OpenPLC-with-LDmicro/C2/Implementing-NOT-and-AND-logic-gates/English - Revision history

Nirmala Venkat: Created page with " {| style="border-spacing:0;" | style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| '''Visual Cue''' | style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
2021-06-30T13:08:43Z

Created page with " {| style="border-spacing:0;" | style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center> | style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| <cent..."

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{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 1:
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Implementing NOT and AND logic gates'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 2: Learning Objectives

How to implement logic gates
* NOT
* AND

| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| In this tutorial, we will implement '''NOT''' and '''AND logic gates''' in '''LDmicro'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 3: System Requirements

* Ubuntu 18.04 OS
* LDmicro
* OpenPLC Mainboard
* 24V, 2A SMPS
* USBasp programmer
* Traffic Light module
* Switchboard module

| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| To record this tutorial I am using:

* '''Ubuntu Linux 18.04''' operating system
* '''LDmicro'''
* '''OpenPLC Mainboard'''
* '''24V, 2A SMPS'''
* '''USBasp programmer'''
* '''Traffic Light module'''
* '''Switchboard module'''

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 4: Pre-requisites

* Normal Contact and Coil
* Negated Contact and Coil

If not, please refer to the relevant tutorials from [https://spoken-tutorial.org/ Home | spoken-tutorial.org]
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
* To follow this tutorial, you should know the working of
# '''Normal Contact''' and '''Coil'''
# '''Negated Contact''' and '''Coil'''

* If not, please refer to the relevant tutorials in this series on this website.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 5: Prerequisites - Hardware setup

hardware-prerequisite.jpg
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Connect''' SMPS''' and '''USBasp''' to the '''Mainboard''' as shown in the picture.

Keep these connections throughout this tutorial.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| First we will implement a '''NOT gate'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 5: '''NOT gate'''

For a '''NOT gate''' the '''output boolean''' is inverse of the '''input'''
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| We know that for a '''NOT gate''' the '''output boolean''' is inverse of the '''input'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Open LDmicro
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Let us open '''LDmicro'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click Instructions -> Insert Contact >> Place the cursor to the right of the contact >> Click ‘Instructions -> Insert Coil’
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Insert a '''Contact''' as shown.

Place the cursor to the right of the '''Contact''' and insert a '''Coil'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on contact >> Type switch in name box >> Click OK button
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Rename the '''Contact''' as '''‘switch’ '''as shown.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on coil >> Select ‘Negated’ option >> Type LED in name box >>Click OK button
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Next configure the '''Coil''' as '''Negated''' and rename it as '''LED'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Now we will check the working of this '''logic'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click Simulate -> Simulation mode >> Click Simulate -> Real-time simulation
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Let us turn '''on''' the '''simulation mode'''.

For that, click '''Simulate''' and then on '''Simulation mode.'''

Next, start real-time '''simulation''' as shown.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Highlight the state of Xswitch and YLED
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Initially the state of '''Xswitch''' is 0 and '''YLED''' is 1.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on Xswitch in the IO list >> Highlight the state of the ‘YLED’
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Change the state of '''Xswitch''' to 1.

We can observe the state of '''YLED''' changes to 0.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| That is resembling the '''truth table''' of a '''NOT gate'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click Simulate -> Halt Simulation >> Click Simulate -> Simulation Mode
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Now, turn '''off''' the '''simulation mode'''.

For that, click '''Simulate''' and then on '''Halt Simulation.'''

Then click '''Simulate''' and '''Simulation Mode.'''

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on Xswitch >> Check the Negated box >> Click the OK button

Double-click on coil >> Select ‘Normal’ option >> Click OK button
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Configure the '''Contact''' as '''Negated''' and '''Coil''' as '''Normal'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click Simulate -> Simulation mode >> Click Simulate -> Real-time simulation
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Now again start real-time '''simulation'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Highlight the state of Xswitch and YLED
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Initially the state of '''Xswitch''' is 0 and '''YLED''' is 1.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on Xswitch in the IO list >> Highlight the state of the ‘YLED
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Change the state of '''Xswitch''' to 1.

We can observe the state of '''YLED''' is 0.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Thus either '''input''' or '''output''' being negated, works as a '''NOT gate'''.

Note: Both '''input''' and '''output''' shouldn’t be negated at the same time for '''NOT gate'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click Simulate -> Halt Simulation >> Click Simulate -> Simulation Mode
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Turn '''off''' the '''simulation mode''' as shown.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Now let us '''compile''' the '''logic'''.

