CircuitJS/C3/Zener-Diode-Characteristics/English - Revision history

Madhurig at 09:52, 26 April 2024

2024-04-26T09:52:03Z

Madhurig at 07:40, 26 April 2024

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Madhurig at 07:17, 26 April 2024

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Nirmala Venkat: Created page with "{| border="1" |- || '''Visual Cue''' || '''Narration''' |- || slide:1 || Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Zener''' '''Diode Characteristics '''using '''CircuitJS''' simula..."

2024-04-23T12:30:52Z

Created page with "{| border="1" |- || '''Visual Cue''' || '''Narration''' |- || slide:1 || Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Zener''' '''Diode Characteristics '''using '''CircuitJS''' simula..."

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{| border="1"
|-
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| slide:1
|| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Zener''' '''Diode Characteristics '''using '''CircuitJS''' simulator
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Slide 2:

Learning Objective
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Voltage-Current(V-I) characteristics of '''Zener''' diode in Forward and Reverse bias</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Slide 4:

System Requirement
|| To record this tutorial, I am using:
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Ubuntu Linux 20.04 OS</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''CircuitJS''' Application</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Slide 3:

Prerequisite
|| To follow this tutorial, you should have a basic knowledge of,
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Electrical circuits</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Slide 5:

'''Zener Diode'''
||
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Zener diode is a specialized semiconductor device.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">It is designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">It maintains a constant voltage in reverse bias, also called as zener voltage.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">It is used as a voltage regulator and to protect electronic circuits.</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| '''Zener_Diode_Symbol.png'''
|| A Zener diode is represented with this symbol.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Zener_Forward_Bias.png'''
|| We will make this circuit to explain '''Forward bias characteristics''' of the zener diode.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Show the diagram

|| For forward bias Zener Diode circuit, we require,
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Variable voltage ( 0 volt to 12 volts)</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Zener Diode</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Ammeter</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">1 Ohms Resistor</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Ground</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Keep the circuit diagram on top right
|| Let us open the '''CircuitJS''' interface.

In the menu bar, click on '''File''' and select '''New Blank Circuit'''.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Select variable voltage'''
|| Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Inputs and Sources''', and select '''Add Variable voltage'''.

Draw the variable voltage in the working area as shown.

We require a voltage range of 0 to 12 volts.

Right click on the variable voltage component and select the '''Edit''' option.

In the Minimum voltage box, enter 0 and in the maximum voltage box, enter 12.

Click on the '''OK''' button to save the changes.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Select Zener Diode'''
|| Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Active Components''', and select '''Add Zener Diode''' option.

Draw the '''zener''' diode in the working area.

Connect the P-junction of the '''zener''' diode to the variable voltage in the circuit.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Select Ammeter'''
|| Now, click on '''Draw''', go to '''Outputs and Labels''', and select '''Add Ammeter''' component.

Draw the ammeter in the working area as shown.

Connect the ammeter to the N-junction of the '''zener''' diode.

Now, we will connect a resistor to the ammeter.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Select Resistor'''
|| Go to '''Draw''', select '''Add Resistor''' option.

Drag and draw the resistor in the working area as shown.

The default value of the resistor is 1 Kilo Ohms.

Use the '''Edit''' option and change the resistor value to 1 Ohm.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Select Ground'''

|| Now, we need a ground to complete the circuit.

Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Inputs and Sources''' and select '''Add Ground''' option.

Draw and connect the ground component to the resistor in the circuit as shown.

Observe the yellow dots indicating the current flow in the circuit.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| On the right side, you will see a slider to change the voltage value.

Use the slider to change the variable voltage value to 0 volts as shown.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| We need a graph with relevant values of voltage and current.

These values will explain the V-I characteristics of a '''zener''' diode.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Select View in New Scope and open graph'''

Go to settings
|| Right click on the '''zener''' diode and select '''View in New Scope''' option.

A graph will appear at the bottom of your screen.

Increase the size of the graph by dragging the graph screen.

At the bottom left corner, you will see a '''Settings''' icon, click on it.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||

Change the graph
|| A pop up window will open.

Click on the '''X-Y Plot''' option, and check the '''Show V vs I''' box.

