Ns-3-Network-Simulator/C3/Dynamic-Routing-Protocol/English - Revision history

Madhurig at 09:19, 22 March 2024

2024-03-22T09:19:43Z

Madhurig at 07:54, 22 March 2024

2024-03-22T07:54:53Z

Madhurig at 06:03, 21 March 2024

2024-03-21T06:03:33Z

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Nirmala Venkat at 10:17, 15 March 2024

2024-03-15T10:17:51Z

Nirmala Venkat: Created page with "{| border="1" |- || '''Visual Cue''' || '''Narration''' |- || '''Slide:1''' || Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Dynamic routing protocols in ns-3'''. |- style="border:1pt..."

2024-03-15T10:15:23Z

Created page with "{| border="1" |- || '''Visual Cue''' || '''Narration''' |- || '''Slide:1''' || Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Dynamic routing protocols in ns-3'''. |- style="border:1pt..."

New page

{| border="1"
|-
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide:1'''
|| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Dynamic routing protocols in ns-3'''.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide:

'''Learning Objectives'''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn to
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Create a multi-path topology</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Schedule down times for links</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Implement OSPF dynamic routing</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide:

'''System Requirements'''
|| To record this tutorial, I am using:
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Ubuntu Linux 22.04 OS'''</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''ns-3'''.'''38'''</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''NetAnim '''visualizer tool</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide:

'''Prerequisite'''

<div style="color:#3c78d8;">'''https://spoken-tutorial.org/'''</div>
|| To follow this tutorial
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">You must have basic knowledge of '''Linux '''and '''ns-3'''</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">For pre-requisite '''Linux '''and '''ns-3''' tutorials, please visit this website</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide:

'''Code files'''
||
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The files used in this tutorial are provided in the '''Code files''' link</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Please download and extract the files</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Make a copy and then use them while practicing</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide:

'''What is OSPF Routing?'''
||
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) '''is a link state routing protocol</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">It determines the shortest path between the source and the destination</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show diagram:

'''Network topology with 6 nodes and four paths'''
|| For this tutorial, we would be creating the following topology:
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The topology consists of 6 nodes</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Node 0 is the client node</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Node 5 is the server node</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">There are four paths from client to server</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Each link is '''point-to-point '''connection </div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Open the file '''DynamicRouting.cc '''in text editor
|| I have created the source file '''DynamicRoutingprotocols.cc''' for this program.

Now we will go through the source code in the text editor.

The source code contains the required functions to implement '''OSPF dynamic routing.'''
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Config::SetDefault("ns3::Ipv4GlobalRouting::RespondToInterfaceEvents", BooleanValue(true))'''
|| Using the '''SetDefault '''method, we first enable dynamic routing.

'''RespondToInterfaceEvents '''enables the '''ns-3''' program to automatically change routes.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight

'''NodeContainer p2pNodes'''

'''p2pNodes.Create(6)'''

|| The node container contains 6 nodes.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight''' stack.Install(p2pNodes);'''

|| Let’s install an internet stack on the nodes.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''NodeContainer n01, n02, n23, n14, n15, n45;'''
|| Next we create 6 more node containers.

These containers are for the individual '''point-to-point''' networks.

The node containers are''' n01''', '''n02''', '''n23''',''' n34''', '''n14''',''' n15''' and '''n45'''.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Address.SetBase'''
|| Then we assign base addresses to the '''point-to-point '''networks.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight <span style="color:#24292e;">'''10.1.1.0'''</span>
|| The address of the network between node 0 and node 1 is 10.1.1.0.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''10.1.2.0'''
|| The address of the network between node 0 and node 2 is 10.1.2.0.

Similarly, the addresses for other networks are set.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''pointToPoint.Install(n01)'''
|| The '''Install''' method installs point-to-point channels on the nodes.

The nodes are node 0 and node 1 here.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight''' NetDeviceContainer nd01'''
|| The '''Install '''method returns an object of '''NetDeviceContainer''' class.

We store it in object nd01.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight''' Address.Assign(nd01)'''
|| The '''Assign '''method assigns '''IP addresses''' to the nodes.

