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Created page with " {|border=1 ||'''Time''' ||'''Narration''' |- ||00:01 ||Welcome to this '''tutorial''' on''' Radioactive Dating Game, '''an '''interactive PhET simulation.''' |- ||00:08 ||..."

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{|border=1
||'''Time'''
||'''Narration'''

|-
||00:01
||Welcome to this '''tutorial''' on''' Radioactive Dating Game, '''an '''interactive PhET simulation.'''

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||00:08
||In this '''tutorial''', we will demonstrate, '''Radioactive Dating Game''', an '''interactive PhET simulation'''.

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||00:17
||Here I am using,

'''Ubuntu Linux OS''' version 16.04

'''Java''' version 1.8.0

'''Firefox Web Browser''' version 60.0.2

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||00:32
||Learners should be familiar with high school physics and chemistry.

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||00:37
||Using this '''simulation''', we will look at

'''Radioactive decay''' and '''half life'''

Decay rates

Measurement of radioactivity

'''Radioactive dating'''

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||00:51
||Please refer to the '''additional material''' provided with this '''tutorial'''.

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||00:55
||Let us begin.

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||00:58
||Use the given link to download the '''simulation'''.

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||01:02
||I have already downloaded the '''Radioactive Dating Game simulation''' to my '''Downloads folder'''.

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||01:10
||To open the '''jar file''', open the '''terminal'''.

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||01:14
||At the '''terminal prompt''', type '''cd Downloads''' and press '''Enter'''.

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||01:22
||Type '''java space hyphen jar space radioactive-dating-game underscore en dot jar''', press '''Enter'''.

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||01:36
||'''File''' opens in the '''browser''' in '''html format'''.

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||01:41
||This is the '''interface''' for the '''Radioactive Dating Game simulation'''.

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||01:46
||Now we will explore the '''interface'''.

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||01:49
||The '''interface''' has four '''screens''':

'''Half Life'''

'''Decay Rates'''

'''Measurement'''

'''Dating Game'''

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||02:00
||We are already looking at the '''Half Life''' screen.

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||02:04
||At the top of the screen is an '''Isotope versus Time''' graph.

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||02:09
||Pay attention to the units of time.

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||02:12
||On the right side of the screen, you see a '''Choose Isotope''' panel.

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||02:17
||It has three options showing unstable nucleus decaying to stable nucleus.

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||02:25
||In the middle is the '''simulation''' panel containing a '''Bucket o’ Atoms'''.

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||02:31
||Note that it contains '''C-14''' atoms as the default selection is '''C-14'''.

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||02:38
||Attached to the bottom of the bucket is a '''button''' called “'''Add 10'''”.

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||02:44
||'''Stable and Unstable Nuclei'''

The strong nuclear force overcomes the electrostatic repulsion between protons.

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||02:54
||The energy associated with this force is the binding energy.

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||03:00
||The lower the binding energy, the more unstable is the nucleus.

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||03:06
||Such an unstable nucleus is said to be radioactive.

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||03:12
||Below the '''simulation''' panel is a '''Play/Pause button''' and a '''Step button''' next to it.

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||03:19
||In the '''simulation''' panel is a blue '''Reset All Nuclei button'''.

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||03:25
||It lets you return to the start but with the selected isotope.

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||03:30
||Below the right panel is a white '''Reset All button'''.

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||03:35
||It resets the '''simulation''' in this '''screen''' to all the default settings.

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||03:41
||Observe the '''Isotope versus time''' graph.

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||03:45
||There is a vertical red dashed line labeled '''Half Life''' near the 5000 year mark.

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||03:52
||The '''half-life''' of '''C-14''' is 5730 years.

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||03:58
||Along the '''y-axis''', you can see the red '''C-14''' symbol above the blue '''N-14''' symbol.

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||04:06
||'''C-14''' atoms will appear in the upper row and '''N-14''' atoms in the lower one.

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||04:13
||To the left of the '''Isotope''' label is a red circle.