Click on the '''OK''' button to save the changes.

The voltage values are plotted on the X-axis represented by the green line.

The current values are plotted on the Y-axis represented by the yellow line.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''FB_0 volts.png'''
|| Create a table to note down the current readings for the given voltage values.

At 0 volts, the ammeter shows no current flowing through the '''zener''' diode.

Hence, the current value for this condition is 0 Ampere.

Notice the dot in the graph, which shows the voltage and current values.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''FB_2 volts.png'''
|| Now, we will gradually increase the variable voltage using the voltage slider.

Note the changes in voltage and current in the circuit.

For 2 volts, the ammeter shows 1.2 Ampere current flowing through the diode.

The current increases in the exponential manner.

This voltage is called the '''knee voltage''' of this zener diode.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| A zener diode's knee voltage can vary from a few volts to several hundred volts.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''FB_5 volts.png'''
|| Change the variable voltage value to 5 volts using the slider.

The current flowing through the diode is 4.1 Ampere.

Note down these readings in the observation table.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''FB_12 volts.png'''
|| Use the slider to change the input voltage value to 12 volts.

The ammeter shows a current flow of 11 Amperes through the zener diode.

Notice the dot in the graph showing an increase in the current reading.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| Now let us see how a zener diode behaves in reverse bias mode.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Zener_Reverse_Bias.png'''
|| We will create this circuit to see the reverse bias characteristics of the zener diode.

Go back to the '''CircuitJS''' simulator.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| Let us first set the variable voltage value to 0 volts using the slider.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| Click on the '''RUN/Stop''' button on the top right corner to stop the simulation.

Click on the '''Reset''' button to erase the forward bias V-I characteristics graph.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| Let us change the circuit for Reverse bias mode.

Right click on the '''zener''' diode and select the '''Swap Terminal''' option.

The positive end of the supply is now connected to the cathode of the diode.

And the negative end is connected to the anode of the diode.

A reverse bias zener diode circuit is ready.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| Now, start the simulation by clicking on the '''RUN/Stop''' button again.

Since voltage is not applied to the circuit, current cannot pass through the circuit.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''RB_3 volts.png'''
|| Let us increase the variable voltage from 0 volts to 3 volts.

The current flowing through the zener is negligible. I.e 171 nano ampere.

Note down the current value for the given variable voltage value.

Notice the dot in the graph, which shows the voltage and current values.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''RB_6.4 volts.png'''
|| Use the variable voltage slider to change the input voltage value to 6.4 volts.

Notice the current reading for voltage 6.4 in the circuit.

The current reading across the ammeter shows 634 milli Ampere.

You can notice the current reading in the graph increasing exponentially.

This voltage is called the Breakdown voltage of the zener diode.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''RB_12 volts.png'''
|| Use the slider to change the variable voltage value to 12 volts.

The current flowing through the zener diode is 6.2 Ampere.

The current across the ammeter increases if we increase the voltage using a slider.

To conclude, a zener diode is an important component in electronic circuits.

It offers voltage regulation and protection of components.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Slide:

Silicon-Zener Diode comparison
|| Let us compare the silicon and zener diode characteristics.

It will help us to determine their suitability for specific tasks.

* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Silicon diodes allow the current flow in one direction; zener diodes allow the current to flow in both directions.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Silicon diodes are designed to work in forward bias; while zener diodes are intended to work in reverse bias.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Silicon diodes are used as rectifiers in electronic circuits; zener diodes are used in voltage regulator circuits.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"

||
|| This brings us to the end of the tutorial. Let us summarize.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Slide Summary
|| In this tutorial, we learnt about
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Voltage-Current(V-I) characteristics of '''Zener''' diode in Forward and Reverse bias</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Slide :

About Spoken Tutorial project
|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Slide :Spoken Tutorial workshops
|| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Slide : Forum for specific questions
|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Acknowledgement
|| Spoken Tutorial project was established by the Ministry of Education(MoE), Govt of India
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| Thank you
|| This tutorial has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay.

