Number 9'''
 '''Spoken tutorial workshops '''
-| | We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.
+|| We conduct workshops using spoken tutorials and give certificates.
 For more details, please contact us.
 |-
-|  | '''Slide''': 15
+|| '''Slide Number 10'''
 '''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial '''
-| | Please post your timed queries in this forum.
+|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.
 |-
-|  | '''Slide''': 16
+|| '''Slide Number 11'''
 '''Acknowledgement '''
-| | Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India
+|| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by the Ministry of Education (MoE), Govt. of India
 |-
-|  |
+||
-| | This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off.
+|| This is Vidhi Thakur, a FOSSEE summer fellow 2022, IIT Bombay signing off.
 Thank you for joining.