PhET/C3/Rutherford-Scattering/English - Revision history

Meenalghoderao at 12:48, 28 June 2018

2018-06-28T12:48:23Z

Meenalghoderao at 05:57, 28 June 2018

2018-06-28T05:57:44Z

Meenalghoderao: Created page with "{|border=1 ||'''Visual Cue''' ||'''Narration''' |- || '''Slide Number 1''' '''Title slide''' || Welcome to this tutorial on '''Rutherford Scattering simulation'''. |- || ''..."

2018-06-19T12:31:45Z

Created page with "{|border=1 ||'''Visual Cue''' ||'''Narration''' |- || '''Slide Number 1''' '''Title slide''' || Welcome to this tutorial on '''Rutherford Scattering simulation'''. |- || ''..."

New page

{|border=1
||'''Visual Cue'''
||'''Narration'''

|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title slide'''
|| Welcome to this tutorial on '''Rutherford Scattering simulation'''.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning objectives'''
|| In this tutorial we will,

Demonstrate '''Rutherford Scattering''', '''PhET simulation'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 3'''

'''System Requirements'''
|| Here I am using-

Ubuntu Linux OS version 14.04

Java version 1.7.0

Firefox Web Browser version 53.02.2
|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''

'''Pre-requisites'''
|| To follow this tutorial,

Learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Learning Goals'''
|| Using this '''simulation''' we will learn,

About '''Plum pudding''' and '''Rutherford''' atomic models.

To visualise the '''Rutherford gold foil''' experiment.

About behaviour of '''alpha''' particles.

To identify the factors that affect the deflection of '''alpha''' particles.
|-
||
|| Now let us start the demonstration.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Link for PhET simulation'''

[http://phet.colorado.edu/ http://phet.colorado.edu]
|| Use the given link to download the '''simulation'''.

[http://phet.colorado.edu/ http://phet.colorado.edu]
|-
|| Point to '''Rutherford Scattering simulation'''.
|| I have already downloaded '''Rutherford Scattering simulation''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.

|-
|| Right click on '''Rutherford Scattering''' html file.

Select '''Open with Firefox Web Browser''' option.

Point to browser address.
|| To open the '''simulation''', right click on '''Rutherford Scattering''' html file.

Select '''Open with Firefox Web Browser''' option.

File opens in the browser.
|-
|| Point to interface.
|| This is the interface of '''Rutherford Scattering simulation'''.

|-
|| Point to

'''Rutherford Atom''' and

'''Plum Pudding Atom'''
|| The interface has 2 screens-

'''Rutherford Atom'''

'''Plum Pudding Atom'''
|-
|| Point to '''Plum Pudding Atom''' screen.
|| Lets begin with '''Plum Pudding Atom''' screen.

J. J. Thomson proposed '''Plum Pudding''' atomic model.

This model was proposed before '''Rutherford's atomic''' model.
|-
|| Click on '''Plum Pudding Atom''' screen.
|| Click on '''Plum Pudding Atom''' screen to open it.

|-
|| Point to experimental setup.
|| Left side of the screen has experimental set up for '''Plum Pudding''' atomic model.

|-
|| Point to '''Alpha particles''' source and thin sheet of metal.
|| It consist of thin sheet of a metal above the '''Alpha Particles''' source.

|-
|| Point to '''atomic scale'''.

Point to a single atom.

|| Center of the screen has '''view box'''.

It shows a single atom with '''3.0 x 10<sup>-10 </sup>m atomic scale'''.
|-
|| Point to red portion of an atom.

Point to blue spheres in the atom.

Point to atom.
|| In the atom,

Red portion represents the positive charge which is uniformly distributed.

Small blue spheres represent electrons which are embedded in the atom.

There is no separation between positive charge and electrons in the atom.
|-
|| Point to '''Legend''' and '''Alpha paricle''' box.
|| Screen on the right side shows 2 boxes,

'''Legend''' and '''Alpha paricle'''.
|-
|| Point to each component in the '''Legend''' box.
|| '''Legend''' box helps to identify the key components of the atom.

|-
|| Point to '''Energy''' slider.

Point to '''Traces''' checkbox.

Click on '''Traces''' checkbox.
|| '''Alpha Particle''' box consists of,

An '''Energy''' slider to change the energy of incoming alpha particles.

'''Traces''' checkbox to show an '''alpha''' paricle's trajectory.

Check the '''Traces''' checkbox.
|-
|| Point to '''Play/pause''', '''step''' and '''reset''' button.
|| Bottom of the screen we have,
'''Play'''/'''Pause''' button

'''Step''' button and

'''Reset''' button.
|-
|| Click on blue button of '''Alpha Particles''' source.
|| To turn on the '''Alpha Particles''' source, click on the blue button.

|-
|| Point to''' alpha''' particles beam.
|| Notice that '''alpha''' particles beam strikes the thin metal foil.

|-
|| Point to traces in '''view box'''.
|| Observe the path of '''alpha''' particles inside the atom.

|-
|| Point to '''alpha''' Particles.
|| All the '''alpha''' particles pass through the atom undeflected.

|-
|| Point to atom.
|| This is because electrons are distributed evenly throughout the atom.

