CircuitJS/C2/Kirchhoff's-Law/English - Revision history

Madhurig at 11:44, 6 December 2023

2023-12-06T11:44:11Z

Madhurig at 11:24, 6 December 2023

2023-12-06T11:24:06Z

Nirmala Venkat: Created page with " {| border="1" |- || '''Visual Cue''' || '''Narration''' |- || '''Slide:1''' '''Title slide''' || Welcome to the Spoken tutorial on '''Kirchhoff's Law''' using '''Circuitjs'''..."

2023-12-05T10:14:32Z

Created page with " {| border="1" |- || '''Visual Cue''' || '''Narration''' |- || '''Slide:1''' '''Title slide''' || Welcome to the Spoken tutorial on '''Kirchhoff's Law''' using '''Circuitjs'''..."

New page

{| border="1"
|-
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide:1'''
'''Title slide'''
|| Welcome to the Spoken tutorial on '''Kirchhoff's Law''' using '''Circuitjs''' simulator.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Slide 2:'''

'''Learning Objectives'''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about,
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Kirchhoff’s Current Law.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Slide 3:'''

'''System Requirement'''
|| To record this tutorial, I am using:
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''Ubuntu Linux '''20.04 OS</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''CircuitJS '''Application</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Slide 4:'''

'''Prerequisite'''
|| To follow this tutorial, you should have a basic knowledge of,
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Electrical circuits.</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Slide 5:'''

'''Kirchhoff's Voltage Law'''

'''Voltage Law.png'''
|'''Kirchhoff'''’s '''Voltage''' Law states that,
* The sum of all voltages in a closed loop is zero.

Where I is the current flowing in the circuit.

Note : Voltage drops across resistors R1, R2 and R3 are calculated as I x R1, I x R2 and I x R3 respectively.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Slide 6:'''
'''Kirchhoff’s Current Law'''
Current Law.png
||'''Kirchhoff'''’s '''Current''' Law states that,
*The sum of currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction.

I<sub>1</sub> and I<sub>2</sub> are entering currents at the junction and I<sub>3</sub>, I<sub>4</sub> and I<sub>5</sub> are leaving currents.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||

'''Kirchhoff’s Law.png'''
|| Let’s make this complex circuit with 2 DC sources to verify '''Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Law'''s.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>

|| For '''Kirchhoff'''’s Law circuit, we require,
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">5 resistors of 1 Kilo Ohms.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">2 DC power supply of 5 Volts.</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||

Point to the menu bar.

Click on '''File''' and select '''New Blank Circuit.'''

|| Let us open the '''circuitJS '''interface.

In the menu bar, click on '''File''' and select '''New Blank Circuit.'''
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Click on the '''Draw''' option and select '''Add resistor.'''

Click and drag to draw a resistor.
|| Click on the '''Draw''' option and select '''Add resistor.'''

Click and drag to draw a resistor as shown.

By default, the value of this resistor is 1 Kilo Ohm.

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Duplicate the resistor.

Right-click on the resistor, >> select the '''Duplicate '''option.

|| We need a total of 5 resistors of the same value for the circuit.

Right-click on the resistor, then select the '''Duplicate '''option.

This will generate a resistor of the same value.

Repeat this process until you have 5 resistors in the work area.

Connect and place all the resistors in the same way as shown here.

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Use Add Text option for label

<div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>
||

Use the '''Add Text''' option to give labels to these resistors.

Give labels as R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 respectively as shown here.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||

Show the path to find the DC power supply

Click on '''Draw''', go to''' Inputs and Sources''', >> select '''Add Voltage Source (2-terminal).'''

|| Now we need two DC power supplies to power up the circuit.

Click on '''Draw''', go to''' Inputs and Sources''', and select '''Add Voltage Source (2-terminal).'''

Drag and draw the DC power supply in the work area.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||

Duplicate the DC power supply,

Right-click on the DC power supply, >> choose the '''Duplicate '''option.

|| Right-click on the DC power supply, and choose the '''Duplicate '''option.

Now you'll have two DC power supplies in the work area.

Arrange and place the DC power supplies in the circuit as shown here.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Name the power supplies
|| Refer to the circuit diagram shown above to check the polarity of the DC power source.

Use the '''Add Text''' option to label these power supplies.

Name the power supplies as V1 and V2 as shown here.

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||

<div style="color:#ff0000;"></div>

|| For better understanding, we will denote a letter to each of the junctions in the circuit.

Use the '''Add Text''' option to denote a letter.

Name these junctions as A, B, C, D, F and G as shown.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Point to ABFG circuit
|| The circuit ABFG, consists of resistors R1, R5, R3 and power supply V1.

The current I<sub>1</sub> flows in a clockwise direction in this circuit.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Point to CBFD circuit
|| The circuit CBFD, consists of resistors R2, R5, R4 and power supply V2.

