PhET/C3/Models-of-the-Hydrogen-Atom/English - Revision history

Karwanjehimanshi95 at 07:01, 10 October 2019

2019-10-10T07:01:39Z

Snehalathak at 10:04, 31 May 2019

2019-05-31T10:04:12Z

Meenalghoderao at 06:53, 31 May 2019

2019-05-31T06:53:37Z

Meenalghoderao at 06:47, 31 May 2019

2019-05-31T06:47:32Z

Meenalghoderao at 07:20, 22 May 2019

2019-05-22T07:20:35Z

Meenalghoderao at 06:27, 22 May 2019

2019-05-22T06:27:04Z

Meenalghoderao at 05:37, 22 May 2019

2019-05-22T05:37:41Z

Meenalghoderao: Created page with " {|border=1 ||'''Visual Cue''' ||'''Narration''' |- || '''Slide Number 1''' '''Title slide''' || Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Models of the hydrogen atom'''. |- ||..."

2019-05-21T12:37:42Z

Created page with " {|border=1 ||'''Visual Cue''' ||'''Narration''' |- || '''Slide Number 1''' '''Title slide''' || Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Models of the hydrogen atom'''. |- ||..."

New page

{|border=1
||'''Visual Cue'''
||'''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title slide'''
|| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Models of the hydrogen atom'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning objectives'''
|| In this tutorial we will,

Demonstrate '''Models of the Hydrogen Atom''', '''PhET simulation'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 3'''

'''System Requirements'''
|| Here I am using-

Ubuntu Linux OS v 14.04

Java v 1.7.0
|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''

'''Pre-requisites'''
|| To follow this tutorial,

Learner should be familiar with topics in high school science.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Learning Goals'''
|| Using this simulation we will,

Visualize different models of the hydrogen atom.

Explain the experimental predictions of each model.

Discuss limitations of each model.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Learning Goals'''
|| Explain the energy level diagram.

Determine the orbital shape and orientation from n, l and m values.
|-
||
|| Let us start the demonstration.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''Link for PhET simulation'''

[http://phet.colorado.edu/ http://phet.colorado.edu]
|| Use the given link to download the '''simulation'''.

[http://phet.colorado.edu/ http://phet.colorado.edu]
|-
|| Point to '''Models of the Hydrogen Atom''' phet.
|| I have already downloaded '''Models of the Hydrogen Atom simulation''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.
|-
|| To open java file,

Press '''Ctrl+Alt+T''' keys.

Type '''cd Downloads''' and press enter.
|| To run the simulation, open the terminal.

At the prompt type '''cd space Downloads''' and press enter.
|-
|| Type '''java hyphen jar hydrogen-atom_en.jar''' and press enter.

Point to the interface.
|| Then type, '''java space hyphen jar space hydrogen hyphen atom_en.jar''' and press enter.

'''Models of the Hydrogen Atom''' simulation opens.
|-
|| Point to '''File''' and '''Help'''.

|| Top-left corner of the screen has a menu bar with menu items.

'''File''' and '''Help'''.
|-
|| Point to '''Experiment''' and '''Prediction'''.
|| Below the menu bar, there is a grey button with two options

'''Experiment''' and

'''Prediction'''
|-
|| Point to '''Experiment'''.
|| By default '''Experiment''' mode opens.
|-
||
Point to light gun.
|| On the screen,

we see an experimental setup with a light gun to emit beam of photons.
|-
|| Point to '''Box of Hydrogen'''.

Point to zoom-in box.
|| There is also a '''Box of Hydrogen'''.

This box is filled with hydrogen atoms.

The zoom-in box represents a single hydrogen atom.
|-
|| Point to '''Turn on the gun''' message.
|| A message appears.

It prompts you to click on the red button to turn on the light beam.
|-
|| Point to '''White''' and '''Monochromatic''' radio buttons.

Point to '''White''' radio button.
|| The light gun has two light controls, '''White''' and '''Monochromatic'''.

By default '''White''' light is selected.
|-
|| Click on '''Prediction''' button.

Point to '''Atomic Model''' panel.

Point to '''Classical''' and '''Quantum Atomic Models'''.
|| Click on '''Prediction''' option on the grey button.

'''Atomic Model''' panel opens on the left-side of the screen.

