Linux-New/C2/Basic-Commands/English - Revision history

Madhurig: Madhurig moved page Linux-Ubuntu/C2/Basic-Commands/English to Linux-New/C2/Basic-Commands/English

2026-03-24T11:05:17Z

Madhurig moved page Linux-Ubuntu/C2/Basic-Commands/English to Linux-New/C2/Basic-Commands/English

Madhurig at 13:50, 10 March 2026

2026-03-10T13:50:42Z

Madhurig at 09:46, 7 January 2026

2026-01-07T09:46:28Z

Madhurig at 16:53, 6 January 2026

2026-01-06T16:53:33Z

Ketkinaina: Created page with "'''Title of the script: Basic Commands''' '''Author: EduPyramids Team''' '''Keywords: linux commands, shell, command interpreter, internal commands, external commands , bash..."

2026-01-03T13:45:17Z

Created page with "'''Title of the script: Basic Commands''' '''Author: EduPyramids Team''' '''Keywords: linux commands, shell, command interpreter, internal commands, external commands , bash..."

New page

'''Title of the script: Basic Commands'''

'''Author: EduPyramids Team'''

'''Keywords: linux commands, shell, command interpreter, internal commands, external commands , bash, type, path, video tutorial.'''

{|border=1
|-
|| '''Visual Cue '''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to the Spoken tutorial on''' Basic Commands''' in Linux.
|-
|| '''Slide 2'''

'''Learning Objectives '''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about:
* Linux commands and a command interpreter.
* Identifying internal and external commands in Linux.
|-
|| '''Slide 3'''

'''System Requirements'''
|| To record this tutorial, I am using
* Ubuntu OS version 24 point zero 4
|-
|| '''Slide 4'''

'''Pre-requisites'''

[https://edupyramids.org/ https://EduPyramids.org]
|| To follow this tutorial,
* Learners should have Ubuntu version 24 point zero 4
* For the prerequisite Linux tutorials please visit this website.
|-
|| '''Slide 5'''

'''Code files'''

The following code file is required to practice this tutorial

1. bc-commands.txt

This file is provided in the Code Files link of this tutorial page
|| The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.

This file is provided in the Code Files link of this tutorial page.
|-
|| '''Slide 6'''

'''Linux Commands'''
|| Now let us see what '''Linux''' '''commands''' are?
* Linux commands are words used to execute tasks.
* Most commands are short, usually no more than four characters '''(e.g. ls, who, ps).'''
* Commands are written in lowercase and are case-sensitive.
|-
|| Screencast:

Press''' Ctrl, Alt '''and''' T keys '''on your''' keyboard'''
|| Let us open the terminal by pressing '''Ctrl, Alt, '''and '''T '''keys on the keyboard.
|-
|| Point to the''' $ prompt '''on the '''terminal '''window.
|| we can see a prompt ($) and a cursor blinking next to it.

This is where we need to type in a command.
|-
|| Type at the command prompt:

'''who >> '''press Enter
|| Type at the prompt '''who''' and press Enter.

We can see the name of the users logged in on the terminal.
|-
|| Only Narration
|| Do you know which entity converts these commands into actual actions?

This job is done by the Command Interpreter called the '''shell'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 7'''

'''Shell Program'''
||
* A '''shell''' is a program that acts as an interface between the user and Linux.
* It allows us to enter commands for the operating system to execute.
* Linux supports multiple shells, and users can choose their preferred one.
* The default shell on most Linux systems, including Ubuntu, is bash.
* Its executable file is located at / bin/bash.
* Bash stands for GNU Bourne-Again Shell and it is part of the GNU suite of tools.
|-
|| '''Slide 8'''

'''Shell Program'''
* Bash is the most popular shell, available on almost all Linux systems.
* Other shells include Bourne shell (sh), C Shell (csh) and Korn shell(ksh)
||
* Bash is the most popular shell, available on almost all Linux systems.
* Other shells include Bourne shell , C Shell and Korn shell.
|-
|| Type at the command prompt

'''echo $SHELL'''
|| Let us see which shell we are using?

Type '''echo space dollar SHELL '''in capitals and press Enter.
|-
|| Point to /bin/bash
|| The output shows '''slash bin slash bash'''( '''/bin/bash)'''

The output shows the''' '''present shell that is being used.
|-
|| '''Type at $: type ps'''

'''Highlight the output: ps is /usr/bin/ps'''
|| Now type: '''type space ps '''and press Enter.