The''' IP addresses''' are based on the network address..
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Ipv4InterfaceContainer i01'''
|| The '''Assign '''method returns an '''Ipv4InterfaceContainer''' object.

We store it in object i01.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''uint16_t port = 9'''
|| Next, we set the port number to 9.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''OnOffHelper onoff'''
|| Then we create '''OnOff applications '''to send packets.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''InetSocketAddress(i45.GetAddress(1), port)'''
|| Here we create a '''UDP socket''' on the remote destination node.

The socket is created on port 9 of node 5.

We get the '''IP address''' of node 5 using the i45 object.

The '''GetAddress '''method is used to get the address of the node with index 1.

Please note that the indexing is within the i45 interface.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''onoff.SetConstantRate(DataRate("2kbps"))'''
|| Then, we set the properties for the application.

The '''data rate '''is set to 2kbps.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''onoff.SetAttribute'''
|| The '''packet size''' is set to 50 bytes.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''ApplicationContainer apps = onoff.Install(p2pNodes.Get(0))'''
|| Create an application container.

Then, install the '''OnOff application '''on node 0.

Here the indexing is in the overall network.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''apps.Start(Seconds(1.0))'''
|| Set the start time for the apps to 1 second from the start of simulation.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''apps.Stop(Seconds(16.0))'''
|| Similarly set the stop time to 16 seconds from the start of simulation.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper '''
|| In order to get the routing tables, we create an '''Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper '''object.

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Create<OutputStreamWrapper>'''
|| Then we create an output stream, with the class '''OutputStreamWrapper.'''

The '''OutputStreamWrapper '''encapsulates an output stream.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''global-routing.routes'''
|| The name of the output file is '''global-routing.routes.'''
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''PrintRoutingTableAllAt'''
|| The '''PrintRoutingTableAllAt '''sets the time at which the routing tables are printed.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Seconds (2)'''
|| We print the tables two times.

One at 2 seconds.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Seconds (12)'''
|| The other at 12 seconds.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''routingStream'''
|| The routes are printed to the output stream created earlier.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Only narration
|| We print the tables two times to observe the dynamic selection of routes.

Between the two prints, we shall make the shortest link down.

Then, the next shortest link would be selected dynamically.

In this program, the network between nodes 1 and 5 will be set down.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Ptr<Node> n1 = p2pNodes.Get(1)'''
|| Next we create a pointer to the node whose link would be set down.

In this case, it is node 1.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''n1->GetObject<Ipv4>'''
|| Then, we get the '''IPv4 '''class object for the node using the '''GetObject '''method.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''ipv4ifIndex1 = 1'''
|| Now we need to select the network that has to be set down.

A single node can be connected to multiple networks.

We need to specify the index of the network.

The network indexes start from 1.

For this tutorial, we are deactivating the link between nodes 0 and 1.

It is the first network for node 1.

Hence, the index is 1 here.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Simulator::Schedule(Seconds(5), &Ipv4::SetDown, ipv41, ipv4ifIndex1)'''
|| Then, we schedule the down time for the network to 5 seconds.

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''AnimationInterface anim'''
|| Next we create an '''AnimationInterface '''object for '''NetAnim '''animation.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| <span style="color:#24292e;">Highlight </span>'''anim.SetConstantPosition'''
|| Then set the positions for the nodes using the '''SetConstantPosition '''function.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Simulator::Run()'''
|| The '''Run '''function is used to run the simulation
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Simulator::Destroy()'''
|| And '''Destroy '''function ends the simulation

Close the text editor.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Press Ctrl,Alt and T keys
Type '''cd ns-allinone-3.38/ns-3.38 '''to navigate to the ns3 installation directory

Type '''mv ~/Downloads/DynamicRouting.cc scratch/DynamicRouting.cc '''to move the source file to '''scratch '''directory.
|| Now we will observe the simulation.

Using the '''cd '''command, navigate to the installation directory of '''ns-3'''.

Go to the '''ns-3.38''' directory.

Move your source file to the '''scratch '''directory within the '''ns-3.38''' directory.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Type ./'''ns3 run scratch/DynamicRouting.cc'''
|| Run the command '''dot forward slash''' '''ns3 run space scratch forward slash DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc.'''

'''DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc '''is the name of the source file.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Keep the terminal open and show the output of the command
|| After compilation, there is no output on the terminal.