It has a list of '''Classical''' and '''Quantum Atomic Models'''.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.
|| Here we can check how the prediction of a model matches the experimental results.
|-
|| Point to '''Legend''' box.
|| '''Legend''' box on the right-side of the screen has a list of sub-atomic particles.
|-
|| Point to slider at the bottom.

Point to '''Play'''/'''Pause''' and '''Step''' buttons.
|| At the bottom of the screen we have,

*Slider to control speed of animation

* '''Play'''/'''Pause''' and '''Step''' buttons.

|-
|| Point to '''Billiard Ball''' model.

Click on '''Billiard Ball''' from the list.
|| The first model of atom proposed is the '''Billiard Ball''' model.

By default '''Billiard Ball''' is selected from the list.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 8'''

'''Billiard Ball Model'''
|| '''Billiard Ball''' model is also called as '''Dalton's''' atomic model.

It was proposed by '''John Dalton'''.

According to this model,

individual atom is visualized as solid, hard spheres, like billiard balls.
|-
|| Click on the red button of the light gun.

Point to '''White''' light.
|| Click on the red button of the light gun.

Select '''White''' light.
|-
|| Point to photons in zoom in box.
|| A beam of photons having different wave lengths pass through box of hydrogen.
|-
|| Point to deflected photons in the path of hydrogen atom.
|| Observe that,
All photons in the path of hydrogen atoms are deflected.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 9'''

'''Limitations of Billiard Ball Model'''

Experiments showed that atoms are mostly made up of empty space.

Presence of different kinds of sub-atomic particles was also established.

|| Limitations of '''Billiard Ball''' model.

Here are the limitations of '''Billiard Ball''' model.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Limitations of Billiard Ball Model'''

Sub-atomic particles carry positive and negative charges.

Based on these observations, Plum Pudding Model was suggested.
||
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.

Click on the red button of light gun.

Click on '''Plum Pudding''' model.
|| Back to the '''simulation'''.

Turn off the light beam.

Click on '''Plum Pudding''' from the '''Atomic Model''' list.
|-
|| Point to model in zoom in box.

Point to brown mass.

Point to blue color particle.
|| This model was proposed by '''J. J. Thomson''' in 1898.

The positive charge is uniformly distributed and electrons are embedded into it.

The brown mass is the positive charge.

Blue color particle in the middle is the electron.
|-
|| Click on '''Show spectrometer''' check-box.

Click on the red button of light gun.

Select '''White''' light.
|| Click on '''Show spectrometer''' check-box.

Turn on the light beam.

Select '''White''' light.
|-
|| Point to electron and deflected photons.

Point to spectrum.
|| When photons strikes electron, the electron moves and photons deflected.

Notice that, spectrum consists of only emitted uv photons.
|-
|| Click on red button of the spectrometer.
|| Turn off the light beam.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Limitations of Plum Pudding model'''

Gold foil scattering experiments by '''Rutherford''' showed that,

Positive charge is not spread evenly over the entire atom.
|| This model failed because of the following reasons.

|-
|| Point to '''Classical solar system''' model of atom.
|| Based on the above observations,
Rutherford proposed the '''Classical solar system''' model of atom.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Solar System Model'''
|| Rutherford nuclear model of an atom is like a small scale solar system.

Nucleus plays the role of sun and the electrons that of revolving planets.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 13'''

'''Solar System Model'''
|| The very small positive charge portion of the atom was called nucleus.

Electrons move around the nucleus.

They move with very high speed in circular paths called orbits.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.

Click on '''Pause''' button.

Click on '''Classical Solar System'''.
|| Back to the '''simulation'''.

Pause the '''simulation'''.

Click on '''Classical Solar System''' from the list.
|-
|| Point to '''Show electron energy level diagram'''.

Click on the check box.

Point to '''Electron energy level''' diagram.
|| Screen has '''Show electron energy level diagram''' check-box at the top-right corner.

Click on the check box.

It shows the energy of the electron.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.

|| If this model were true,

it should take an electron only a fraction of a second to spiral into the nucleus.
|-
|| Click on the red button of light gun.
|| Turn on the light beam.
|-
|| Drag the speed slider to '''slow'''.
|| Drag the speed slider to '''slow'''.
|-
|| Click on '''Pause''' button>>> click '''Step''' button.
|| Click on '''Step''' button to view the energy of the electron.

