Linux-New/C2/File-System-in-Linux/English - Revision history

Madhurig: Madhurig moved page Linux-Ubuntu/C2/File-System-in-Linux/English to Linux-New/C2/File-System-in-Linux/English

2026-03-24T11:07:20Z

Madhurig moved page Linux-Ubuntu/C2/File-System-in-Linux/English to Linux-New/C2/File-System-in-Linux/English

Madhurig at 09:15, 11 March 2026

2026-03-11T09:15:08Z

Madhurig at 10:24, 16 January 2026

2026-01-16T10:24:25Z

Madhurig at 10:02, 16 January 2026

2026-01-16T10:02:00Z

Ketkinaina at 07:16, 15 January 2026

2026-01-15T07:16:16Z

Ketkinaina: Created page with "'''Title of the Script: File System''' '''in Linux''' '''Author: EduPyramids Team.''' '''Keywords: '''Linux, terminal, file, directories, pwd, ls command, cat command, video..."

2026-01-15T07:12:07Z

Created page with "'''Title of the Script: File System''' '''in Linux''' '''Author: EduPyramids Team.''' '''Keywords: '''Linux, terminal, file, directories, pwd, ls command, cat command, video..."

New page

'''Title of the Script: File System''' '''in Linux'''

'''Author: EduPyramids Team.'''

'''Keywords: '''Linux, terminal, file, directories, pwd, ls command, cat command, video tutorial, EduPyramids.

'''Prerequisite tutorial: General Purpose Utilities'''

{|border=1
|-
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide 1Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to this''' Spoken tutorial '''on''' File System''' '''in Linux'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 2 Learning Objectives '''
|| In this tutorial we will learn to:
* Define Files, directories and inode.
* Create a file and add text in it.
* Create directories and
* Change and remove directories safely.
|-
|| '''Slide 3'''

'''System Requirements'''
|| To record this tutorial, I am using,

'''Ubuntu OS version 24 point 04'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 4'''

'''Pre-requisites'''

To follow this tutorial,

Learners should know the basics of using the linux terminal.

For the prerequisite Linux tutorials please visit

[https://edupyramids.org/ https://EduPyramids.org]
|| To follow this tutorial,
* Learners should know the basics of using the Linux terminal.
* For the prerequisite Linux tutorials please visit this website.
|-
|| '''Slide 5'''

'''Code files'''

The following code file is required to practice this tutorial

# '''fs-commands.txt'''

This file is provided in the Code Files link of this tutorial page.
|| The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.

This file is provided in the Code Files link of this tutorial page.
|-
||
|| Let us discuss files and directories.
|-
|| '''Slide 6'''

'''Files'''
* In real life, a file is used to store documents and papers.
* Similarly, in '''Linux''', a file is a container used to store information.
|| Now let us understand what a file is?In '''Linux''' almost everything is treated as a file.

In real life, a file is used to store documents and papers.

Similarly, in '''Linux''', a file is a container used to store information.
|-
|| '''Slide 7'''

'''Directory'''
* A directory is a collection of files and other sub-directories.
* A directory helps us organize our files in a systematic manner.
|| Let us now see what a directory is?

A directory is a collection of files and other sub-directories.

A directory helps us organize our files in a systematic manner.
|-
|| '''Slide 8'''

'''inode'''

Image

'''inode.png'''
|| Every file has its own properties.

It has a name, creation, modification time and permission.

These properties are stored in a structure called '''inode'''.

An inode is a data structure identified by a unique number.

It is used by the system to identify a file.

It stores information about a file such as size, permissions, and ownership.

It also stores timestamps and the disk location of the file.

File name is only for human convenience.

A directory does not store files directly.

It is a file that maps file names to their corresponding inode numbers.
|-
|| '''Slide 9'''

'''Linux File System hierarchy'''

'''Linux-filesystem.png-'''
|| All the files are connected in a tree structure.

At the top of this tree is the '''root directory''' indicated by slash(/).

Every file and directory exists under root(/).
|-
|| '''Slide 10'''

'''Types of Files'''

'''types-of-files1.png'''
|| Types of files in '''Linux'''.

Linux has three main types of files:
# '''Regular files : '''They store data as a stream of characters.

For example: text files, images, videos
# '''Directories: '''Organize files and other directories.
# '''Device files: '''These represent hardware such as disks, USBs, Cds.