We shall observe the routing tables in the routes file created earlier.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Switch to file manager and open the '''ns-3.38 '''directory.

Select the '''global-routing.routes '''file.
|| The routes file is created in the same directory from which we run the simulation.

In this case, it is '''ns-3.38 '''directory.

In the directory, a file with the name '''global-routing.routes '''should appear.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Open the '''global-routing.routes '''file.

Highlight '''Node: 0, Time: +2s'''

|| Open the file by double clicking on it.

In the file for each node, the following details are shown:
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The destination address</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The gateway</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The network mask</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Flags</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Metric</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Use</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Interface</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Destination '''and '''Gateway'''.
|| The destination address and the gateway are of interest to us.

These represent the possible paths that the packet can take.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Hover over the table under node 0.
|| As configured earlier, the tables are printed two times.

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Highlight '''Time: +2s'''
|| Once at 2 seconds, and the next at 12 seconds.

At 5 seconds, the link between nodes 0 and 1 goes down.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Scroll down and highlight '''Node: 0, Time: +12s'''
|| Hence, at 12 seconds, the routes are different.

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Hover over the table under node 0.
|| You may inspect the routing tables to see the difference.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Type '''cd ~/ns-allinone-3.38/netanim '''to navigate to the '''netanim '''directory.
|| Now, to visualize the network, we will use '''NetAnim'''.

Navigate to the '''netanim '''directory under '''ns-allinone-3.38.'''
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Type ./'''NetAnim'''
|| Now type '''dot forward slash NetAnim. '''The '''NetAnim '''window will open.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Click on the '''Open XML trace file '''icon on the top left corner of the window.
|| Click on the '''Open XML trace file '''icon on the top left corner of the window.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| In the file picker, navigate to the '''ns-allinone-3.38/ns-3.38 '''directory and select the '''DynamicRouting.xml '''file.
|| In the file picker, navigate to the '''ns-3.38 '''directory.

Select the '''DynamicRouting.xml '''file.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| On the toolbar, click on the '''Node Size '''drop down button, and select size 10.
|| On the toolbar, click on the '''Node Size '''drop down button.

Select size 10.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| On the toolbar, click on the play button
|| On the toolbar, click on the play button to view the simulation.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Hover the cursor over node 0.
|| We see the circles representing the nodes.

The packets go from node 0 to node 5, via node 1.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Move the cursor over the link between node 0 and node 1.
|| The lines with arrows represent the transfer of packets.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Move the cursor from node 0 to node 1.

Then move the cursor from node 1 to node 5.

Move the cursor according to the arrows.
|| The packets go from node 0 to node 5, via node 1.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Hover over the ‘'''Sim time’ '''slider on the toolbar.

Wait for it to cross 5 seconds.
|| After 5 seconds, the link between nodes 0 and 1 gets down.

Before the link was set down, path 0-1-5 was the shortest.

This route goes from nodes 2, 3 and 4.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Hover the cursor over the arrows as they move from node 0 to node 5.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First]

|| As we can see, the packets automatically switch to the next available route.

The selection of paths is based on the '''OSPF protoco'''l.

To learn more about OSPF, please refer to this link

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide:

'''Summary'''
|| This brings us to the end of the tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Create a multi-path topology</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Schedule down times for links</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Implement '''OSPF dynamic routing'''</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide:

'''Assignment'''
|| As an assignment, please do the following:
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Modify the code for the below criteria.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Make the link between node 1 and node 4 down at 5 seconds</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Generate an XML file for animation</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide:

'''Assignment - Observation'''
|| <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">In </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''NetAnim'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">, you will observe the change in routes after 5 seconds.</span>

The route from node 0 to node 5 through node 4 gets chosen automatically.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide:

'''About the Spoken Tutorial Project'''
|| <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The video at the following link summarizes the </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Spoken Tutorial project'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">.</span>

Please download and watch it.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show Slide:

<span style="background-color:#ffffff;color:#252525;">'''Spoken Tutorial Workshops'''</span>
|| <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">The </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Spoken Tutorial Project'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> team conducts workshops and gives certificates.</span>