Energy of the electron goes from highest to lowest in a fraction of a second.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.

Click on the red button of light gun.
|| We know that this does not happen.

Atom is known to be stable.

Turn off the light beam.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 14'''

'''Limitations of Solar System model'''
|| '''Rutherford''' model cannot explain,

The stability of an atom and also,

The distribution of electrons and their energies.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.

Click on '''Bohr''' model.

Cursor on the interface.
|| Back to the '''simulation'''.

From the '''Atomic Model''' list, click on '''Bohr'''.

'''Neils Bohr''' proposed a model of hydrogen atom to improve upon '''Rutherford's''' model.
|-
||
Point to electron and orbits in the zoom in box.

Point to orbits in the zoom in box.

Point to '''n=1,2,3,4''' in the '''Electron energy level''' diagram.
|| According to this model,

The electron moves around the nucleus in an orbit of fixed radius and energy.

The energy of an electron in the orbit does not change with time.

These orbits are called energy levels.

These orbits are represented by '''n=1,2,3,4''' etc in the '''Electron energy level''' diagram.
|-
|| Click on the red button of light gun.

Click on '''Play''' button.
|| Turn on the light beam.

Click on '''Play''' button.
|-
|| Point to electron in the first orbit of atom.

Point electron at '''n =1''' in energy level diagram.

|| Initially there is an electron in the 1st orbit of an atom.

'''Electron energy level''' diagram shows electron at n =1st level.
|-
|| Point to '''Electron energy level''' diagram.

Point to '''Electron energy level''' diagram.

|| Observe the electronic transition in '''Electron energy level''' diagram.

Electron absorbs photon and gets excited to higher level.

Energy is emitted when electron moves from higher level to lower level.
|-
|| Point to electron in 1st level.
|| This electron returns back to 1st level.
|-
|| Point to spectrometer.

Point to emitted photons in the spectrometer.
|| Observe the spectrometer.

Spectrometer shows emitted photons.
|-
|| Click on '''Monochromatic''' radiobutton.
|| Under '''Light controls''', click on '''Monochromatic''' radio button.
|-
|| Check '''Show absorption wavelengths''' checkbox.
|| Then check '''Show absorption wavelengths''' checkbox.
|-
|| Point to four vertical spectral lines.
|| You will see four vertical spectral lines.

These lines represent the wavelengths of absorption.
|-
|| Point to highlighted slider.

Point to '''94 nm''' wavelength in text box.
|| The slider is highlighted on the first line.

Wavelength, '''94 nm''' as shown in the text box.
|-
|| Point to '''Electron energy level''' diagram.
|| As the photon strikes the electron,

observe the electronic transition at '''94 nm''' in '''Electron energy level''' diagram.
|-
|| Point to electron at n= 6 level.

Point to electron at n=1 level.
|| The electron moves to n= 6th level.

After a while it moves to lower level by emitting photon.
|-
|| Click on the red button of light gun.
|| Turn off the light beam.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 15'''

'''Assignment '''
|| Select '''Bohr''' Atomic model.

Change the light beam to '''Monochromatic'''.

Observe the electronic transitions at 103nm, 112nm, and 122 nm absorption wave lengths.

Observe the energy level diagram and the spectrometer results.

Note the observation and give an explanation.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 16'''

'''Limitations of Bohr’s model'''
The spectrum of atoms other than hydrogen

Finer details of the hydrogen atom spectrum

Ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds

Splitting of spectral lines in the presence of, '''a Magnetic field (Zeeman effect)
or an Electric field (Stark effect)'''

|| '''Bohr's''' model was unable to explain the following phenomena.

|-
|| Cursor on the interface.

Point to '''deBroglie Model'''.
|| Back to the '''simulation'''.

Another model based on dual behavior of electrons was proposed.
|-
|| Click on '''deBroglie model'''.

Point to wave in zoom in box.
|| Click on '''de Broglie''' from the '''Atomic Model''' list.

Notice the wave which represents electron in zoom-in box.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 17'''

'''deBroglie Atomic Model'''
|| The French physicist, '''de Broglie''' in 1924 proposed dual behavior of electrons.