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||04:17
||Numbers of '''C-14''' and '''N-14''' atoms shown by '''hash symbols''' will appear to the left of the circle.

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||04:26
||'''Radioactive Decay'''

'''Radioactive Decay ''' is the spontaneous conversion of an unstable nucleus into a stable nucleus.

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||04:36
||It involves the release of subatomic particles and their energy as radiation.

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||04:43
||It is of the following types:

'''Alpha decay'''

'''Beta decay'''

'''Gamma decay'''.

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||04:52
||'''Half-life''' is the time taken for half of the nuclei in a radioactive material to decay.

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||05:01
||Let us get back to the '''simulation'''.

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||05:04
||Click on '''Add 10''' and immediately click on the '''Pause button'''.

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||05:10
||Ten '''C-14''' atoms have been added to the '''simulation''' panel.

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||05:15
||Almost immediately, red '''C-14''' has started to decay to give blue '''N-14'''.

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||05:22
||Observe the atoms moving across the graph in the two rows.

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||05:28
||Note how the circle changes to blue as more '''N-14''' atoms form.

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||05:34
||Keep clicking on '''Step button''' to the right of '''Pause'''.

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||05:42
||The circle is half red and half blue.

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||05:47
||Observe that there are 5 blue '''N-14''' atoms in the graph.

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||05:54
||There are 5 '''C-14''' atoms and 5 '''N-14''' atoms in the '''simulation''' panel also.

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||06:01
||This is the definition of '''half-life'''.

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||06:04
||If you click again on '''Add 10''', another 10 '''C-14''' atoms will be added to the '''simulation''' panel.

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||06:12
||Predict the number of '''C-14''' atoms remaining after different periods.

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||06:18
||Perform the same '''simulation''' for the other nuclei.

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||06:23
||Click on the '''Decay Rates tab''' to go to that '''screen'''.

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||06:28
||The '''interface''' has a similar arrangement as the '''Half Life screen'''.

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||06:33
||Please explore this '''screen''' in the same way.

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||06:37
||Now, let us click on the '''Measurement tab''' to go to that '''screen'''.

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||06:42
||In the right panel, under '''Choose an Object''', we will stay with '''Tree''', the default selection.

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||06:50
||In the top left, under '''Probe Type''', we will retain the default selections, '''Carbon-14''' and '''Objects'''.

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||06:59
||In the bottom right corner, click on '''Plant Tree button'''.

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||07:04
||Immediately click on the '''Pause button'''.

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||07:07
||Observe 100% appear above '''Probe Type''' in the upper left corner.

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||07:14
||Keep clicking on the '''Step button''' to the right of '''Pause''' to move the simulation along.

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||07:23
||Above the graph, '''% of C-14''' is the default selection.

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||07:29
||The white box below the graph shows the number of years since the tree was planted.

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||07:35
||The red line shows % of '''C-14''' remaining in the tree.

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||07:41
||Click on the second '''C-14''' to '''C-12''' ratio '''radio button''' above the graph.

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||07:48
||Now the red line shows the '''C-14''' to '''C-12''' ratio in the tree.

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||07:53
||Click again on the % of '''C-14 radio button''' above the graph.

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||07:58
||Keep track of the % in the top left, the tree and the number of years below the graph.

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||08:09
||Note down the number of years and % of '''C-14''' when the tree

Loses its green color

Loses all its leaves

Falls over.

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||08:20
||Click on the '''Play''' or '''Step buttons''' to get approximately 50% in the top left window.

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||08:35
||Note the number of years after which you see 50% of '''C-14''' in the tree.

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||08:42
||Click on '''Rock''' and '''Uranium-238 radio buttons'''.

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||08:50
||Click on '''Erupt Volcano''' and '''Cool rock buttons'''.

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||08:58
||Measure '''U-238''' levels in the cooled volcanic rock.

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||09:04
||Click on the '''Air radio button''' to compare isotope levels in objects to air levels.

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||09:12
||Let us click on the last '''Dating Game tab''' to go to that '''screen'''.