The detailed steps on how to '''compile''' and save the '''logic''' are explained in the earlier tutorials.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click on Settings >> Click on Microcontroller >> Select AVR ATmega16 40-PDIP

Click on Settings >> Click on MCU parameters >> Change Crystal frequency to 16
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click on '''Settings''' and select the '''microcontroller AVR ATmega16 40-PDIP.'''

Adjust its '''parameters''' as shown here.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on Xswitch in I/O list >> Select PC0 >> Click OK button

Double-click on YLED in I/O list >> Select PA0 >> Click OK button
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Assign '''pin PC0''' to '''Xswitch''' and '''PA0''' to '''YLED'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click on Compile >> Click on Compile >> Go to Desktop/LDmicro folder >> Rename it as ‘notgate.hex’ >> Click on Save.

Click OK button
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| '''Compile''' the '''logic''' as '''notgate.hex'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click on File >> Click on Save >> Go to Desktop/LDmicro folder >> Rename it as ‘notgate.ld’ >> Click on Save
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Then save the '''ladder diagram''' as '''‘notgate.ld’''' as shown.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Now we will see the working of this '''logic''' on hardware.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Connect Mainboard to PC using USBasp

laptop-usbasp.jpg

| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Connect the '''Mainboard''' to your laptop using '''USBasp'''.

Turn '''on''' the '''power supply'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Open terminal >> Type cd Desktop/LDmicro >> Press ENTER >> type ‘'''avrdude -c usbasp -p m16 -U flash:w:notgate.hex’ '''>> Press ENTER
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Open the '''Terminal''' by pressing '''CTRL+ALT+T''' keys simultaneously.

Go to the folder where you have saved the '''hex file'''.

Type the '''command''' as shown to upload the '''hex file''' to the '''Mainboard'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Remove the '''USBasp''' connection from the laptop.
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Turn '''off''' the power supply.

Remove the '''USBasp''' connection from the laptop.

This will prevent any hardware damage.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| notgate.png
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Let us see the connection details now.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| notgate.png

| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Connect '''GND pin''' of the red '''LED''' of '''Traffic Light module''' to '''GND pin''' of the '''Mainboard'''.

Then connect '''+5V pin''' of the red '''LED''' to '''PA0 pin''' of the '''Mainboard'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| notgate.png

| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Connect '''GND''' and '''5V''' of '''Switchboard''' to '''GND''' and '''5V''' of the '''Mainboard''' respectively.

Connect '''NO1''' to '''PC0''' of the '''Mainboard'''.

Make the connections as shown in the picture.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Turn '''on''' the '''power supply'''.
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| After making all the connections properly, turn '''on''' the '''power supply'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Red LED glows
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| We can see that the red '''LED''' is glowing initially.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| NO1 pressed >> Red LED stops glowing
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| It will go '''off''' whenever the '''NO1''' is pressed.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| This shows the working of a '''NOT gate'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Show image of power supply off
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Turn '''off''' the '''power supply'''.

Remove the connections made for this example.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Next we will now see how to implement an '''AND gate''' in '''LDmicro'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 6: AND gate

* '''AND gate output''' state is 1 only when all of its '''input''' states are 1

| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| We know that '''AND gate output''' state is 1 only when all of its '''input''' states are 1.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Switch back to LDmicro
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Switch back to '''LDmicro'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click File -> New
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Open a new file.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click Instructions -> Insert Contact

Place the cursor to the right of Xnew >> Click Instructions -> Insert Contact
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Here we will implement a '''two-input AND gate'''.

Insert two '''Contacts '''as shown here.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on Xnew >> Type switch1 in the name box >> Click the OK button

Double-click on Xnew >> Type switch2 in the name box >> Click the OK button
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Rename the first '''Contact''' as '''‘switch1’''' and second '''Contact''' as '''‘switch2’.'''

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Place the cursor to the right of Xswitch2 >> Click Instructions -> Insert Coil
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Place the cursor to the right of '''Xswitch2''' and insert a '''Coil'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on Ynew >> Type LED in the name box >> Click the OK button
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Rename the '''Coil''' as '''‘LED’'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| We will now check the working of this '''logic'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click Simulate -> Simulation mode >> Click Simulate -> Real-time simulation
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Start real-time '''simulation''' as shown.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Highlight the state of Xswitch and YLED
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Initially the state of both the '''Contacts''' and '''Coil''' are 0.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on Xswitch1 in the IO list >> Highlight the state of the ‘YLED' >> Double-click on Xswitch1 in the IO list
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Change the state of '''Xswitch1''' to 1.

We can observe the state of '''YLED''' is still 0.

Change the state of '''Xswitch1''' back to 0.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on Xswitch2 in the IO list >> Highlight the state of the ‘YLED'
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Now, change the state of '''Xswitch2''' to 1.