The magnitude of negative and positive charges inside the atom is equal.

This gives the most stable electrostatic arrangement.

Therefore it makes an atom electrically neutral.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.
|| '''Plum Pudding''' model was able to explain overall neutrality of the atom.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''Limitations of plum pudding model'''
|| '''Plum Pudding''' model of an atom failed to explain,

The stability of an atom

position of the nucleus in an atom
|-
|| '''Slide Number 8'''

'''Plum Pudding Model'''
|| '''Plum Pudding''' model could not account for the atomic structure.

But it provided the base, for the development of other atomic structure models.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 9'''

'''Assignment'''
|| As an assignment,

In '''Plum Pudding atom''' screen,

why '''Atom''' box is missing?

Give an explanation.
|-
|| Point to '''Rutherford Atom''' screen.
|| Let's move on to '''Rutherford Atom''' screen.

|-
|| Click on '''Rutherford Atom''' screen.
|| Click on '''Rutherford Atom''' screen to open it.

|-
|| Cursor on '''Rutherford Atom''' screen.
|| '''Rutherford Atom''' screen helps to visualise the rutherford's gold foil experiment.

|-
|| Point to tools same as '''Plum Pudding''' atom screen.

Point to '''Atom''' box.
|| '''Rutherford Atom''' screen has same tools as that of '''Plum Pudding''' atom screen.

Additionally there is an '''Atom''' box below '''Alpha Particle''' box.
|-
|| Point to '''Protons''' and '''Neutrons''' slider.

Point to '''Protons''' and '''Neutrons''' number.
|| '''Atom''' box consists of,

'''Protons''' and '''Neutrons''' sliders to change the compostion of the nucleus.

Here number of '''protons''' and '''neutrons''' is equal to that of gold atom.
|-
|| Point to box at the center of the screen.

Point to atoms in '''view box'''.
|| At the center of the screen, you will see a box.

It represents a zoom in view of different atoms in the gold foil.
|-
|| Point to '''atomic view''' and '''nuclear view'''.
|| Left side of the screen has 2 model views.

They are '''atomic view''' and '''nuclear view'''.
|-
|| Point to '''atomic view'''.
|| By default '''atomic view''' is selected.

'''Atomic view''' gives an idea about,

the behaviour of '''alpha''' particles as they travel through the atom.
|-
|| Click on blue button of '''Alpha Paricles''' source.

Point to '''alpha''' particles beam.
|| Click on blue button to turn on the''' Alpha particles''' source.

Notice that '''alpha''' particles beam strikes the thin gold foil.
|-
|| Click on '''Traces''' checkbox.
|| Check the '''Traces''' checkbox to see the trajectories of '''alpha''' particles.

|-
|| Point to '''traces'''.
|| Observe the traces of '''alpha''' particles as they approach the nuclei of the atoms.

|-
|| Click on '''Pause''' button>>click on '''Step''' button.
|| Now pause the '''simulation''' and click on '''Step''' button.

|-
|| Point to undeflected '''alpha''' particles.

Point to '''alpha''' particles deflected by small angles.

Point to '''alpha''' particles deflected by 180°.
|| Here,

Most '''alpha''' particles are undeflected.

Some of the '''alpha''' particles are slightly deflected.

A very few '''alpha''' particles bounce back, that is deflected by nearly 180°.
|-
|| Point to '''nuclear view'''.

Click on '''nuclear view'''.

Point to nucleus in '''zoom in view'''.

|| Let's see the behaviour of '''alpha''' particles in '''nuclear view'''.

Click on '''nuclear view'''.

Notice that in '''zoom in view''', atoms are replaced by a single nucleus.
|-
|| Click on '''Play''' button.
|| Now play the '''simulation'''.

|-
|| Point to deflections of '''alpha''' particles.
|| Observe the deflections of '''alpha''' particles as they approach the nucleus.

|-
||Point to deflection of '''alpha''' particles.
|| Here n/p ratio for the gold atom is 1.5.

Therefore '''alpha''' particles show a large deflection.
|-
|| Cursor on interface.
|| Let's study the factors that affects the scattering of '''alpha''' particles.

|-
|| Drag the '''Energy''' slider slowly towards '''min'''.

Point to angles of deflection.
|| Drag the '''Energy''' slider towards '''min'''.

Observe that, angles of deflection increases with the decrease in energy.
|-
|| Cusror on the interface.

|| Next we will see,
how change in composition of nucleus, affects scattering of '''alpha''' particles.
|-
|| Drag the '''Energy''' slider to default position.
|| Lets start with small nucleus with few number of '''protons''' and '''neutrons'''.

Drag the '''Energy''' slider back to its default position.
|-
|| Drag '''Protons''' and '''Neutrons''' sliders towards '''20'''.

Point to nucleus.
|| Then drag the '''Protons''' and '''Neutrons''' sliders towards '''20'''.

Size of the nucleus becomes small.
|-
|| Point to angles of deflection of '''alpha''' particles.
|| Observe the angles of deflection of '''alpha''' particles.