The output is shown as''' ps is /usr/bin/ps'''

This shows that '''ps''' is a file stored in the '''usr/bin '''directory.
|-
|| Point to the''' type ps '''command.
|| When a command is entered, the shell searches listed directories for it. If found, the program runs; otherwise, a “command not found” error appears.
|-
|| Type '''echo $PATH'''
|| To see the lists of the directories stored in the PATH environment variable,

type '''echo space dollar''' '''PATH '''in capital.

Press Enter.
|-
||
|| Based on how commands are executed, Linux commands are classified into two types:

internal commands and external commands.
|-
|| '''Slide 9'''

'''External Commands'''
||
* External commands are separate executable files located in the system directories.
* For example '''slash bin (/bin)''',''' slash u s r slash bin (/usr, or slash s bin. '''
* When we run a command, the shell searches through the dollar PATH ($PATH) variable to find the file.
* Then starts a new "child process" to run it.
* These are independent programs.
* We can update them or install new ones (like''' git''' or '''python''') without changing the '''shell'''.
* They take slightly more time and memory to launch.
|-
|| '''Slide 10'''

'''Internal Commands'''
||
* Internal commands are part of the '''shell''''s source code like '''bash'''.
* When we type an internal command, the shell executes it directly.
* They are very fast because no new process needs to be started.
* They often handle shell-specific tasks like changing directories or managing the environment.
|-
|| Type at the prompt: '''type''' '''echo'''

Press Enter.
|| Type at the prompt, '''type '''space''' echo''' and press '''Enter'''.
|-
|| Point to the output.
|| The output shows '''echo is a shell builtin.'''

It means '''echo''' command is an internal command.
|-
|| Point to the output.

Type: '''type cd'''
|| Type, '''type '''space''' cd''' and press Enter.

The output shows '''cd is a shell builtin.'''

So''' cd '''is also an internal command.
|-
||
|| We will learn more about commands in the upcoming tutorials.
|-
|| '''Slide 11'''

'''Summary'''

In this tutorial, we have learnt about:
* Linux commands and a command interpreter.
* Identifying internal and external commands in Linux
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarise.
|-
|| '''Slide 12'''

'''Assignment'''

As an assignment,

Run the following commands and check the output
* '''type exit'''
* '''ls '''
* '''type cp'''
|| As an Assignment, please do the following.
|-
|| '''Slide 13'''

'''Thank you'''
|| This Spoken Tutorial is brought to you by EduPyramids educational services private limited SINE IIT Bombay. Thank you.
|-
|}

← Older revision	Revision as of 11:05, 24 March 2026
(No difference)

@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 This job is done by the Command Interpreter called the '''shell'''.
 |-
 || Type at the command prompt
@@ Line 126: / Line 107: @@
 |-
 || Point to the''' type ps '''command.
-|| When a command is entered, the '''shell''' searches listed directories for it. If found, the program runs; otherwise, a “command not found” error appears.
+|| When a command is entered, the '''shell''' searches listed directories for it.
 |-
 || Type '''echo $PATH'''
@@ Line 135: / Line 118: @@
 Press Enter.
 |-
-||
-|| Based on how commands are executed, Linux commands are classified into two types:
-−
-internal commands and external commands.
-|-
-|| '''Slide 9'''
-−
-'''External Commands'''
-||
-* External commands are separate executable files located in the system directories.
-* For example '''slash bin (/bin)''',''' slash u s r slash bin (/usr/bin), or slash s bin(/sbin)'''.
-* When we run a command, the shell searches through the dollar PATH ($PATH) variable to find the file.
-* Then starts a new "child process" to run it.
-* These are independent programs.
-* We can update them or install new ones (like''' git''' or '''python''') without changing the '''shell'''.
-* They take slightly more time and memory to launch.
-|-
-|| '''Slide 10'''
-−
-'''Internal Commands'''
-||
-* Internal commands are part of the '''shell''''s source code like '''bash'''.
-* When we type an internal command, the shell executes it directly.
-* They are very fast because no new process needs to be started.
-* They often handle shell-specific tasks like changing directories or managing the environment.
-|-
 || Type at the prompt: '''type''' '''echo'''
@@ Line 183: / Line 141: @@
 || We will learn more about commands in the upcoming tutorials.
 |-
-|| '''Slide 11'''
+|| '''Slide 7'''
 '''Summary'''
@@ Line 194: / Line 152: @@
 Let us summarise.
 |-
-|| '''Slide 12'''
+|| '''Slide 8'''
 '''Assignment'''
@@ Line 206: / Line 164: @@
 || As an Assignment, please do the following.
 |-
-|| '''Slide 13'''
+|| '''Slide 9'''
 '''Thank you'''
-|| This Spoken Tutorial is brought to you by EduPyramids Educational Services Private Limited, SINE, IIT Bombay.
 Thank you.
 |-
 |}