They can be read and written like files.
|-
|| Screencast:

Press''' Ctrl, Alt '''and''' T keys '''on your''' keyboard'''
|| Let us now open the '''terminal '''window.
|-
|| '''Type pwd '''

Point to the output

'''/home/spoken'''
|| By default we are always in the home directory.

Let me type '''pwd '''and press '''Enter'''.

The output shows '''/home/spoken '''as the present working directory.
|-
|| Type''' ls -l '''and press '''Enter'''.
|| Now type '''ls space hyphen l''' and press '''Enter'''.

Terminal shows the following output.
* List of all files with file permissions,
* file owner's name,
* file size in bytes
* last modification time,
* File or directory name
|-
|| Point to the information on the terminal.
|| Instead of displaying all information on the screen, we can store it in a file.
|-
|| Type at the prompt

'''ls -l >fileinfo''' and press '''Enter'''.
|| So type '''ls space hyphen l space greater than fileinfo''' and''' '''press''' Enter'''.

Observe that nothing is displayed on the screen.
|-
|| Type at the prompt

'''cat fileinfo''' and press '''Enter'''.
|| To see the content of the files we have to use '''cat''' command.

So type '''cat space fileinfo '''and''' '''press''' Enter'''.

Output shows the file contents.
|-
|| Type at the prompt

'''cat > file1.txt''' and press '''Enter'''.
|| The''' cat''' command is mainly used to display file contents.

It can also be used to create or append files.

Type '''cat space greater than file1 dot''' '''txt '''and''' '''press''' Enter.'''
|-
|| Type '''I am creating a new file.''' and press Enter.

Press '''Ctrl + D keys''' to end the input.
|| After pressing '''Enter''', the command waits for input from the user.

So let’s type '''I am creating a new file.''' and press '''Enter'''.

Whatever we type will be written into the file.

The input is ended by pressing '''Ctrl '''and''' D keys '''together.
|-
|| Type at the prompt

'''cat >>file1.txt '''and press '''Enter'''.
|| If you wish to append to the end of an existing file type

'''cat space greater than greater than file1 dot txt''' and press '''Enter'''.
|-
|| Type at the prompt

'''This is a new line in the file. ''' and''' '''press''' Enter.'''

Press '''Ctrl''' + '''D''' keys together.
|| Again the command waits for input from the user.

So type, '''This is a new line in the file'''. and press '''Enter'''.

Press '''Ctrl''' and '''D''' keys together to end the input.
|-
|| Type: '''cat file1.txt '''and press '''Enter'''.
|| To see the contents written in file1 type,

'''cat space file1 dot txt''' and press '''Enter'''.
|-
|| Type: '''clear '''and Press '''Enter.'''
|| Type '''clear''' to clear the terminal window.
|-
|| Type:''' mkdir test1''' and Press '''Enter'''.

While recording, show the directory creation in the home directory.

Place the terminal and home directory side-by-side.
|| Let us now learn to create directories.

To create a directory I will type '''mkdir space test1 '''and press '''Enter.'''

If no output appears it means that the command has executed successfully.
|-
|| Type '''mkdir test2 test3 '''and press '''Enter'''
|| Let us now create multiple directories.

So I will type '''mkdir space test2 space test3 '''and press '''Enter'''.
|-
|| Type '''mkdir -p test4/test4.1''' and press '''Enter.'''

Show the folders '''test4 and test4.1'''

Highlight '''-p'''.
|| Now to show the directory hierarchy let me type '''mkdir space hyphen p space test4 slash test4 point 1''' and press '''Enter'''.

This will create a directory''' test4 point 1 '''within the '''test4 directory.'''

Here the argument '''hyphen p '''creates parent '''directories '''if they do not already exist.

Then''' test4 point 1 directory '''is created inside '''test4'''.
|-
||
|| Now let us learn to move into various directories.
|-
|| Type:''' cd test1 '''press '''Enter'''.
|| Type '''cd space test1''' and press''' Enter'''.

We are now in the '''test1''' directory.
|-
|| Type '''cd .. ''' and press '''Enter'''.
|| Let us go back to the parent directory.

So type '''cd space dot dot'''
|-
|| Type: '''cd test''' press Tab keys twice .

Press the backspace key to erase the prompt.
|| Now type '''cd test''' and press the '''Tab''' key twice.

All the directories with the name test will be displayed.

