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'''Title of the Script:''' Using gSchem to Prepare a Schematic

'''Author:''' R. S. Ananda Murthy

'''Keywords:''' GSchem, schematic

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:transparent;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Visual Cue</center>
| style="border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Narration</center>

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Show title slide</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Welcome to this spoken tutorial on using GSchem to draw a circuit schematic.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Show Slide-2 listing Learning Objectives.</center>

<center>Make bulleted text blocks appear one-by-one by pressing Enter.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| After completing this tutorial, you will be able to

* create a circuit schematic using GSchem.
* generate the netlist from it for simulation using Ngspice.

Another tutorial explains how to make a printed circuit board from the schematic.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Show Slides-3 and 4 listing software used.</center>

<center>Make bulleted text blocks appear one-by-one by pressing Enter.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| In this tutorial I have used

Snapshot Version of Zenwalk GNU Linux which is a free operating system derived from Slackware, available at [http://www.zenwalk.org/ www.zenwalk.org].</tt>

Instead of this you may also use Ubuntu GNU Linux..

gEDA Suite Version 1.7.2 available at <tt>geda-project.org.</tt>

To install gEDA Suite, use Xnetpkg in Zenwalk. Or use Software Centre in Ubuntu.

To understand how to install packages in Ubuntu, refer to Ubuntu Spoken Tutorials.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Show Slide-5 listing prerequisites.</center>

<center>Make bulleted text blocks appear one-by-one by pressing Enter.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| To understand this tutorial, the pre-requisites are –

* Circuit theory.
* Analog and digital electronics.
* Skills in operating a GNU Linux system.
* Basics of SPICE.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Switch to the Zenwalk desktop.</center>

<center>Right-click on the desktop.</center>

<center>In the desktop pop-up menu choose Applications →Science →gEDA Schematic Editor.Click on gEDA Schematic Editor.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| On a Zenwalk system, right click on desktop to get the desktop pop-up menu.

Start GSchem by clicking on the link to gEDA Schematic Editor in the Applications Menu.

Ubuntu users please click on Applications menu and choose gEDA Schematic Editor.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Display the GSchem screen.</center>

<center>Move cursor to Close button.</center>

<center>Point to the rectangular area.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| This is the opening screen of GSchem.

You can close the status dialog box by clicking on the Close button.

GSchem belongs to gEDA Suite of programs.

It is used to draw schematics and symbols.

Schematic should be drawn within this area.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Click on 'View' and point to the pull-down menu.</center>

<center>Point to the keyboard short cuts options.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Clicking on View, displays this pull-down menu.

Keyboard short cuts or hot keys to perform different operations are given in this menu.

It is much faster to use hot keys instead of operating the mouse.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Type 'vl'.</center>

<center>Point to the light color scheme in the drawing area.</center>

<center>Type 'z' to demonstrate zoom in.</center>

<center>Type 'Shift+z' to demonstrate zoom out.</center>

<center>Show zoom-in and zoom-out with mouse wheel also.</center>

<center>Type 've' and demonstrate.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| For example, type vl on the keyboard to get light color scheme for drawing area.

Type z to zoom in and Shift+z to zoom out.

We can also zoom in and zoom out by turning the mouse wheel up and down.

Finally zoom extents by typing ve.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Display Slide 6 showing the circuit.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| This is the circuit we propose to simulate using Ngspice.

In this circuit we need to find Va, and the power delivered by this current controlled voltage source.

We also need to verify Kirchhoff's Voltage Law and Kirchhoff's Current Law.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Display Slide 7 showing the schematic in which dummy voltage sources have been inserted.</center>

<center>Point at reference node.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| In Ngspice, a D.C. voltage source of 0 V, known as dummy voltage source, is used as an ammeter to measure current.

We insert them in branches where current has to be measured.

We also need to indicate the reference node with respect to which all other node voltages are measured.

Without this SPICE simulation does not work.

To create this schematic, we need the symbols of current source, voltage source, resistor, current controlled voltage source, and ground.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Switch back to the gSchem window.</center>

<center>Click on Add and point to the pull-down menu.</center>

<center>Point to the various options as you narrate.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Clicking on Add displays this pull-down menu.