For more details, please write to us.
|- style="border:0.75pt solid #808080;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#252525;">Show Slide:</div>

<div style="color:#252525;">'''Answers for THIS Spoken Tutorial'''</div>
|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| <div style="color:#252525;">Show Slide:</div>

<div style="color:#252525;">'''FOSSEE Forum'''</div>
|| <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">For any general or technical questions on </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''ns-3'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">, visit the</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">''' FOSSEE forum'''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;"> and post your question.</span>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide

'''Acknowledgement'''
|| <span style="color:#252525;">'''Spoken Tutorial'''</span><span style="color:#252525;"> Project was established by the </span><span style="color:#252525;">'''Ministry of Education, Government of India'''</span><span style="color:#252525;">.</span>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide

'''Acknowledgement'''
|| <span style="color:#252525;">We thank </span><span style="color:#252525;">'''Dr.Moyukh Laha'''</span><span style="color:#252525;"> from </span><span style="color:#252525;">'''IIT Kharagpur'''</span><span style="color:#252525;"> for his domain support.</span>

<span style="color:#252525;">We would also like to thank </span><span style="color:#252525;">'''Dr. R. Radha, Dr. X. Anita, and Dr. T. Subbulakshmi '''</span><span style="color:#252525;">from</span><span style="color:#252525;">''' VIT, Chennai '''</span><span style="color:#252525;">for their support</span>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Show slide:

'''Thank You'''
|| <span style="background-color:#ffffff;">This is </span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">'''Josiga, '''</span><span style="background-color:#ffffff;">a FOSSEE summer fellow 2023, IIT Bombay signing off.</span>

Thanks for joining.
|-
|}

@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 Now we will go through the source code in the text editor.
-The source code contains the required functions to implement '''OSPF dynamic routing.'''
+The source code contains the required functions to implement '''OSPF dynamic routing'''.
 |-
 || Highlight '''Config::SetDefault("ns3::Ipv4GlobalRouting::RespondToInterfaceEvents", BooleanValue(true))'''
@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 These containers are for the individual '''point-to-point''' networks.
-The node containers are''' n01''', '''n02''', '''n23''',''' n34''', '''n14''',''' n15''' and '''n45'''.
+The node containers are ''' n01''', '''n02''', '''n23''',''' n34''', '''n14''',''' n15''' and '''n45'''.
 |-
 || Highlight '''Address.SetBase'''
-|| Then we assign base addresses to the '''point-to-point '''networks.
+|| Then we assign base addresses to the '''point-to-point ''' networks.
 |-
 || Highlight '''10.1.1.0'''
@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 || The '''Install ''' method returns an object of '''NetDeviceContainer''' class.
-We store it in object nd01.
+We store it in object '''nd01'''.
 |-
 || Highlight''' Address.Assign(nd01)'''
@@ Line 120: / Line 120: @@
 |-
 || Highlight '''Ipv4InterfaceContainer i01'''
-|| The '''Assign '''method returns an '''Ipv4InterfaceContainer''' object.
