Madhurig at 07:35, 16 May 2024

2024-05-16T07:35:33Z

Nirmala Venkat: Created page with "{| border="1" |- || '''Visual Cue''' || '''Narration''' |- | style="color:#000000;" | slide:1 | style="color:#000000;" | Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Transistor Charac..."

2024-05-15T09:39:18Z

Created page with "{| border="1" |- || '''Visual Cue''' || '''Narration''' |- | style="color:#000000;" | slide:1 | style="color:#000000;" | Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Transistor Charac..."

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{| border="1"
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|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
| style="color:#000000;" | slide:1
| style="color:#000000;" | Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Transistor Characteristics''' using '''CircuitJS''' simulator
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide 2:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Learning Objective</div>
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Transistor'''</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Types of '''Transistors'''</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Transistor Voltage-Current (V-I) characteristics</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Transistor as a Switch</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide 4:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">System Requirement</div>
|| To record this tutorial, I am using:
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Ubuntu Linux 20.04 OS</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''CircuitJS''' Application</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide 3:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Prerequisite</div>

|| To follow this tutorial, you should have a basic knowledge of,
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Electrical circuits</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide 5:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">What is a Transistor?</div>
||
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">A '''transistor''' is a semiconductor device that amplifies or switches electronic signals.</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The '''transistor''' forms a fundamental component in modern electronic devices.</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide 6:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Types of Transistors</div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">There are two type of transistor</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)'''</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Field Effect Transistor (FET)'''</div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
||
<div style="color:#000000;">Slide 6:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">'''Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)'''</div>

|| <div style="color:#000000;">In this tutorial we will discuss '''Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).'''</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">A '''BJT''' has three terminals: base, collector, and emitter.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">There are two types of '''Bipolar Junction Transistors'''</div>
# <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">PNP Transistor and </div>

# <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">NPN Transistor</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div># <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''PNP Transistor.png'''</div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div># <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''NPN Transistor.png'''</div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Let us see how these 3 terminal semiconductors are formed.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">A PNP transistor is formed using two diodes.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">An N-type semiconductor is placed between two P-type semiconductors.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;">An NPN transistor is formed using two diodes.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">A P-type semiconductor is placed between two N-type semiconductors.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| # <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''NPN and PNP BJT.png'''</div>

|| <div style="color:#000000;">The NPN and PNP transistors are denoted by this symbol.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">The arrow represents the current flow in the transistor. </div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Current always flows from P to N.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| # <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''NPN_Circuit_Diagram.png'''</div>

| style="color:#000000;" | We will create this circuit to demonstrate the working of the '''NPN transistor. '''
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Show the diagram</div>
<div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
|| To do this experiment, we will need
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">1 NPN transistor</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">1 Variable voltage of 0 to 5 volts</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">1 Variable voltage of 0 to 20 volts </div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">1 Resistor of 100 Ohms</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">2 Ammeters</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">1 LED and</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">1 Ground component</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">'''Water tap analogy'''</div>

# <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Overlay_Circuit_Analogy.png'''</div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;"> </div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Let’s take the example of a water tap to understand the working of an NPN transistor.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Let’s assume, tap knob as base, water inlet as collector and outlet of the tap as emitter.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">The knob of the tap controls the amount of water coming out of the outlet.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">The base terminal voltage controls the intensity of light emitted by the LED.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">When the knob is closed, no water flows through the outlet. </div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Likewise when voltage is not applied at the base terminal, LED will not glow and vice versa.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Using the same analogy, the working of the NPN transistor is explained below.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Let us see the working of NPN transistors in '''circuitjs''' interface.</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Open the '''circuitjs''' interface.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Show the terminal</div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Open the '''circuitjs''' interface.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Click on '''File''' and select '''New Blank Circuit.'''</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | '''Add NPN Transistor'''
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Active Components''' and select '''Add Transistor (Bipolar, NPN)'''.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Drag and draw the '''NPN transistor '''in the working area.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | '''Add Resistor'''
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Click on '''Draw''' and select '''Add resistor'''.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Drag and draw the resistor in the working area.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Use the '''Edit''' option to change the resistor value to 100 Ohms.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Connect this resistor to the emitter terminal of the '''NPN transistor.'''</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | '''Connect ground'''
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Inputs and Sources''' and select '''Add Ground''' component.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Drag and draw the ground component in the working area.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Connect the ground component to the resistor as shown.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | '''Add LED'''
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Outputs and Labels''', and select '''Add LED'''.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Drag and draw the LED in the working area.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Connect the LED to the collector terminal of the '''NPN transistor.'''</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | '''Add Ammeter'''
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Outputs and Labels''', and select '''Add Ammeter'''.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Drag and draw the ammeter in the working area.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Use the '''Duplicate''' option to get ammeters.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Connect one ammeter to the base terminal of the '''NPN transistor.'''</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Connect the other ammeter to the LED.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Use the '''Swap Terminals''' option to change the orientation of the ammeter.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | '''Add Variable voltage'''
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Click on '''Draw''', go to '''Inputs and Sources''' and select''' Add Variable Voltage''' component.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Drag and draw the variable voltage in the working area.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Use the '''Duplicate''' option to get two variable voltage supplies.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">The default voltage range of the variable power supply is 0 to 5 volts.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Connect one variable power supply to the ammeter connected to the '''base terminal.'''</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Then connect the other variable voltage supply to the Ammeter as shown.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Use the '''Edit''' option to change the voltage range of the variable power supply.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Change the voltage range to minimum 0 volts and maximum 20 volts and save the changes.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | Use Add Text option
| style="color:#000000;" | Use the '''Add Text''' option to give labels to the LED, resistor and variable power supply as shown.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | CircuitJS explanation
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Let us see the '''V-I characteristics''' of the NPN transistor connected in this circuit.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Right click on the NPN transistor and select '''View in New Scope''' option.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">A graph will appear at the bottom of your screen.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">We can see a settings icon at the bottom left corner of the screen.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Click on the '''settings icon'''.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">A pop-up window will open.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Here, first we have to select the '''X-Y plots''' option .</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Then check the checkbox '''Show Vce vs Ic'''.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Click on the '''OK''' button to save the changes.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Increase the size of the graph window as shown.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">'''While explaining point out'''</div>