We can observe the state of '''YLED''' is still 0.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on Xswitch1 in the IO list >> Highlight the state of the ‘YLED'
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Now again change the state of '''Xswitch1''' to 1.

We can observe that the state of '''YLED''' is 1.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| That is, '''output''' state is 1 only when both the '''input''' states are 1.

Thus, resembling the '''truth table''' of a '''AND gate'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click Simulate -> Halt Simulation >> Click Simulate -> Simulation Mode
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Turn '''off''' the '''simulation mode''' as shown.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Now let us '''compile''' the '''logic'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click on Settings >> Click on Microcontroller >> Select AVR ATmega16 40-PDIP

Click on Settings >> Click on MCU parameters >> Change Crystal frequency to 16
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click on '''Settings''' and select the '''microcontroller AVR ATmega16 40-PDIP.'''

Adjust its '''parameters''' as shown here.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Double-click on Xswitch1 in I/O list >> Select PC0 >> Click OK button

Double-click on Xswitch2 in I/O list >> Select PC1 >> Click OK button
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Assign '''pin PC0''' to '''Xswitch1''' and '''PC1''' to '''Xswitch2'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click on Compile >> Click on Compile >> Go to Desktop/LDmicro folder >> Rename it as ‘andgate.hex’ >> Click on Save.

Click OK button
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| '''Compile''' the '''logic''' as '''andgate.hex'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Click on File >> Click on Save >> Go to Desktop/LDmicro folder >> Rename it as ‘andgate.ld’ >> Click on Save
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Then save the '''ladder diagram''' as '''‘andgate.ld’''' as shown.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Now we will see the working of this '''logic''' on hardware.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Connect Mainboard to PC using USBasp

laptop-usbasp.jpg

| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Connect the '''Mainboard''' to your laptop using '''USBasp'''.

Turn '''on''' the '''power supply'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Open terminal >> Type cd Desktop/LDmicro >> Press ENTER >> type ‘'''avrdude -c usbasp -p m16 -U flash:w:andgate.hex’ '''>> Press ENTER
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Open the '''terminal'''.

Type the '''command''' as shown to upload the '''hex file''' to the '''Mainboard'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Remove the '''USBasp''' connection from the laptop.
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Turn '''off''' the '''power supply'''.

Remove the '''USBasp''' connection from the laptop.

This will prevent any hardware damage.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| andgate.png
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Let us see the connection details now.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| andgate.png
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Connect '''GND pin''' of the red '''LED''' of '''Traffic Light module''' to '''GND pin''' of the '''Mainboard'''.

Then connect the '''+5V pin''' of the red '''LED''' to '''PA0 pin''' of the '''Mainboard'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| andgate.png
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Connect '''GND''' and '''5V''' of '''Switchboard''' to '''GND''' and '''5V''' of the '''Mainboard''' respectively.

Connect '''NO1''' to '''PC0''' of the '''Mainboard'''.

And connect '''NO2''' to '''PC1''' of the '''Mainboard'''.

Make the connections as shown in the picture.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Turn '''on''' the '''power supply'''.
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Turn '''on''' the '''power supply'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Red LED not glowing
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| We can see that the red '''LED''' is off initially.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| NO1 & NO2 pressed simultaneously >> Red LED glows
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| It will glow only when both '''NO1''' and '''NO2''' are pressed simultaneously.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Thus, for '''AND gate''' both the '''inputs''' i.e. '''Contacts''' should be in '''series'''.

The '''output''' i.e. '''Coil''' should also be in '''series''' with the '''inputs'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Turn '''off''' the '''power supply'''.
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Turn '''off''' the '''power supply'''.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"|
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarize.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 7: Summary

We learnt to implement logic gates
* NOT
* AND
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| In this tutorial we learnt to implement '''logic gates'''
* '''NOT''' and
* '''AND'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 8: Assignment

Implement 2 input NAND logic gate
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| As an assignment, try to implement 2 '''input NAND logic gates'''.

'''Truth table''' of the '''NAND gate''' is shown here.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 9:

About Spoken Tutorial project
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 10:

Spoken Tutorial workshops
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| The''' Spoken Tutorial Project''' team conducts workshops and gives certificates on passing online tests.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 11:

Forum for specific questions:
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 12:

Forum for specific questions:
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Do you have any general / technical questions on OpenPLC?

Please visit the FOSSEE forum and post your question.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 13:

Acknowledgement
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by MHRD, Government of India.

|-
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| Slide 14:

Thank you slide
| style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"| This tutorial has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay.

And this is Harsha Priyanka from FOSSEE team, signing off.

Thanks for watching.

|}