+|| The '''Assign ''' method returns an '''Ipv4InterfaceContainer''' object.
-We store it in object i01.
+We store it in object '''i01'''.
 |-
 || Highlight '''uint16_t port = 9'''
@@ Line 135: / Line 135: @@
 The socket is created on port 9 of node 5.
-We get the '''IP address''' of node 5 using the i45 object.
+We get the '''IP address''' of node 5 using the '''i45''' object.
 The '''GetAddress ''' method is used to get the address of the node with index 1.
-Please note that the indexing is within i45 interface.
+Please note that the indexing is within '''i45''' interface.
 |-
 || Highlight '''onoff.SetConstantRate(DataRate("2kbps"))'''
@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 || Create an application container.
-Then, install the '''OnOff application '''on node 0.
+Then, install the '''OnOff application ''' on node 0.
 Here the indexing is in the overall network.
@@ Line 163: / Line 163: @@
 |-
 || Highlight '''Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper '''
-|| In order to get the routing tables, we create an '''Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper '''object.
+|| In order to get the routing tables, we create an '''Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper ''' object.
 |-
 || Highlight '''Create<OutputStreamWrapper>'''
-|| Then we create an output stream, with the class '''OutputStreamWrapper.'''
+|| Then we create an output stream, with the class '''OutputStreamWrapper'''.
 The '''OutputStreamWrapper ''' encapsulates an output stream.
@@ Line 225: / Line 225: @@
 |-
 || Highlight '''AnimationInterface anim'''
-|| Next we create an '''AnimationInterface '''object for '''NetAnim '''animation.
+|| Next we create an '''AnimationInterface ''' object for '''NetAnim ''' animation.
 |-
 || Highlight '''anim.SetConstantPosition'''
@@ Line 231: / Line 231: @@
 |-
 || Highlight '''Simulator::Run()'''
-|| The '''Run '''function is used to run the simulation.
+|| The '''Run ''' function is used to run the simulation.
 |-
 || Highlight '''Simulator::Destroy()'''
@@ Line 268: / Line 268: @@
 In this case, it is '''ns-3.38 ''' directory.
-In the directory, a file with the name '''global-routing.routes '''should appear.
+In the directory, a file with the name '''global-routing.routes ''' should appear.
 |-
 || Open the '''global-routing.routes '''file.
@@ Line 310: / Line 310: @@
 || Now, to visualize the network, we will use '''NetAnim'''.
-Navigate to the '''netanim '''directory under '''ns-allinone-3.38'''.
+Navigate to the '''netanim ''' directory under '''ns-allinone-3.38'''.
 |-
 || Type ./'''NetAnim'''
-|| Now type '''dot forward slash NetAnim'''. '''NetAnim '''window will open.
+|| Now type '''dot forward slash NetAnim'''.
 |-
 || Click on the '''Open XML trace file '''icon on the top left corner of the window.
-|| Click on the '''Open XML trace file '''icon on the top left corner of the window.
+|| Click on the '''Open XML trace file ''' icon on the top left corner of the window.
 |-
 || In the file picker, navigate to the '''ns-allinone-3.38/ns-3.38 '''directory and select the '''DynamicRouting.xml '''file.
@@ Line 361: / Line 363: @@
 || As we can see, the packets automatically switch to the next available route.
-The selection of paths is based on the '''OSPF protoco'''l.
+The selection of paths is based on the '''OSPF protocol'''.
 To learn more about OSPF, please refer to this link