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||09:17
||We can measure levels of '''C-14''', '''U-238''' or other '''custom nuclei''' in this '''screen'''.

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||09:25
||We see objects on and below the ground on which we can place the probe to measure these levels.

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||09:34
||'''Radioactive Dating'''

Carbon has two isotopes: '''C-12''' and '''C-14'''.

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||09:41
||Both are converted to carbon dioxide and are taken in by living organisms.

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||09:47
||When an organism dies, it no longer takes in any carbon. So levels of '''C-14''' and ratio of '''C-14''' to '''C-12''' fall.

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||09:57
||'''Radioactive Dating-Continued'''

Radioactive dating compares C-14 C-12 ratio of samples to recently dead specimens.

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||10:06
||It estimates how long the organism has been dead.

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||10:10
||'''Uranium-lead dating''' is used for rocks, archaeological artefacts etc.

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||10:17
||On the top, we see the graph like the ones in the previous screens.

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||10:22
||Let us keep the following default selections:

Under '''Probe Type''', '''Carbon-14'''

'''Objects'''

'''% of C-14'''

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||10:33
||We will drag the '''probe''' and place it on the animal skull on the ground, to the left.

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||10:40
||Observe a '''pop-up box''' that appears next to the skull.

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||10:45
||We see the text, “'''Estimate age of Animal Skull'''” and “'''years'''” next to the empty box below.

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||10:53
||Below this is a '''Check Estimate button'''.

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||10:57
||Observe that in the top left side, above '''Probe Type''', we see 98.2%.

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||11:04
||Let us drag the double-headed green arrow above the graph.

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||11:09
||In the white box above the arrow, % of '''C-14''' should be approximately 98.2%.

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||11:18
||Observe that '''t equals 123 yrs''' appears in the white box above the graph.

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||11:26
||Type 123 in the empty box below '''Estimate age of Animal Skull'''.

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||11:33
||Click '''Check Estimate button'''.

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||11:36
||The '''Estimate pop-up box''' disappears.

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||11:40
||A green text-box with 123 years appears in its place with a green '''smiley''' face next to it.

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||11:48
||We have successfully dated the animal skull by measuring the % of '''C-14''' remaining in it.

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||11:56
||As an '''assignment''',

Estimate ages of all the objects in the '''Dating Game screen'''.

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||12:03
||Correlate age in years with percentage of '''unstable''' nucleus.

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||12:08
||Correlate age in years with the depth at which the object is found.

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||12:13
||Remember to use '''C-14''' for animal remains and '''U-238''' for rocks and other objects.

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||12:20
||Let us summarize.

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||12:22
||In this '''tutorial''', we have demonstrated how to use the '''Radioactive Dating Game PhET simulation'''.

|-
||12:31
||Using this '''simulation''', we looked at:

'''Radioactive decay''' and '''half life'''

Decay rates

Measurement of radioactivity

'''Radioactive dating'''

|-
||12:46
||The video at the following link summarizes the '''Spoken Tutorial project'''.

|-
||12:52
||Please download and watch it.

|-
||12:55
||The '''Spoken Tutorial Project '''team conducts workshops using '''spoken tutorials''' and gives certificates on passing online tests.

|-
||13:04
||For more details, please write to us.

|-
||13:08
||Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
||13:12
||This project is partially funded by '''Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching'''.

|-
||13:20
||'''Spoken Tutorial Project''' is funded by '''NMEICT, MHRD''', Government of India.

|-
||13:28
||More information on this mission is available at this link.

|-
||13:33
||This is '''Vidhya Iyer''' from '''IIT Bombay''', signing off.

|-
||13:37
||Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

PhET-Simulations-for-Biology/C3/Radioactive-Dating-game/English-timed - Revision history

Nancyvarkey: Created page with " {|border=1 ||'''Time''' ||'''Narration''' |- ||00:01 ||Welcome to this '''tutorial''' on''' Radioactive Dating Game, '''an '''interactive PhET simulation.''' |- ||00:08 ||..."