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 '''Keywords: linux commands, shell, command interpreter, internal commands, external commands , bash, type, path, video tutorial.'''
 {|border=1
@@ Line 41: / Line 44: @@
 '''Code files'''
-The following code file is required to practice this tutorial
+The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.
 . bc-commands.txt
-This file is provided in the Code Files link of this tutorial page
+This file is provided in the Code Files link of this tutorial page.
 || The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.
@@ Line 54: / Line 57: @@
 '''Linux Commands'''
 || Now let us see what '''Linux''' '''commands''' are?
 * Linux commands are words used to execute tasks.
-* Most commands are short, usually no more than four characters '''(e.g. ls, who, ps).'''
+* Most commands are short, usually no more than four characters '''(examples ls, who, ps).'''
 * Commands are written in lowercase and are case-sensitive.
 |-
@@ Line 64: / Line 68: @@
 |-
 || Point to the''' $ prompt '''on the '''terminal '''window.
-|| we can see a prompt ($) and a cursor blinking next to it.
+|| we can see a prompt $ sign and a cursor blinking next to it.
 This is where we need to type in a command.
@@ Line 88: / Line 92: @@
 * Linux supports multiple shells, and users can choose their preferred one.
 * The default shell on most Linux systems, including Ubuntu, is bash.
-* Its executable file is located at / bin/bash.
+* Its executable file is located at /bin/bash.
-* Bash stands for GNU Bourne-Again Shell and it is part of the GNU suite of tools.
+* Bash stands for '''GNU Bourne-Again Shell''' and it is part of the '''GNU''' suite of tools.
 |-
 || '''Slide 8'''
@@ Line 95: / Line 99: @@
 '''Shell Program'''
 * Bash is the most popular shell, available on almost all Linux systems.
-* Other shells include Bourne shell (sh), C Shell (csh) and Korn shell(ksh)
+* Other shells include '''Bourne shell''' (sh), C Shell (csh) and Korn shell(ksh)
 ||
 * Bash is the most popular shell, available on almost all Linux systems.
-* Other shells include Bourne shell , C Shell and Korn shell.
+* Other shells include '''Bourne shell''' , '''C Shell''' and '''Korn shell'''.
 |-
 || Type at the command prompt
@@ Line 122: / Line 126: @@
 |-
 || Point to the''' type ps '''command.
-|| When a command is entered, the shell searches listed directories for it. If found, the program runs; otherwise, a “command not found” error appears.
+|| When a command is entered, the '''shell''' searches listed directories for it. If found, the program runs; otherwise, a “command not found” error appears.
 |-
 || Type '''echo $PATH'''
 || To see the lists of the directories stored in the PATH environment variable,
-type '''echo space dollar''' '''PATH '''in capital.
+type '''echo space dollar PATH '''in capital.
 Press Enter.
@@ Line 141: / Line 145: @@
 ||
 * External commands are separate executable files located in the system directories.
-* For example '''slash bin (/bin)''',''' slash u s r slash bin (/usr, or slash s bin. '''
+* For example '''slash bin (/bin)''',''' slash u s r slash bin (/usr/bin), or slash s bin(/sbin)'''.
 * When we run a command, the shell searches through the dollar PATH ($PATH) variable to find the file.
 * Then starts a new "child process" to run it.
@@ Line 205: / Line 209: @@
 '''Thank you'''
-|| This Spoken Tutorial is brought to you by EduPyramids educational services private limited SINE IIT Bombay. Thank you.
+|| This Spoken Tutorial is brought to you by EduPyramids Educational Services Private Limited, SINE, IIT Bombay.
 |-
 |}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Title of the script: Basic Commands'''
+'''Title of the script: Basic Commands in Linux'''
 '''Author: EduPyramids Team'''
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 '''Title Slide'''
-|| Welcome to the Spoken tutorial on''' Basic Commands''' in Linux.
+|| Welcome to the Spoken tutorial on''' Basic Commands in Linux'''.
 |-
 || '''Slide 2'''