There are options in this menu to place a component, a net, a bus, an attribute, text. These are used to draw the schematic.

Options to draw line, box, circle, arc, pin, and picture are useful while drawing symbols.

When the required symbol is not available, we have to create it.

Symbol creation is explained in another tutorial.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Point at Add Components button.</center>

<center>Type i.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| To add a component to the schematic, we can click on this button,

or we can type the keyboard short cut i.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Click on small triangle to open a library.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| When we type i, this dialog box appears listing all the libraries.

We can open a library by clicking on the small triangle beside it.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Type resis in the filter field.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| If we do not know in which library the required device symbol is present,

we can type the initial few letters of the name of the device in the filter to locate the symbol.

For example, to find resistor symbol, we can type “resis” in the filter to list related symbols as shown here.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Click on resistor-1.sym.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| We can select resistor-1.sym. Its preview is shown.

This symbol has reference descriptor indicated as Refdes R?

In SPICE, single letters are used to specify different components.

For example, R refers to resistor,

V refers to a voltage source,

I refers to a current source,

H refers to a current controlled voltage source and so on.

Do not remove the reference descriptors as they are needed for simulation.

More information about reference descriptors of devices is given in the tutorial on Ngspice.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Click on drawing area to place the resistor.</center>

<center>Right-click on the drawing area.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Drag the resistor symbol and click in the drawing area to place it.

Observe the Refdes R?

Right click in the drawing area to deselect the symbol.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Type volt in the filter field.</center>

<center>Select voltage-3.sym.</center>

<center>Click on the drawing area.</center>

<center>Right-click on the drawing area.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Similarly, select the D.C. voltage source symbol and place it in the drawing area.

Observe the Refdes V?

Deselect by right clicking in the drawing area.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Type ccvs in the filter.</center>

<center>Select ccvs-1.sym.</center>

<center>Click on the drawing area.</center>

<center>Right-click on the drawing area.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Select the current controlled voltage source and place it in the drawing area.

Observe the Refdes H?

Deselect by right clicking in the drawing area.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Type cur in the filter.</center>

<center>Select current-1.sym.</center>

<center>Click on the drawing area.</center>

<center>Right-click on the drawing area.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| In the same way, place the current source symbol also in the drawing area.

See the Refdes I? for the current source.

Right click to deselect.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Type gnd in the filter.</center>

<center>Select gnd-1.sym.</center>

<center>Click on the drawing area.</center>

<center>Right-click on the drawing area.</center>

<center>Click on the Close button of library.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Place the ground symbol in the same way.

Observe there is no Refdes for this symbol.

Deselect by right clicking.

We should note that there are also components in libraries which cannot be used in SPICE but which are needed for making the printed circuit board of the circuit.

Now we have placed all the required symbols.

So, click on the Close button to close the library.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Click on Select Mode button.</center>

<center>Click on a component symbol in work space.</center>

<center>Type c and drag copy.</center>

<center>Select another component.</center>

<center>Type er to rotate it by 90 degrees.</center>

<center>Select another component.</center>

<center>Type ey and drag to show multiple copies.</center>

<center>Right-click to deselect multiple copies.</center>

<center>Press Del key to delete unwanted components.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| We can select a component in the workspace by clicking on it in the select mode. This is the select tool.

We can make a copy of a component by first selecting it, and then typing c, and then dragging the copy.

After selecting a component, if we type er, the symbol is rotated by 90 degrees.

We can make multiple copies of a selected symbol by typing ey.

We can delete a component by pressing Del key after selecting the component.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Click on Edit.</center>

<center>Point at all the editing commands in the pull-down menu.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| All editing commands are listed in this Edit pull down menu.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Using select tool double click on resistor symbol in the drawing and enter its value.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| To add value of a resistor, double click on the resistor symbol.

Under Add Attributes select Value in the pull-down menu.

Enter value of the resistor in the space provided with the required scale factor used in SPICE.

Select Show Value Only in the visibility pull-down menu, and click on +Add button.

Click on Close.

Now the value is added to the resistor.

To change the value of a resistor, double click on its value,

type new value, and click on Ok button.