Like radiation, matter should also exhibit both particle and wavelike properties.

Electrons should also have momentum as well as wavelength.
|-
|| Click on the red button of light gun.
|| Turn on the light beam.
|-
|| Point to electron>>Point to electron at higher energy level orbit.

Point to electron at lower energy level orbit.

Point to energy level diagram.
|| Notice that the electron absorbs photon and moves to higher energy level orbit.

Electron at higher energy level emits energy.

It returns to the lower energy level orbit.

Observe the electronic transitions in '''energy level diagram'''.
|-
|| Point to '''radial view''' drop-down box.

Click on drop-down arrow.

Scroll to '''3D view'''>>click on '''3D view'''.
|| Top-left corner of the view box has '''radial view''' drop-down box.

Click on drop-down arrow.

Scroll to '''3D view''' and click on it.
|-
|| Point to wave nature of electron in '''3D view'''.

Click on the red button of light gun.
|| Now observe the wave nature of electron in '''3D view'''.

Turn off the light beam.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.
|| In order to explain the spectrum of hydrogen atom,

theory of quantum mechanics came into existence.
|-
|| '''Slide number 18'''

'''Schrödinger Model'''

|| '''Erwin Schrödinger''' proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom.

'''Schrödinger''' used mathematical equations to describe the probability of finding an electron.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 19'''

'''Quantum Numbers'''
|| The 3 coordinates that come from '''Schrodinger's''' wave equations are quantum numbers,

'''Principal (n)''', '''Angular (l)''', and '''Magnetic (m)'''.

Quantum numbers describe size, shape and orientation of the orbitals.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.

Click on '''Schrödinger''' model.

Point to atom in the zoom in box.
|| Back to '''simulation'''.

Click on '''Schrödinger''' from the list.

In the zoom in box, atom is shown with nucleus surrounded by electron cloud.
|-
|| Click on the '''White''' radio button.
|| Switch back to '''White''' light.
|-
|| Click on the red button of light gun.

|| Turn on the light beam.

|-
|| Point to electron in zoom in box.
|| Observe that electron absorbs photon and moves to different orbital.
|-
|| Point to shapes of orbitals.
|| Observe the shapes of orbitals as the electron moves.
|-
|| Point to '''Electron energy level''' diagram.

Point to n, l, m in '''energy level''' diagram.
|| Notice the electronic transitions in '''Electron energy level''' diagram.

In addition to value of '''n''', '''energy level''' diagram has values for '''l''' and '''m''' also.
|-
|| Point to '''n, l, m''' value at the bottom right corner of the view box.

Point to '''n, l, m''' value.
|| Note '''n''', ''' l''', '''m''' values at the bottom right corner of the view box.

Note the change in '''n''', '''l''', '''m''' values as the photons strike the electrons.
|-
|| Cursor on the interface.
|| All these models compare how the experimental results match with the prediction.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 20'''

'''Assignment'''
|| As an assignment,

For the '''Schrodinger's''' atomic model, select '''Monochromatic''' light beam.

Note '''n,l,m''' values for the electron at four absorption wavelengths.

Note the orbital shape and possible orientations for each wavelength.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 21'''

'''Summary'''
|| Let us summarise.

In this tutorial we have demonstrated,

How to use '''Models of the Hydrogen Atom''', ''' PhET simulation'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 22'''

'''Summary'''
|| Using this simulation we have,

Visualized different models of the hydrogen atom.

Explained the experimental predictions of each model.

Discussed limitations of each model.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 23'''

'''Summary'''
|| Determined the orbital shape and orientation from '''n''', '''l''' and '''m''' values.

Explained the energy level diagram.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 24'''

'''About Spoken Tutorial project'''
|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 25'''

'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project''' team:

conducts workshops using spoken tutorials and gives certificates on passing online tests.

For more details, please write to us.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 26'''

'''Forum for specific questions:'''

Do you have questions in THIS '''Spoken Tutorial'''?

Please visit this site

Choose the minute and second where you have the question.

Explain your question briefly

Someone from our team will answer them.

|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 27'''

'''Acknowledgements'''

|| This project is partially funded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 28'''

'''Acknowledgement'''
|| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.

More information on this mission is available at this link.
|-
||
|| This is Meenal Ghoderao from IIT Bombay.

Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:01, 10 October 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
−
−

	{\|border=1		{\|border=1

@@ Line 467: / Line 467: @@
 Ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds.
-Splitting of spectral lines in the presence of, a '''Magnetic field (Zeeman effect)'''
+||Limitations of '''Bohr’s''' model
 or an '''Electric field (Stark effect)'''.
-||Limitations of '''Bohr’s''' model
+||'''Bohr's''' model was unable to explain the following phenomena.
 |-
@@ Line 489: / Line 497: @@
 Notice the wave which represents electron in zoom-in box.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 18'''
+|| '''Slide Number 19'''
 '''deBroglie Atomic Model'''
@@ Line 499: / Line 507: @@
 Like radiation, matter should also exhibit both particle and wavelike properties.
 Electrons should also have momentum as well as wavelength.
 |-
 || Click on the red button of light gun.
@@ Line 540: / Line 555: @@
 theory of quantum mechanics came into existence.
 |-
-|| '''Slide number 19'''
+|| '''Slide number 21'''
 '''Schrödinger Model'''
@@ Line 550: / Line 565: @@
 '''Schrödinger''' used mathematical equations to describe the probability of finding an electron.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 20'''
+|| '''Slide Number 22'''
 '''Quantum Numbers'''
@@ Line 559: / Line 574: @@
 '''Principal (n)''', '''Angular (l)''', and '''Magnetic (m)'''.
-'''Quantum''' numbers describe size, shape and orientation of the orbitals.
+|-
 |-
 || Cursor on the interface.
@@ Line 603: / Line 624: @@
 || All these models compare how the experimental results match with the prediction.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 21'''
+|| '''Slide Number 24'''
 '''Assignment'''
@@ Line 614: / Line 635: @@
 Note the orbital shape and possible orientation for each wavelength.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 22'''
+|| '''Slide Number 25'''
 '''Summary'''
-|| Let us summarise.
+|| Let us summarize.
 In this tutorial we have demonstrated,
@@ Line 623: / Line 644: @@
 How to use '''Models of the Hydrogen Atom''', ''' PhET simulation'''.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 23'''
+|| '''Slide Number 26'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 634: / Line 655: @@
 Discussed limitations of each model.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 24'''
+|| '''Slide Number 27'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 641: / Line 662: @@
 Explained the energy level diagram.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 25'''
+|| '''Slide Number 28'''
 '''About Spoken Tutorial project'''
@@ Line 648: / Line 669: @@
 Please download and watch it.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 26'''
+|| '''Slide Number 29'''
 '''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
@@ Line 657: / Line 678: @@
 For more details, please write to us.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 27'''
+|| '''Slide Number 30'''
 '''Forum for specific questions:'''
@@ Line 673: / Line 694: @@
 || Please post your timed queries in this forum.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 28'''
+|| '''Slide Number 31'''
 '''Acknowledgements'''
@@ Line 679: / Line 700: @@
 || This project is partially funded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 29'''
+|| '''Slide Number 32'''
 '''Acknowledgement'''

@@ Line 197: / Line 197: @@
 || Limitations of '''Billiard Ball''' model.
 |-
 || '''Slide Number 10'''
@@ Line 206: / Line 205: @@
 Based on these observations, Plum Pudding Model was suggested.
-||
+||Here are the limitations of '''Billiard Ball''' model.
 |-
 || Cursor on the interface.

@@ Line 156: / Line 156: @@
 Click on '''Billiard Ball''' from the list.
-|| The first model of atom proposed is the '''Billiard Ball''' model.
+|| The first model of atom proposed, is the '''Billiard Ball''' model.
 By default '''Billiard Ball''' is selected from the list.
@@ Line 262: / Line 262: @@
 || Limitations of''' Plum Pudding model'''
-This model failed because of the following reasons.
+Here are the limitations of '''Plum Pudding''' model.
 |-
 || Point to '''Classical solar system''' model of atom.
@@ Line 449: / Line 449: @@
 Change the light beam to '''Monochromatic'''.
-Observe the electronic transitions at 103nm, 112nm, and 122 nm absorption wave lengths.
+Observe the electronic transitions at 103 nm, 112 nm, and 122 nm absorption wave lengths.
 |-
 ||'''Slide Number 16'''
@@ Line 613: / Line 613: @@
 Note '''n,l,m''' values for the electron at four absorption wavelengths.
-Note the orbital shape and possible orientations for each wavelength.
+Note the orbital shape and possible orientation for each wavelength.
 |-
 || '''Slide Number 22'''