Press the backspace key to erase the prompt.
|-
|| Type '''cd test4/test4.1 '''and''' press Enter.'''
|| Type''' cd test4/test4 point 1 '''and press '''Enter '''to move to''' test4 point 1'''.
|-
|| '''Type: cd ../../'''

Press the''' Enter '''key.
|| Now let us learn to do multi-level navigation to come back to the home directory.

Let me type '''cd space dot dot slash dot dot slash'''

Press the '''Enter''' key.

Here the first two dots move up one level.

Second two dots moves up one more directory level.

Press the '''Enter''' key.
|-
|| Type: '''rmdir test1''' and press '''Enter.'''
|| Now we will learn to delete the created test 1 directory.

Type '''rmdir space test1''' and press '''Enter.'''

Now, we can see that the test1 directory is removed.
|-
|| Type: '''rmdir test4 test4/test4.1'''

'''Highlight the output: rmdir: failed to remove 'test4': Directory not empty'''
|| Type '''rmdir space test4 space test4 slash test4 point 1'''.

The output shows

'''rmdir: failed to remove 'test4': Directory not empty'''.

This indicates that if the directory is not empty it cannot be deleted.

A directory must be empty before it can be removed using''' rmdir'''.
|-
||
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.
|-
|| '''Slide 9'''

'''Summary'''

In this tutorial we have learn to:
* Define Files, directories and inode
* Create a file and add text in it
* Create directories and
* Change and remove directories safely
|| Let us summarise.
|-
|| '''Slide 10'''

'''Assignment'''
* Create a file named '''myfile''' using the cat command
* Write one line of text in it.
* Display the contents of '''myfile''' using the cat command.
* Create a directory named '''mydir''' and create sub-directories inside it.
|| As an assignment, please do the following.
|-
|| '''Slide 11'''

'''Thank you'''
|| This Spoken Tutorial is brought to you by EduPyramids Educational Services Private Limited SINE IIT Bombay.Thank you.
|-
|}

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:02, 16 January 2026
Line 290:		Line 290:

	Let me type '''cd space dot dot slash dot dot slash'''		Let me type '''cd space dot dot slash dot dot slash'''
−
−	~~Press the '''Enter''' key.~~

	Here the first two dots move up one level.		Here the first two dots move up one level.

← Older revision	Revision as of 11:07, 24 March 2026
(No difference)

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Title of the Script: File System''' '''in Linux'''
+'''Title of the Script''': '''File System in Linux'''
 '''Author: EduPyramids Team.'''
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 '''Learning Objectives '''
 || In this tutorial we will learn to:
-* Define Files, directories and inode.
+* Define Files and directories.
 * Create a file and add text in it.
 * Create directories and
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 This file is provided in the '''Code Files''' link of this tutorial page.
-|-
-||
-|| Let us discuss files and directories.
 |-
 || '''Slide 6'''
 '''Linux File System hierarchy'''
 '''Linux-filesystem.png'''
-|| All the files are connected in a tree structure.
+|| Let us discuss files and directories.
 At the top of this tree is the '''root directory''' indicated by slash(/).
@@ Line 125: / Line 76: @@
 Every file and directory exists under root(/).
 |-
-|| '''Slide 10'''
+|| '''Slide 7'''
 '''Types of Files'''
@@ Line 322: / Line 273: @@
 || With this we come to the end of this tutorial.
 |-
-|| '''Slide 9'''
+|| '''Slide 8'''
 '''Summary'''
 In this tutorial we have learn to:
-* Define Files, directories and inode
+* Define Files and directories.
 * Create a file and add text in it
 * Create directories and
@@ Line 333: / Line 284: @@
 || Let us summarise.
 |-
-|| '''Slide 10'''
+|| '''Slide 9'''
 '''Assignment'''
@@ Line 342: / Line 293: @@
 || As an assignment, please do the following.
 |-
-|| '''Slide 11'''
+|| '''Slide 10'''
 '''Thank you'''
-Thank you.
+This Spoken Tutorial is brought to you by EduPyramids Educational Services Private Limited SINE IIT Bombay.
 |-
 |}