Angle of deflection decreases with the decrease in protons and neutrons number.
|-
||
|| Here atom is stable as n /p ratio is 1.

|-
|| Point to '''alpha''' particles far from nucleus.

Point to '''alpha''' particles closer to nucleus.
|| Observe that,
'''alpha''' particles far from the nucleus have almost no detectable deflection.

While the '''alpha''' particles that are close to the nucleus are deflected.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Assignment'''

|| As an assignment,

Try various combinations of protons and neutrons and check the deflections.

Give an explanation for the change in the behaviour of the '''alpha''' particles.
|-
||
|| Let us summarise.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Summary'''
|| In this tutorial we have demonstrated,

How to use '''Rutherford Scattering''',''' PhET simulation'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Summary'''
|| Using this '''simulation''' we have learnt,

About '''Plum pudding''' and '''Rutherford''' atomic models.

To visualise the Rutherford gold foil experiment.

About behaviour of '''alpha''' particles.

To identify the factors that, affect the deflection of '''alpha''' particles.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 13'''

'''About Spoken Tutorial project'''
|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 14'''

'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project '''team:

conducts workshops using spoken tutorials and

gives certificates on passing online tests.

For more details, please write to us.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 15'''

'''Forum for specific questions:'''

Do you have questions in THIS '''Spoken Tutorial'''?

Please visit this site
Choose the minute and second where you have the question.
Explain your question briefly
Someone from our team will answer them.

|| Please post your timed queries on this forum.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 16'''

'''Acknowledgements'''

|| This project is partially funded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 17'''

'''Acknowledgement'''
|| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.

More information on this mission is available at this link.
|-
||
|| This is Meenal Ghoderao from IIT Bombay.

Thank you for joining.

|}

@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 |-
 || Point to '''Alpha particles''' source and thin sheet of metal.
-|| It consist of thin sheet of a metal above the '''Alpha Particles''' source.
+|| It consists of thin sheet of a metal above the '''Alpha Particles''' source.
 |-
@@ Line 125: / Line 125: @@
 || In the atom,
-Red portion represents the positive charge which is uniformly distributed.
+Red portion represents the positive charge, which is uniformly distributed.
-Small blue spheres represent electrons which are embedded in the atom.
+Small blue spheres represent electrons, which are embedded in the atom.
 There is no separation between positive charge and electrons in the atom.
 |-
-|| Point to '''Legend''' and '''Alpha paricle''' box.
+|| Point to '''Legend''' and '''Alpha particle''' box.
 || Screen on the right side shows 2 boxes,
-'''Legend''' and '''Alpha paricle'''.
+'''Legend''' and '''Alpha particle'''.
 |-
 || Point to each component in the '''Legend''' box.
@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 An '''Energy''' slider to change the energy of incoming alpha particles.
-'''Traces''' checkbox to show an '''alpha''' paricle's trajectory.
+'''Traces''' checkbox to show an '''alpha''' particle's trajectory.
 Check the '''Traces''' checkbox.
@@ Line 230: / Line 230: @@
 || '''Atom''' box consists of,
-'''Protons''' and '''Neutrons''' sliders to change the compostion of the nucleus.
+'''Protons''' and '''Neutrons''' sliders to change the composition of the nucleus.
 Here number of '''protons''' and '''neutrons''' is equal to that of gold atom.
@@ Line 253: / Line 253: @@
 the behaviour of '''alpha''' particles as they travel through the atom.
 |-
-|| Click on blue button of '''Alpha Paricles''' source.
+|| Click on blue button of '''Alpha Particles''' source.
 Point to '''alpha''' particles beam.
@@ Line 311: / Line 311: @@
 |-
 || Cursor on interface.
-|| Let's study the factors that affects the scattering of '''alpha''' particles.
+|| Let's study the factors that affect the scattering of '''alpha''' particles.
 |-

@@ Line 205: / Line 205: @@
 But it provided the base, for the development of other atomic structure models.
 |-
 || Point to '''Rutherford Atom''' screen.
@@ Line 366: / Line 355: @@
 While the '''alpha''' particles that are close to the nucleus are deflected.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 10'''
+|| '''Slide Number 9'''
 '''Assignment'''
@@ Line 380: / Line 369: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 11'''
+|| '''Slide Number 10'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 387: / Line 376: @@
 How to use '''Rutherford Scattering''',''' PhET simulation'''.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 12'''
+|| '''Slide Number 11'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 400: / Line 389: @@
 To identify the factors that, affect the deflection of '''alpha''' particles.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 13'''
+|| '''Slide Number 12'''
 '''About Spoken Tutorial project'''
@@ Line 407: / Line 396: @@
 Please download and watch it.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 14'''
+|| '''Slide Number 13'''
 '''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
@@ Line 418: / Line 407: @@
 For more details, please write to us.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 15'''
+|| '''Slide Number 14'''
 '''Forum for specific questions:'''
@@ Line 432: / Line 421: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 16'''
+|| '''Slide Number 15'''
 '''Acknowledgements'''
@@ Line 439: / Line 428: @@
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 17'''
+|| '''Slide Number 16'''
 '''Acknowledgement'''