Chandrika: Created page with ''''Title of script''': '''The Linux File Attributes''' '''Author: Shahid Ali Farooqui''' '''Keywords: File permissions, ownership of a file, group, inode, soft and hard links.'…'

2012-11-27T12:27:37Z

Created page with ''''Title of script''': '''The Linux File Attributes''' '''Author: Shahid Ali Farooqui''' '''Keywords: File permissions, ownership of a file, group, inode, soft and hard links.'…'

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'''Title of script''': '''The Linux File Attributes'''

'''Author: Shahid Ali Farooqui'''

'''Keywords: File permissions, ownership of a file, group, inode, soft and hard links.'''

'''Prerequisite: Please create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, '''

'''example5, and testchown. Please also create empty directories named as test_chown and '''

'''directory1 '''

Resources for the tutorial:[[File:Resources_for_file_attributes.zip]]
{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.035cm solid #000000;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| <center>'''Visual Clue'''</center>
| style="border:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 1
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as example1, example2, example3, example4, example5, and testchown. Please create empty directories named as test_chown and directory1 also
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 2
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file. File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 3
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| chown command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The syntax of chown command is '''<nowiki>chown space [options] space ownername space filename or directoryname </nowiki>'''
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We may give following options with chown command.

'''-R''' : To change the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in.

'''-c ''': Change the permission for each file.

'''-f''' : Prevents chown from displaying error messages.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 4
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we will look at some examples
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that cd space Desktop slash file_attr and press enter
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now type the command

$ ls space -l spacetestchown and press Enter.

-rw-r--r-- 1 shahid shahid 0 2010-12-14 16:28 testchown
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here we can see the owner of the file 'testchown' is shahid
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To change the owner of the file, type the command

$ sudo space chown space anusha space testchown

press Enter
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Enter the sudo password and press Enter again. Press enter
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now type

$ ls space -l spacetestchown

and press Enter

-r--r--r-- 2 anusha shahid 0 2010-12-14 02:05 testchown

Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we will see how to change owner of the <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.proposable.com<span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">proposal software</span>] directory

Type the command

$ ls -l

press Enter

drwxr-xr-x 2 shahid shahid 4096 2010-12-14 16:31 test_chown

Here we can see the owner of the directory 'test_chown' is shahid
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To change the owner of the directory, type the command

$ sudo space chown space minus capital R space anusha spacetest_chown which is directory name

and press Enter

Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type

$ ls space -l

press Enter

drwxr-xr-x 2 anusha shahid 4096 2010-12-14 16:31 test_chown

Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 5
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| chmod command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Syntax of the chmod command is

<nowiki>chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename </nowiki>

We may give the following options with chmod command.

-c : Print information about files that are changed.

-f : Do not notify user of files that chmod cannot change.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 6
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| There are following types of access or permissions

r : Read

w : Write

x : Execute

s : Set user (or group) ID
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal number. The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission, and the third stands for other's permission.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values:

4 : Read

2 : Write

1 : Execute
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 7
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we will look at some examples of chmod

Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file example1 Before that i will again clear the screen by pressing Clt+l.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now lets type

$ chmod space u+x space example1

press Enter
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now type

$ ls space -l space example1

press Enter to see the changes

-rwxr--r-- 1 shahid shahid 0 2010-12-14 02:05 example1

here you can see to assign the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now type the command

$ chmod space 751 space example1

press Enter
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now type

$ ls space -l space example1

and press Enter

-rwxr-x--x 1 shahid shahid 0 2010-12-14 02:05 example1

Here we can see that above command has assigned the read/write/execute permission by owner, read/execute permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 8
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To assign read-only permission to file example1 for everyone type the command

$ chmod space <nowiki>=r space </nowiki>example1

and press Enter

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now type the command

$ ls space -l space example1

press Enter

-r--r--r-- 1 shahid shahid 0 2010-12-14 02:05 example1

Here we can see that the read only permission has been assigned to file example1 for everyone
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory directory1 type the command

$ chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1

press Enter
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now type

$ ls space -l

press Enter to see the changes

drwxr-xr-x 2 shahid shahid 4096 2010-12-14 02:14 directory1
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display

slide 9
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To give the user execute permission on file example2

Type the command

$ chmod space u+x space example2

press Enter
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now type the command

$ ls space -l space example2

and press Enter

-rwxr--r-- 1 shahid shahid 0 2010-12-14 02:17 example2

Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on example2
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To add the write permissions to the group for file example3

type the command

$ chmod space g+w space example3

press Enter
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| and now type

$ ls space -l space example3

press Enter

-rw-rw-r-- 1 shahid shahid 6 2010-12-14 00:31 example3

Here we can see the write permission has been added to group
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To remove the write permissions for all type the command

$ chmod space a-w space example3

press Enter
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now type

$ ls space -l space example3

press Enter

-r--r--r-- 1 shahid shahid 6 2010-12-14 00:31 example3

Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 10
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Chgrp

chgrp command is used to change the group of one or more files to newgroup. Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in /etc/group. Only the owner of a file or a privileged user may change the group.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The syntax for the chgrp command is

<nowiki>chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files space chgrp space [options] </nowiki>
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Lets go to terminal.

Now we will look at some examples of chgrp command.

type the command

$ ls space -l space example4

press Enter

-rw-r--r-- 1 shahid shahid 0 2010-12-14 00:48 example4

Here we can see the group permission is for user shahid
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To change the group permission , type the command

$ sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4

press Enter

Enter the sudo password if required.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now type the command

$ ls space -l space example4

press Enter

-rw-r--r-- 1 shahid rohit 0 2010-12-14 00:48 example4

Here we can see that the group has changed from shahid to rohit.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 11
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The inode number is a unique integer assigned to the device. Inode stores basic information about a regular file or a directory. All the files are hard links to inodes. Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding inode.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We can use ls space -i command to see the inode number of a file.

type the command

$ ls space -i space example5

press Enter

Number written before the file is the inode number of the file.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 12
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Inodes are associated with precisely one directory entry at a time.

Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single inode.

ln is the command to make link
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The syntax of ln command to create the hard link is

ln space {source} space {link}

Where, source is an existing file and link is the file to create.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 13
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we will look at some examples of hard links

Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command

$ ln space example1 space exampleln

press Enter
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To display the inode number of both the files, type the command

$ ls space -i space example1 space exampleln

press Enter

Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same, file exampleln is the hard link for file example1
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 14
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Soft link (symbolic link) is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The syntax of ln command to create soft links is

ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename}
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 15
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now we will look at some examples of soft links

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To create the soft link, type the command

$ ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft

press Enter

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now, to display the inode number and list of both the files, type the command

$ ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft

press Enter

Here we can see that inode number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a softlink of example1.
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Display slide 16
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| So in this tutorial we have learnt about the Linux Files Attributes like changing permission, ownership and group of a file.

We also learnt about the inode, soft and hard links of a file. This brings me to the end of this tutorial. Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT.

More information on the same is available at the following link http://spoken-tutorial.org /NMEICT-Intro . This is Anusha Kadambala and Shahid from IIT Bombay signing off . Thanks for joining.

|}

Linux/C2/File-Attributes/English - Revision history

PoojaMoolya at 07:17, 17 June 2014

Chandrika: Created page with ''''Title of script''': '''The Linux File Attributes''' '''Author: Shahid Ali Farooqui''' '''Keywords: File permissions, ownership of a file, group, inode, soft and hard links.'…'

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 Resources for the tutorial:[[File:Resources_for_file_attributes.zip]]
 {| style="border-spacing:0;"
-| style="border-top:0.035cm solid #000000;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| <center>'''Visual Clue'''</center>
+| style="border-top:0.035cm solid #000000;border-bottom:0.035cm solid #000000;border-left:0.035cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
 | style="border:0.035cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''