Similarly values for all other components can be entered.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Make copies of components as required.</center>

<center>Place them properly.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| After making copies of components

and entering values and placing them,

the schematic will be like this.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Type n.</center>

<center>Connect components.</center>

<center>Right-click to stop connecting.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Type n to start Add Nets mode. In this mode we can make connections.

In networking mode a small circle appears as shown.

We can cancel networking by right clicking.

After making all connections the schematic will be like this.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Click on Attributes.</center>

<center>Click on the Autonumber option.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Clicking on Attributes gives this pull-down menu.

In this menu click on Autonumber Text.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Select Autonumber Text in: Current Page.</center>

<center>Click on Apply.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| In the Autonumber Text dialog box,

select search for Refdes=*, autonumber text in Current page,

starting number 1, and click on Apply.

This numbers the components automatically. Click on Close.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Type Ctrl+a.</center>

<center>Drag the schematic to centre of drawing area.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Type Cntrl a simultaneously on your keyboard to select the entire schematic

and drag it to the centre of drawing area as shown.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Click on Add Text button.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Clicking on Add Text button opens this box to enter text.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Type VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS in the text entry field.</center>

<center>Click on Apply.</center>

<center>Drag the text beside TITLE.</center>

<center>Click on Close.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Type VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS and click on

Apply and drag the resulting text line beside TITLE as shown

and click to place it there.

Click on Close to close the Text Entry box.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Choose Select mode. Double click on the wire to the left of V3.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| In select mode,

double click on the wire on the left side of V3.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Type a as netname.</center>

<center>Select Show Value only.</center>

<center>Click on +Add button.</center>

<center>Click any where on the drawing area.</center>

<center>Click on the name entered.</center>

<center>Drag it to correct position.</center>

<center>Similarly add b as label to the right node of V3.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Add a as netname, select Show Value only, and click on +Add button.

Move the netname to proper place.

Similarly, add name b as for the node on the right of V3.

This is the completed schematic.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Type fs.</center>

<center>Give file name as kvlkcl.sch.</center>

<center>Choose appropriate directory to save.</center>

<center>Click on Save.</center>

<center>Quit gEDA Schematic Editor.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| We need to save this.

Type fs.

Give the file name as kvlkcl.sch.

Select appropriate directory to save and click on save.

Now the file is saved.

We need to generate the SPICE netlist from this for simulation.

Close Gschem editor.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Right-click on desktop.</center>

<center>Click on terminal.</center>

<center>Type cd /path/to/kvlkcl.sch</center>

<center>and press Enter.</center>

<center>Type the command</center>

<center>gnetlist -g spice-sdb -o kvlkcl.cir kvlkcl.sch</center>

<center>and press Enter.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Open terminal and go to the directory where the kvlkcl.sch is stored.

Type the command

gnetlist -g spice-sdb -o kvlkcl.cir kvlkcl.sch

and press Enter.

This generates the SPICE netlist file kvlkcl.cir in the same directory.

If your file names are different change accordingly.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Open the file kvlkcl.cir in Geany.</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| The netlist file can be opened in any text editor like Geany.

This file can be loaded in Ngspice to conduct simulation.

More details about simulation commands are explained in the tutorial on Ngspice.

This completes the tutorial.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Summary Slide-8</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| In this tutorial we have learnt

* How to create a circuit schematic using Gschem.
* How to generate the netlist from it for simulation using Ngspice.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Assignment Slide-9</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Draw schematic to simulate this circuit and generate its netlist.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Slides 10</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Watch the video available at the following link.

It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.

If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and

watch it.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Slides 11</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team

* Conducts workshops using Spoken Tutorials.
* Gives certificates to those who pass an on-line test.
* For more details contact ''contact@spoken-tutorial.org. ''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Slides 12</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project.

It is supported by the National Mission on Education through

ICT, MHRD, Government of India.

More information on the same is available at:

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro

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| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"| <center>Slide 13</center>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"| This is R S Ananda Murthy from S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore, signing off.

Thank you for joining.

|}

GSchem/C2/Drawing-Schematic-using-GSchem/English - Revision history

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