@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 '''Learning Goals'''
-|| Using this simulation we will,
+|| Using this '''simulation''' we will,
 Visualize different models of the hydrogen atom.
@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 [http://phet.colorado.edu/ http://phet.colorado.edu]
 |-
-|| Point to '''Models of the Hydrogen Atom''' phet.
+|| Point to '''Models of the Hydrogen Atom'''.
 || I have already downloaded '''Models of the Hydrogen Atom simulation''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.
 |-
@@ Line 163: / Line 163: @@
 '''Billiard Ball Model'''
-|| '''Billiard Ball Model'''
+|| '''Billiard Ball''' Model
 '''Billiard Ball''' model is also called as '''Dalton's''' atomic model.
@@ Line 271: / Line 271: @@
 '''Solar System Model'''
-|| '''Solar System Model'''
+|| '''Solar System''' Model
 Rutherford nuclear model of an atom is like a small scale solar system.
@@ Line 554: / Line 554: @@
 '''Quantum Numbers'''
-|| '''Quantum Numbers'''
+|| '''Quantum''' Numbers
-The three coordinates that come from '''Schrodinger's''' wave equations are quantum numbers,
+The three coordinates that come from '''Schrodinger's''' wave equations are '''quantum''' numbers,
 '''Principal (n)''', '''Angular (l)''', and '''Magnetic (m)'''.
-Quantum numbers describe size, shape and orientation of the orbitals.
+'''Quantum''' numbers describe size, shape and orientation of the orbitals.
 |-
 || Cursor on the interface.
@@ Line 627: / Line 627: @@
 '''Summary'''
-|| Using this simulation we have,
+|| Using this '''simulation''' we have,
 Visualized different models of the hydrogen atom.