@@ Line 40: / Line 40: @@
 To follow this tutorial,
-Learners should know the basics of using the linux terminal.
+Learners should know the basics of using the Linux terminal.
 For the prerequisite Linux tutorials please visit
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 # '''fs-commands.txt'''
-This file is provided in the Code Files link of this tutorial page.
+This file is provided in the '''Code Files''' link of this tutorial page.
 || The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.
-This file is provided in the Code Files link of this tutorial page.
+This file is provided in the '''Code Files''' link of this tutorial page.
 |-
 ||
@@ Line 70: / Line 70: @@
 * In real life, a file is used to store documents and papers.
 * Similarly, in '''Linux''', a file is a container used to store information.
-|| Now let us understand what a file is?In '''Linux''' almost everything is treated as a file.
+|| Now let us understand what a file is?
 In real life, a file is used to store documents and papers.
@@ Line 110: / Line 112: @@
 A directory does not store files directly.
-It is a file that maps file names to their corresponding inode numbers.
+It is a file that maps file names to their corresponding '''inode''' numbers.
 |-
 || '''Slide 9'''
@@ Line 116: / Line 118: @@
 '''Linux File System hierarchy'''
-'''Linux-filesystem.png-'''
+'''Linux-filesystem.png'''
 || All the files are connected in a tree structure.
@@ Line 133: / Line 135: @@
 # '''Regular files : '''They store data as a stream of characters.
-For example: text files, images, videos
+For example: text files, images, videos.
 # '''Directories: '''Organize files and other directories.
 # '''Device files: '''These represent hardware such as disks, USBs, Cds.
@@ Line 142: / Line 144: @@
 Press''' Ctrl, Alt '''and''' T keys '''on your''' keyboard'''
-|| Let us now open the '''terminal '''window.
+|| Let us now open the '''terminal ''' window.
 |-
 || '''Type pwd '''
@@ Line 151: / Line 153: @@
 || By default we are always in the home directory.
-Let me type '''pwd '''and press '''Enter'''.
+Let me type '''pwd ''' and press '''Enter'''.
-The output shows '''/home/spoken '''as the present working directory.
+The output shows '''/home/spoken ''' as the present working directory.
 |-
 || Type''' ls -l '''and press '''Enter'''.
@@ Line 161: / Line 163: @@
 * List of all files with file permissions,
 * file owner's name,
-* file size in bytes
+* file size in bytes,
 * last modification time,
-* File or directory name
+* File or directory name.
 |-
 || Point to the information on the terminal.
@@ Line 171: / Line 173: @@
 '''ls -l >fileinfo''' and press '''Enter'''.
-|| So type '''ls space hyphen l space greater than fileinfo''' and''' '''press''' Enter'''.
+|| So type '''ls space hyphen l space greater than fileinfo''' and press''' Enter'''.
 Observe that nothing is displayed on the screen.
@@ Line 180: / Line 182: @@
 || To see the content of the files we have to use '''cat''' command.
-So type '''cat space fileinfo '''and''' '''press''' Enter'''.
+So type '''cat space fileinfo '''and press''' Enter'''.
 Output shows the file contents.
@@ Line 191: / Line 193: @@
 It can also be used to create or append files.
-Type '''cat space greater than file1 dot''' '''txt '''and''' '''press''' Enter.'''
+Type '''cat space greater than file1 dot txt '''and''' '''press''' Enter.'''
 |-
 || Type '''I am creating a new file.''' and press Enter.
@@ Line 237: / Line 239: @@
 || Let us now learn to create directories.
-To create a directory I will type '''mkdir space test1 '''and press '''Enter.'''
+To create a directory I will type '''mkdir space test1 '''and press '''Enter'''.
 If no output appears it means that the command has executed successfully.
@@ Line 315: / Line 317: @@
 This indicates that if the directory is not empty it cannot be deleted.
-A directory must be empty before it can be removed using''' rmdir'''.
+A directory must be empty before it can be removed using ''' rmdir'''.
 |-
 ||
@@ Line 343: / Line 345: @@
 '''Thank you'''
-|| This Spoken Tutorial is brought to you by EduPyramids Educational Services Private Limited SINE IIT Bombay.Thank you.
+|| This Spoken Tutorial is brought to you by EduPyramids Educational Services Private Limited SINE IIT Bombay.
 |-
 |}

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 '''Prerequisite tutorial: General Purpose Utilities'''
 {|border=1
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 || '''Narration'''
 |-
-|| '''Slide 1Title Slide'''
+|| '''Slide 1'''
 || Welcome to this''' Spoken tutorial '''on''' File System''' '''in Linux'''.
 |-
-|| '''Slide 2 Learning Objectives '''
+|| '''Slide 2'''
 || In this tutorial we will learn to:
 * Define Files, directories and inode.
@@ Line 85: / Line 90: @@
 '''inode'''
 '''inode.png'''