Oscad/C2/Schematic-Creation-and-Simulation/English - Revision history

Nancyvarkey at 01:46, 8 February 2014

2014-02-08T01:46:38Z

Nancyvarkey at 00:55, 8 February 2014

2014-02-08T00:55:49Z

Rakhiwarriar at 11:18, 5 February 2014

2014-02-05T11:18:27Z

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Rakhiwarriar at 11:11, 5 February 2014

2014-02-05T11:11:42Z

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Rakhiwarriar: Created page with ''''Title of the Script: Schematic Creation and Simulation using Oscad''' '''Author:''' '''Rakhi''' '''Keywords: '''video tutorial,''' Oscad, schematic, simulation, EDA, Ngspice…'

2014-01-22T07:24:19Z

Created page with ''''Title of the Script: Schematic Creation and Simulation using Oscad''' '''Author:''' '''Rakhi''' '''Keywords: '''video tutorial,''' Oscad, schematic, simulation, EDA, Ngspice…'

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'''Title of the Script: Schematic Creation and Simulation using Oscad'''

'''Author:''' '''Rakhi'''

'''Keywords: '''video tutorial,''' Oscad, schematic, simulation, EDA, Ngspice, analysis, transient'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <center>'''Visual cue'''</center>
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Opening Slide
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on “'''Schematic''' '''Creation''' and '''Simulation''' using '''Oscad'''”

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Show Slide:

Learning Objectives
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| In this tutorial we will learn to

* create '''circuit schematic'''
* generate '''spice netlist''',
* convert spice '''netlist''' to '''Ngspice''' format and
* simulate the '''netlist'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Show Slide:

Systems Requirements
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Here we will use '''Ubuntu''' '''Linux '''12.04 and '''Oscad''' version 1.0.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Slide

Prerequisites
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| To practise''' '''this''' '''tutorial, basic knowledge of analog and digital electronics is required.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Double-click on '''Oscad''' icon on Desktop
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| To launch''' Oscad''', double-click on the '''Oscad '''icon Will this icon be seen on the Desktop or in the Launcher bar?on your desktop.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Also show launching of '''Oscad''' through terminal:

Press Ctrl, alt, t keys together

Type oscad on terminal

Press Enter

Show '''Oscad''' window
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Alternately, you can launch '''Oscad''' by doing the following:

* Open the '''terminal '''window by pressing the ctrl, alt and t keys together
* Type '''oscad '''on the '''terminal '''and press '''Enter'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Oscad''' window opens up.

Let us now create an RC circuit schematic and simulate it.

The first step is to create a new Oscad Project.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on the '''Project''' tab >> '''New'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on the '''Project''' tab and then on '''New, '''to create a new project.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Choose desired folder >> click on '''OK'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Choose the desired folder and click on '''OK.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Type '''RC''' in '''Enter''' '''Project name''' field >> click '''OK'''.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| In the “'''Enter Project name'''” field, type '''RC''' and click on '''OK'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Show '''Oscad''' tool bar
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| The '''Oscad''' tool bar appears on screen.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on the first tool >> '''schematic''' '''editor'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| To create the '''circuit''' '''schematic''', click on the first tool, that is '''schematic''' '''editor.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Minimize Oscad window
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| '''schematic''' '''editor''' window opens up.

Let me minimize the Oscad window.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click '''OK'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''OK''' to close the '''Info '''dialog box.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click anywhere on the schematic '''editor''' window >> click on '''Preferences''' from the top menu bar >> click on '''Library'''.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Add the '''Oscad component''' libraries to your project by doing the following-

* Click anywhere on the '''schematic editor''' to select it.
* Click on '''Preferences''' from the top menu bar.
* Click on '''Library'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Add'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on the first button, that is, '''Add.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Browse to the '''Oscad''' installation directory >> select the folder ''''library''''.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| To select '''Oscad''' libraries, browse to the directory where '''Oscad''' is installed.

Select the folder ''''library''''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Note that all the '''Oscad library''' names end with the word '''spice'''.

The extension of the file is '''dot lib'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Press '''CRTL''' and '''A''' keys
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Select all, by pressing the keys '''CRTL '''and '''A''' together.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Open '''>> '''Ok'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Open. '''Now click on '''OK.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Save'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Save the project by clicking on '''Save'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Many of the components used in '''Oscad''' belong to these libraries.

Original sentence-

So, these libraries have to be added to your project, every time you create or edit a '''schematic'''.