@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 || Point to '''File''' and '''Help'''.
-|| Top-left corner of the screen has a menu bar with menu items.
+|| Top-left corner of the screen has a menu bar with menu items
 '''File''' and '''Help'''.
@@ Line 163: / Line 163: @@
 '''Billiard Ball Model'''
-|| '''Billiard Ball''' model is also called as '''Dalton's''' atomic model.
+|| '''Billiard Ball Model'''
 It was proposed by '''John Dalton'''.
@@ Line 258: / Line 260: @@
 Positive charge is not spread evenly over the entire atom.
-|| This model failed because of the following reasons.
+|| Limitations of''' Plum Pudding model'''
 |-
 || Point to '''Classical solar system''' model of atom.
@@ Line 268: / Line 271: @@
 '''Solar System Model'''
-|| Rutherford nuclear model of an atom is like a small scale solar system.
+|| '''Solar System Model'''
 Nucleus plays the role of sun and the electrons that of revolving planets.
@@ Line 332: / Line 337: @@
 '''Limitations of Solar System model'''
-|| '''Rutherford''' model cannot explain,
+|| Limitations of '''Solar System model'''
 The stability of an atom and also,
@@ Line 436: / Line 443: @@
 '''Assignment '''
-|| Select '''Bohr''' Atomic model.
+|| As an assignment,
 Change the light beam to '''Monochromatic'''.
 Observe the electronic transitions at 103nm, 112nm, and 122 nm absorption wave lengths.
-Observe the energy level diagram and the spectrometer results.
+'''Assignment '''
 Note the observation and give an explanation.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 16'''
+|| '''Slide Number 17'''
 '''Limitations of Bohr’s model'''
@@ Line 456: / Line 468: @@
 Ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds.
-Splitting of spectral lines in the presence of, '''a Magnetic field (Zeeman effect)
+Splitting of spectral lines in the presence of, a '''Magnetic field (Zeeman effect)'''
-or an Electric field (Stark effect)'''
+or an '''Electric field (Stark effect)'''.
-|| '''Bohr's''' model was unable to explain the following phenomena.
+'''Bohr's''' model was unable to explain the following phenomena.
 |-
@@ Line 476: / Line 490: @@
 Notice the wave which represents electron in zoom-in box.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 17'''
+|| '''Slide Number 18'''
 '''deBroglie Atomic Model'''
-|| The French physicist, '''de Broglie''' in 1924 proposed dual behavior of electrons.
+||
 Like radiation, matter should also exhibit both particle and wavelike properties.
@@ Line 524: / Line 541: @@
 theory of quantum mechanics came into existence.
 |-
-|| '''Slide number 18'''
+|| '''Slide number 19'''
 '''Schrödinger Model'''
-|| '''Erwin Schrödinger''' proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom.
+|| '''Schrödinger''' Model
 '''Schrödinger''' used mathematical equations to describe the probability of finding an electron.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 19'''
+|| '''Slide Number 20'''
 '''Quantum Numbers'''
-|| The 3 coordinates that come from '''Schrodinger's''' wave equations are quantum numbers,
+|| '''Quantum Numbers'''
 '''Principal (n)''', '''Angular (l)''', and '''Magnetic (m)'''.
@@ Line 583: / Line 604: @@
 || All these models compare how the experimental results match with the prediction.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 20'''
+|| '''Slide Number 21'''
 '''Assignment'''
@@ Line 594: / Line 615: @@
 Note the orbital shape and possible orientations for each wavelength.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 21'''
+|| '''Slide Number 22'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 603: / Line 624: @@
 How to use '''Models of the Hydrogen Atom''', ''' PhET simulation'''.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 22'''
+|| '''Slide Number 23'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 614: / Line 635: @@
 Discussed limitations of each model.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 23'''
+|| '''Slide Number 24'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 621: / Line 642: @@
 Explained the energy level diagram.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 24'''
+|| '''Slide Number 25'''
 '''About Spoken Tutorial project'''
@@ Line 628: / Line 649: @@
 Please download and watch it.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 25'''
+|| '''Slide Number 26'''
 '''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
@@ Line 637: / Line 658: @@
 For more details, please write to us.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 26'''
+|| '''Slide Number 27'''
 '''Forum for specific questions:'''
@@ Line 653: / Line 674: @@
 || Please post your timed queries in this forum.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 27'''
+|| '''Slide Number 28'''
 '''Acknowledgements'''
@@ Line 659: / Line 680: @@
 || This project is partially funded by Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya National Mission on Teachers and Teaching.
 |-
-|| '''Slide Number 28'''
+|| '''Slide Number 29'''
 '''Acknowledgement'''

@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 '''Learning Goals'''
 || Explain the energy level diagram.
 Determine the orbital shape and orientation from n, l and m values.
@@ Line 72: / Line 71: @@
 Press '''Ctrl+Alt+T''' keys.
-Type '''cd Downloads''' and press enter.
+Type '''cd Downloads''' and press '''Enter'''.
-|| To run the simulation, open the terminal.
+|| To run the '''simulation''', open the terminal.
-At the prompt type '''cd space Downloads''' and press enter.
+At the prompt type '''cd space Downloads''' and press '''Enter'''.
 |-
-|| Type '''java hyphen jar hydrogen-atom_en.jar''' and press enter.
+|| Type '''java hyphen jar hydrogen-atom_en.jar''' and press '''Enter'''.
 Point to the interface.
-|| Then type, '''java space hyphen jar space hydrogen hyphen atom_en.jar''' and press enter.
+|| Then type, '''java space hyphen jar space hydrogen hyphen atom_en.jar''' and press '''Enter'''.
-'''Models of the Hydrogen Atom''' simulation opens.
+'''Models of the Hydrogen Atom simulation''' opens.
 |-
 || Point to '''File''' and '''Help'''.
@@ Line 91: / Line 90: @@
 |-
 || Point to '''Experiment''' and '''Prediction'''.
-|| Below the menu bar, there is a grey button with two options
+|| Below the menu bar, there is a grey button with two options,
 '''Experiment''' and
-'''Prediction'''
+'''Prediction'''.
 |-
 || Point to '''Experiment'''.
@@ Line 450: / Line 449: @@
 '''Limitations of Bohr’s model'''
-Finer details of the hydrogen atom spectrum
+The spectrum of atoms other than hydrogen.
-Ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds
+Ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds.
 Splitting of spectral lines in the presence of, '''a Magnetic field (Zeeman effect)