Thanks for watching.
|-
|}

@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 |-
 || '''Select Ground'''
-|| Now, we need a ground to complete the circuit.
+|| Now, we need a ground component to complete the circuit.
 Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Inputs and Sources''' and select '''Add Ground''' option.
@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 || Now, we will gradually increase the variable voltage using the voltage slider.
-Note the changes in voltage and current in the circuit.
+Note the changes in the voltage and current in the circuit.
 For 2 volts, the ammeter shows 1.2 Ampere current flowing through the diode.
@@ Line 225: / Line 225: @@
 Notice the current reading for voltage 6.4 in the circuit.
-The current reading across the ammeter shows 634 milli Ampere.
+The current reading across the ammeter shows 634 milli Amperes.
 You can notice the current reading in the graph increasing exponentially.
@@ Line 234: / Line 234: @@
 || Use the slider to change the variable voltage value to 12 volts.
-The current flowing through the zener diode is 6.2 Ampere.
+The current flowing through the zener diode is 6.2 Amperes.
 The current across the ammeter increases if we increase the voltage using a slider.
@@ Line 256: / Line 256: @@
 ||
-|| This brings us to the end of the tutorial. Let us summarize.
+|| This brings us to the end of the tutorial.
 |-
 || Slide Summary
@@ Line 279: / Line 281: @@
 |-
 || Acknowledgement
-|| Spoken Tutorial project was established by the Ministry of Education(MoE), Govt of India
+|| The Spoken Tutorial project was established by the Ministry of Education(MoE), Govt of India
 |-
 || Thank you

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 |-
 || slide:1
 || Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Zener''' '''Diode Characteristics '''using '''CircuitJS''' simulator
 |-
 || Slide 2:
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 * Zener diode is a specialized semiconductor device.
 * It is designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region.
-* It maintains a constant voltage in reverse bias, also called as zener voltage.
+* It maintains a constant voltage in reverse bias, also called as '''zener voltage'''.
 * It is used as a voltage regulator and to protect electronic circuits.
@@ Line 46: / Line 48: @@
 |-
 || Show the diagram
 || For forward bias Zener Diode circuit, we require,
 * Variable voltage ( 0 volt to 12 volts)
 * Zener Diode
 * Ammeter
-* 1 Ohms Resistor
+* 1 Ohm Resistor and
 * Ground
@@ Line 94: / Line 95: @@
 Drag and draw the resistor in the working area as shown.
-The default value of the resistor is 1 Kilo Ohms.
+The default value of the resistor is 1 Kilo Ohm.
 Use the '''Edit''' option and change the resistor value to 1 Ohm.
 |-
 || '''Select Ground'''
 || Now, we need a ground to complete the circuit.
 Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Inputs and Sources''' and select '''Add Ground''' option.
-Draw and connect the ground component to the resistor in the circuit as shown.
+Draw and connect the ground component to the resistor as shown.
 Observe the yellow dots indicating the current flow in the circuit.
 |-
-||
+|| Point to Voltage slider.
 || On the right side, you will see a slider to change the voltage value.
@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 At the bottom left corner, you will see a '''Settings''' icon, click on it.
 |-
-||
+|| Change the graph
-−
 Change the graph
 || A pop up window will open.
@@ Line 187: / Line 185: @@
 Go back to the '''CircuitJS''' simulator.
 |-
-||
+|| Drag the voltage slider.
 || Let us first set the variable voltage value to 0 volts using the slider.
 |-
-||
+|| Click on the '''RUN/Stop''' button.
 || Click on the '''RUN/Stop''' button on the top right corner to stop the simulation.
 Click on the '''Reset''' button to erase the forward bias V-I characteristics graph.
 |-
-||
+|| Right click on the '''zener''' diode >>
 || Let us change the circuit for Reverse bias mode.
@@ Line 206: / Line 206: @@
 A reverse bias zener diode circuit is ready.
 |-
-||
+|| Click the '''RUN/Stop''' button.
 || Now, start the simulation by clicking on the '''RUN/Stop''' button again.
@@ Line 214: / Line 214: @@
 || Let us increase the variable voltage from 0 volts to 3 volts.
-The current flowing through the zener is negligible. I.e 171 nano ampere.
+The current flowing through the zener is negligible. It is 171 nano ampere.
 Note down the current value for the given variable voltage value.