I modified it. Pls chk the meaning.For each '''schematic''' you create or edit''', '''you should add these libraries to your project.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Let us now add components to the '''schematic'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| click on '''Place a component''' tool from the toolbar on the right
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Place a component''' tool from the toolbar on the right, as shown.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click anywhere on the '''editor'''.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Now click anywhere on the '''editor'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Type '''R''' in '''Name''' field >> click on '''OK'''.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Type '''R''' in the '''Name''' field and click on '''OK'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Place the '''resistor''' '''R''' on the '''editor''' by clicking on the '''editor''' once.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Place the '''resistor''' '''R''' on the '''editor,''' by clicking on the '''editor''' once.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Press F1 to zoom in or use middle button of mouse to zoom in.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Zoom in by pressing '''F1. '''

You can also do so, by scrolling the middle button of your mouse.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click again on the editor.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click again on the '''editor'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Type '''C''' in the '''Name''' field >> click on '''OK'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Type '''C''' in the '''Name''' field and click on '''OK'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Place the '''capacitor''' '''C '''on the '''editor'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Place the '''capacitor''' '''C''' on the '''editor''' as done before.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Place '''sinusoidal voltage source '''by typing '''sine''' and placing it on '''editor'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Place a '''sinusoidal voltage source''' by typing '''sine''' and placing it on the '''editor.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Similarly type '''gnd''' and place a '''ground terminal''' on '''editor'''.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Similarly, type '''gnd''' and place a '''ground terminal''' on '''editor'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Type vplot'''8_1 '''and place it on '''editor'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Type '''vplot8_1 '''and place it on the '''editor.'''

This is the '''plot''' '''component''' used to plot '''voltages''' at the required '''nodes.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Place one more vplot'''8_1 '''component
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Place one more '''vplot8_1''' component on the '''editor.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Let us move and arrange the components to create an '''RC low pass circuit.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Place cursor on '''resistor''' >> press key 'M'.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Move the '''resistor''' by placing the cursor on it and pressing the key ''''M''''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click again.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Place it by clicking again.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Place cursor on '''resistor''' >> press key 'R'
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Rotate the '''resistor''' by placing the cursor on it and pressing the key ''''R''''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Move '''plot''' components
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Similarly, move the '''plot components,''' as shown.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Now, let us connect the various components using wires.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Place a wire''' from the right toolbar.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Place a wire '''from the right toolbar, as shown.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on one end of the '''sine''' '''source'''.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on one end of the '''sine''' '''source'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Move the cursor point to one end of '''resistor''' >> click on it.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Move the cursor point to one end of the '''resistor''' and click on it.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Connect wires
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Similarly, connect all the components as shown.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Show plot components at output and input nodes
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| The plot components are placed at the '''output''' and '''input nodes'''.

This helps to view the corresponding '''voltage waveforms''' on simulation.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''annotate schematic''' button from the menu bar.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| To '''annotate''' the '''schematic''', click on '''annotate schematic''' button from the menu bar.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''annotation >> OK >> Close'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''annotation''', click on '''OK '''and click on '''Close.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Show annotated schematic.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| The '''schematic''' is now '''annotated'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Right click on resistor >> Choose '''Edit Component'''. >> Click on '''Value'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| To assign value to the '''resistor''', right click on it and choose '''Edit Component.'''

Click on Value.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| type 1k >> click on OK.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Type '''1 k '''and click on '''OK'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Similarly type '''1u''' for capacitor.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Similarly, for '''capacitor, type 1 u'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Now let us do '''electric rules check''' for this '''schematic'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Perform electric rules check''' button from the menu bar.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| For this, click on '''Perform electric rules check''' button from the '''menu''' bar as shown.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Test Erc''' button.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Test Erc''' button.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Point to the error.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| We can see that there is an error that says '''''a pin is not driven''.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Close the '''Erc''' window.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Close the '''Erc''' window.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Point to the green arrow near '''ground terminal.'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Note that the '''ground terminal pin is''' highlighted by a green arrow in the '''schematic.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| It means that this '''pin''' is not driven by any power source.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| To prevent this, let us place a '''power flag.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Place a component >> t'''ype PWR_FLAG >> place it on the editor.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| To do so, click on '''Place a component '''tool.

Click on the Schematic editor.

Type '''P W R underscore FLAG '''and place it on the '''editor.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Connect '''power flag''' to the '''ground terminal''' using wire.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Connect this '''power flag''' to the '''ground terminal '''using wire.