|| <div style="color:#000000;">There are two voltage sliders on the right side of your screen.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">The first voltage slider is for the voltage supply V1.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">The second voltage slider is for the voltage supply V2.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | '''Perform on circuitjs'''
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Let us first make both the voltage supply values to 0 volts using the respective sliders.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Click on the Reset button.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">To show the V-I characteristics of the Transistor, we will keep the base current value constant.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Change the value of V1 to 1 volt using the slider.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Now, gradually increase the value of V2 using the other slider.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Notice the V-I characteristics of the graph.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">The X-axis represents the voltage through the collector-emitter junction that is Vce.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">And the Y-axis represents the current flowing through the collector that is Ic.</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;"></div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Let us perform the same exercise for different values of variable voltage V1.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">First, reset the V2 power supply voltage to 0 volts using the slider.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Now, increase the V1 power supply to 2 volts using the slider.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Now, gradually increase the voltage supply V2 and observe the V-I characteristics.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">You will see that after some point, the LED starts to glow.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">In this case, you will see the current '''I''' is greater than the previous reading.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Note the current and voltage values of I and V shown in the box.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">V-I Char_3Volt.png</div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Repeat the same process for variable voltage V1 of 3 volts.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Use a voltage slider to give precise value to the power supply.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
|| <div style="color:#000000;">The brightness of the LED depends on the power supply V1.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">If the power supply V1 at the base terminal is zero, the LED will not glow in this circuit.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Note that the base voltage controls the current flowing through the transistor.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">This is similar to the analogy of the water tap.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">This shows that an NPN transistor can also be used as a switch.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Importance of NPN over PNP</div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Let us see why NPN transistors are preferred over PNP transistors.</div>

* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Electrons exhibit high mobility in semiconductor materials.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">An NPN transistor consists of electrons as majority charge carriers.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">The silicon based transistors are economically carried out using large N-type silicon wafers.</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" |
| style="color:#000000;" | This brings us to the end of the tutorial. Let us summarize.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Summary </div>
|| In this tutorial, we learnt about
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Transistor</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Types of Transistors</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Transistor Voltage-Current (V-I) characteristics.</div>
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Transistor as a Switch</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Assignment</div>
|| As an assignment,
* <div style="color:#000000;margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Follow the same steps to plot a graph of '''V vs I '''for values V1 = 4 volts and V1 = 5 volts.</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Slide :</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">About Spoken Tutorial project</div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Please download and watch it.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | Slide :Spoken Tutorial workshops
|| <div style="color:#000000;">The Spoken Tutorial Project Team conducts workshops and gives certificates.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">For more details, please write to us.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | Slide : Forum for specific questions
| style="color:#000000;" | Please post your timed queries in this forum.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | Acknowledgement
| style="color:#000000;" | Spoken Tutorial project was established by the Ministry of Education(MoE), Govt of India
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
| style="color:#000000;" | Thank you
|| <div style="color:#000000;">This tutorial has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Thanks for watching.</div>
|-
|}
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CircuitJS/C3/Transistor-Characteristics/English - Revision history

Madhurig at 07:35, 16 May 2024

Nirmala Venkat: Created page with "{| border="1" |- || '''Visual Cue''' || '''Narration''' |- | style="color:#000000;" | slide:1 | style="color:#000000;" | Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Transistor Charac..."