@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 || The address of the network between node 0 and node 2 is 10.1.2.0.
-Similarly, the addresses for other networks are set.
+Similarly, the addresses of the other networks are set.
 |-
 || Highlight '''pointToPoint.Install(n01)'''
@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 |-
 || Highlight''' NetDeviceContainer nd01'''
-|| The '''Install '''method returns an object of '''NetDeviceContainer''' class.
+|| The '''Install ''' method returns an object of '''NetDeviceContainer''' class.
 We store it in object nd01.
 |-
 || Highlight''' Address.Assign(nd01)'''
-|| The '''Assign '''method assigns '''IP addresses''' to the nodes.
+|| The '''Assign '''method assigns ''' IP addresses''' to the nodes.
-The''' IP addresses''' are based on the network address..
+The ''' IP addresses''' are based on the network address.
 |-
 || Highlight '''Ipv4InterfaceContainer i01'''
@@ Line 137: / Line 137: @@
 We get the '''IP address''' of node 5 using the i45 object.
-The '''GetAddress '''method is used to get the address of the node with index 1.
+The '''GetAddress ''' method is used to get the address of the node with index 1.
-Please note that the indexing is within the i45 interface.
+Please note that the indexing is within i45 interface.
 |-
 || Highlight '''onoff.SetConstantRate(DataRate("2kbps"))'''
 || Then, we set the properties for the application.
-The '''data rate '''is set to 2kbps.
+The '''data rate ''' is set to 2kbps.
 |-
 || Highlight '''onoff.SetAttribute'''
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 |-
 || Highlight '''apps.Start(Seconds(1.0))'''
-|| Set the start time for the apps to 1 second from the start of simulation.
+|| Set the start time for the apps to 1 second from the start of the simulation.
 |-
 || Highlight '''apps.Stop(Seconds(16.0))'''
-|| Similarly set the stop time to 16 seconds from the start of simulation.
+|| Similarly set the stop time to 16 seconds from the start of the simulation.
 |-
 || Highlight '''Ipv4GlobalRoutingHelper '''
@@ Line 169: / Line 169: @@
 || Then we create an output stream, with the class '''OutputStreamWrapper.'''
-The '''OutputStreamWrapper '''encapsulates an output stream.
+The '''OutputStreamWrapper ''' encapsulates an output stream.
 |-
 || Highlight '''global-routing.routes'''
@@ Line 175: / Line 175: @@
 |-
 || Highlight '''PrintRoutingTableAllAt'''
-|| The '''PrintRoutingTableAllAt '''sets the time at which the routing tables are printed.
+|| The '''PrintRoutingTableAllAt ''' sets the time at which the routing tables are printed.
 |-
 || Highlight '''Seconds (2)'''
@@ Line 203: / Line 203: @@
 |-
 || Highlight '''n1->GetObject<Ipv4>'''
-|| Then, we get the '''IPv4 '''class object for the node using the '''GetObject '''method.
+|| Then, we get the '''IPv4 ''' class object for the node using the '''GetObject ''' method.
 |-
 || Highlight '''ipv4ifIndex1 = 1'''
@@ Line 228: / Line 228: @@
 |-
 || Highlight '''anim.SetConstantPosition'''
-|| Then set the positions for the nodes using the '''SetConstantPosition '''function.
+|| Then set the positions for the nodes using the '''SetConstantPosition ''' function.
 |-
 || Highlight '''Simulator::Run()'''
-|| The '''Run '''function is used to run the simulation
+|| The '''Run '''function is used to run the simulation.
 |-
 || Highlight '''Simulator::Destroy()'''
-|| And '''Destroy '''function ends the simulation
+|| And '''Destroy '''function ends the simulation.
 Close the text editor.
@@ Line 245: / Line 245: @@
 || Now we will observe the simulation.
-Using the '''cd '''command, navigate to the installation directory of '''ns-3'''.
+Using the '''cd ''' command, navigate to the installation directory of '''ns-3'''.
 Go to the '''ns-3.38''' directory.
-Move your source file to the '''scratch '''directory within the '''ns-3.38''' directory.
+Move your source file to the '''scratch ''' directory within the '''ns-3.38''' directory.
 |-
 || Type ./'''ns3 run scratch/DynamicRouting.cc'''
-|| Run the command '''dot forward slash''' '''ns3 run space scratch forward slash DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc.'''
+|| Run the command '''dot forward slash''' '''ns3 run space scratch forward slash DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc'''.
-'''DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc '''is the name of the source file.
+'''DynamicRoutingprotocols dot cc ''' is the name of the source file.
 |-
 || Keep the terminal open and show the output of the command
@@ Line 266: / Line 266: @@
 || The routes file is created in the same directory from which we run the simulation.
-In this case, it is '''ns-3.38 '''directory.
+In this case, it is '''ns-3.38 ''' directory.
 In the directory, a file with the name '''global-routing.routes '''should appear.
@@ Line 310: / Line 310: @@
 || Now, to visualize the network, we will use '''NetAnim'''.
-Navigate to the '''netanim '''directory under '''ns-allinone-3.38.'''
+Navigate to the '''netanim '''directory under '''ns-allinone-3.38'''.
 |-
 || Type ./'''NetAnim'''
-|| Now type '''dot forward slash NetAnim. '''The '''NetAnim '''window will open.
+|| Now type '''dot forward slash NetAnim'''. '''NetAnim '''window will open.
 |-
 || Click on the '''Open XML trace file '''icon on the top left corner of the window.
@@ Line 329: / Line 329: @@
 |-
 || On the toolbar, click on the play button
-|| On the toolbar, click on the play button to view the simulation.
+|| On the toolbar, click on the '''Play Animation''' button to view the simulation.
 |-
 || Hover the cursor over node 0.

@@ Line 242: / Line 242: @@
 Type '''cd ns-allinone-3.38/ns-3.38 '''to navigate to the ns3 installation directory
-Type '''mv ~/Downloads/DynamicRouting.cc scratch/DynamicRouting.cc '''to move the source file to '''scratch '''directory.
+Type '''mv ~/Downloads/DynamicRouting.cc scratch/DynamicRouting.cc '''
 || Now we will observe the simulation.