It indicates that a power source will be connected here.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Repeat the '''electric rules check'''.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Now repeat the '''electric rules check'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Close'''.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| There are no errors this time.

Click on '''Close.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Generate''' '''netlist''' button from menu bar.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Now let us generate the '''spice''' '''netlist''' of this '''circuit. '''

Click on '''Generate netlist''' button from the menu bar.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on the tab '''Spice.'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on the tab '''Spice'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Uncheck the option '''Prefix references 'u' and 'ic' with 'x'''' and click on '''netlist.'''

Click on''' Save'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Uncheck the option '''Prefix references 'u' and 'ic' with 'x'''' and click on '''netlist.'''

This is required for generating a proper '''netlist''' for simulation.

And click on '''Save'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| A '''spice''' '''netlist''' of the '''RC circuit '''has been generated.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Close the '''schematic''' '''editor.'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Close the '''schematic''' '''editor.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Yes.'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Yes '''to save the changes.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Now, let us add transient simulation parameters to this '''netlist.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''analysis inserter''' from '''Oscad''' tool bar.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''analysis inserter''' from '''Oscad''' tool bar.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''transient.'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''transient.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Leave the field ''''Start time'''' as it is.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Type '''5 '''and choose the option '''ms '''from the drop down menu.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Make '''Step Time '''equal to 5 milli seconds by doing the following:

Type '''5 '''in the text box as shown.

Choose the option '''ms '''from the drop down menu.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Make '''Stop time 30 '''milli seconds.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Similarly, make the '''Stop time 30 milli seconds'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Add simulation data'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Add simulation data.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''File '''>> choose '''Save'''.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Go to the top left corner, click on '''File''' and choose '''Save'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Save '''and close the '''analysis inserter''' window.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''Save''' and close the '''analysis inserter''' window.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Let us now convert the '''netlist''' to '''ngspice''' format and append the analysis information to it.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''netlist''' converter from the '''Oscad''' tool bar.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| To do so, click on '''netlist''' '''converter''' from the '''Oscad''' tool bar.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Highlight “parameters for sine source v1” in the terminal window
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| This opens up a new terminal window.

This window prompts the user to input the parameters for the sine source.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Enter''' the offset value as '''0 >>''' press '''Enter'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| '''Enter''' the '''offset value '''as''' 0 '''and press '''Enter.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Type

'''5''' for '''amplitude''',

'''50''' for '''frequency''',

'''zero '''for both '''delay time '''and '''damping factor'''.
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Type

'''5''' for '''amplitude''',

'''50''' for '''frequency''',

'''zero '''for both '''delay time '''and '''damping factor'''.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Highlight the message

Highlight RC.cir.out
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| We can see that the '''Ngspice netlist '''for the''' RC circuit '''has been created.

The name of this netlist is '''RC.cir.out'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| We will talk about '''scilab netlist '''in later tutorials.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Press '''Enter'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Press '''Enter''' to quit this terminal.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''ngspice''' from the '''Oscad''' tool bar
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Click on '''ngspice''' from the '''Oscad''' tool bar to simulate the '''netlist.'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Show the new windows
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| This opens up a new '''terminal''' window and a '''plot''' window.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Highlight '''ngspice ->1'''
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| The '''terminal''' window is in the N'''gspice simulation '''mode.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| The plot shows '''transient''' '''analysis '''of the circuit.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Point to blue and red plots in graph
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| The output plot is shown in blue and input plot in red.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"|
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| <nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

Now let us summarize.

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Slide: Summary

* create '''circuit schematic'''
* generate '''spice netlist''',
* convert spice '''netlist''' to '''Ngspice''' format and simulate the '''netlist'''

| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| In this tutorial, we learnt to

* create '''circuit schematic'''
* generate '''spice netlist''',
* convert spice '''netlist''' to '''Ngspice''' format and simulate the '''netlist'''

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Show Slide: Assignment

* Watch '''KiCad '''tutorial on '''schematic creation '''on this link<br/> [http://spoken-tutorial.org/ http://spoken-tutorial.org]<br/> - Reproduce the '''astable multivibrator circuit schematic''' using '''Oscad'''
* '''Oscad''' uses '''KiCad''' for '''schematic''' creation
* '''schematic editor in Oscad = Eeschema in Kicad'''

| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Here's an assignment for you.

Please watch the '''Kicad''' tutorial on '''schematic creation''' on the spoken tutorial website.

Reproduce the '''astable multivibrator circuit schematic '''shown in it, using '''Oscad'''.

'''Oscad''' uses '''KiCad''' for '''schematic '''creation.

'''Schematic editor''' in '''Oscad''' looks the same as in '''Kicad'''.

It corresponds to '''Eeschema '''in '''Kicad'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Show Slide
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Watch the video available at the following link

* It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project
* If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Show Slide
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team

* Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials
* Givescertificates for those who pass an online test
* For more details, please write to contact at spoken hyphen tutorial dot org

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Show Slide
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project

* It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India
* More information on this Mission is available at spoken hyphen tutorial dot org slash NMEICT hyphen Intro

|-
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Remain on the previous slide
| style="border:none;padding:0cm;"| Hope you found this tutorial useful.

This is Rupak and Rakhi from the Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay signing off.

Thank you.

|}

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| '''Oscad''' window opens up.
-Let us now create an RC circuit schematic and simulate it.
+Let us now create an '''RC circuit schematic''' and simulate it.
 The first step is to create a new '''Oscad''' Project.
@@ Line 214: / Line 214: @@
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.18cm;"| Move '''plot''' components
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| Similarly, move the '''plot components,''' as shown.
 |-
@@ Line 307: / Line 303: @@
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| To do so, click on '''Place a component '''tool.
-Click on the Schematic editor.
+Click on the '''Schematic editor'''.
 Type '''P W R underscore FLAG '''and place it on the '''editor.'''
@@ Line 402: / Line 398: @@
 |-
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.18cm;"|
-| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| Let us now convert the '''netlist''' to '''ngspice''' format and append the analysis information to it.
+| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| Let us now
 |-
@@ Line 410: / Line 408: @@
 |-
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.18cm;"| Highlight “parameters for sine source v1” in the terminal window
-| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| This opens up a new terminal window.
+| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| This opens up a new '''terminal''' window.
 This window prompts the user to input the parameters for the sine source.
@@ Line 449: / Line 447: @@
 |-
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.18cm;"| Press '''Enter'''
-| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| Press '''Enter''' to quit this terminal.
+| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| Press '''Enter''' to quit this '''terminal'''.
 |-
@@ Line 483: / Line 481: @@
 * generate '''spice netlist''',
 * convert spice '''netlist''' to '''Ngspice''' format and simulate the '''netlist'''
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| In this tutorial, we learnt to
@@ Line 490: / Line 487: @@
 * generate '''spice netlist''',
 * convert spice '''netlist''' to '''Ngspice''' format and simulate the '''netlist'''
 |-
@@ Line 521: / Line 516: @@
 * It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project
 * If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it
 |-
@@ Line 531: / Line 524: @@
 * Givescertificates for those who pass an online test
 * For more details, please write to contact at spoken hyphen tutorial dot org
 |-
@@ Line 540: / Line 531: @@
 * It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India
 * More information on this Mission is available at spoken hyphen tutorial dot org slash NMEICT hyphen Intro
 |-
@@ Line 550: / Line 539: @@
 Thank you.
 |}

@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 * convert spice '''netlist''' to '''Ngspice''' format and
 * simulate the '''netlist'''
 |-
@@ Line 48: / Line 46: @@
 Press Ctrl, alt, t keys together
-Type oscad on terminal
+Type '''Oscad''' on '''terminal'''
-Press Enter
+Press '''Enter'''
 Show '''Oscad''' window
@@ Line 57: / Line 55: @@
 * Open the '''terminal '''window by pressing the ctrl, alt and t keys together
 * Type '''oscad '''on the '''terminal '''and press '''Enter'''.
 |-
@@ Line 66: / Line 62: @@
 Let us now create an RC circuit schematic and simulate it.
-The first step is to create a new Oscad Project.
+The first step is to create a new '''Oscad''' Project.
 |-
@@ Line 92: / Line 88: @@
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| '''schematic''' '''editor''' window opens up.
-Let me minimize the Oscad window.
+Let me minimize the '''Oscad''' window.
 |-
@@ Line 106: / Line 102: @@
 * Click on '''Preferences''' from the top menu bar.
 * Click on '''Library'''.
 |-
@@ Line 267: / Line 261: @@
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.18cm;"| To assign value to the '''resistor''', right click on it and choose '''Edit Component.'''
-Click on Value.
+Click on '''Value'''.
 |-