The current I<sub>2</sub> flows in an anti-clockwise direction in this circuit.

And, the current I<sub>3</sub> flows through R5 resistor.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| point the cursor on the specific resistor

|| To find the characteristics, point the cursor on the specific resistor.

The resistor characteristics are shown at the bottom right corner.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Slide 7:'''

Kirchoff's law final slide.png
|| According to Kirchhoff's voltage law

For circuit ABFG, the equation is

V1 = I<sub>1</sub>R1 + I<sub>3</sub>R5 + I<sub>1</sub>R3

For circuit CBFD, the equation is

V2 = - (I<sub>2</sub>R2 + I<sub>3</sub>R5 + I<sub>2</sub>R4)

Since current I<sub>2</sub> flows in anti-clockwise direction, we have to assign a -(minus)sign in the equation.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Let us note down the current flowing through various resistors.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">To find the value of I<sub>1</sub>, click on the R1 or R3 resistor.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">We can see that the value of I<sub>1 </sub>is 1.25 milli-Ampere at the right bottom corner of the screen.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Likewise, click on the R2 or R4 resistors. </div>

<div style="color:#000000;">The value of I<sub>2 </sub>is 1.25 milli-Ampere.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Similarly, to find the value of I<sub>3</sub>, click on the R5 resistor.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">The value of I<sub>3 </sub>is 2.5 milli-Ampere.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
| style="color:#000000;" | In this circuit, value of all resistors, that is, R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 is 1 Kilo Ohm.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Now let us do the calculation and find the value of V1 and V2.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">And also check if Kirchhoff's voltage law holds true for this circuit.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Slide 8:'''

'''Verification of Kirchhoff's voltage law '''

V1 = I<sub>1</sub>R1 + I<sub>3</sub>R5 + I<sub>1</sub>R3,

V1 = 1.25 + 2.5 + 1.25

<nowiki>= 5</nowiki>

V2 = - (I<sub>2</sub>R2 + I<sub>3</sub>R5 + I<sub>2</sub>R4)

V2 = -(1.25 + 2.5 + 1.25 )

<nowiki>= -5 </nowiki>

|| Verification of Kirchhoff's voltage law:

After substituting the above values,

V1 is 5 volts
V2 is -5 volts

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law formula is:

V = V1 + V2
V = 5 + (- 5 ) ( Five plus minus of five)
V = 0

Here, the sum of all the voltages in the closed circuit is 0.

Hence Kirchhoff’s voltage law is verified.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| <div style="color:#000000;">'''Slide 9:'''</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">'''Verification of Kirchhoff’s Current Law'''</div>
<div style="color:#000000;">I<sub>1</sub> = 1.25mA</div>
<div style="color:#000000;">I<sub>2</sub> = 1.25mA</div>
<div style="color:#000000;">I<sub>3</sub> = 2.5mA</div>
<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
<div style="color:#000000;">Image:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Kirchoffs law final slide.png</div>
|| <div style="color:#000000;">Verification of Kirchhoff’s Current Law:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Substitute the above values in the current law equation.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Kirchhoff’s Current Law formula is:</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">I<sub>1</sub> + I<sub>2</sub> = I<sub>3</sub>.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">1.25mA + 1.25mA = 2.5mA</div>

<div style="color:#000000;"></div>
<div style="color:#000000;">According to Kirchhoff’s current Law formula, at Junction B, current I1 and I2 enter and current I3 leaves. </div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Similarly, at junction F, current I<sub>3</sub> enters, and I<sub>1</sub> and I<sub>2</sub> leave.</div>

<div style="color:#000000;">Thus Kirchhoff’s current law is verified.</div>
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
||
|| This brings us to the end of the tutorial. Let us summarize.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| Slide 10:

Summary
|| In this tutorial, we learnt about
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Kirchhoff’s Current Law.</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.176cm;"
|| '''Slide 11:'''

'''Assignment 1'''
|| As an assignment,

* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">In the above circuit, change the value of V1 to 12V and value of R5 to 4 Kilo Ohms.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Keep the values same for other components in the circuit.</div>
* <div style="margin-left:1.27cm;margin-right:0cm;">Verify Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current laws</div>

|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| '''Slide 12:'''

'''About Spoken Tutorial project'''
|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| '''Slide 13 :'''

'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project''' Team conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| '''Slide 14: '''

'''Forum for specific questions'''
|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| '''Slide 15:'''

'''Acknowledgement'''
|| Spoken Tutorial project was established by the Ministry of Education(MoE), Govt of India
|- style="border:1pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.206cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"
|| '''Slide 16:'''

'''Thank you'''
|| This tutorial has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay.

Thank you for watching.
|-
|}

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 '''System Requirement'''
 || To record this tutorial, I am using:
-* '''Ubuntu Linux '''20.04 OS
+* '''Ubuntu Linux ''' 20.04 OS
 * '''CircuitJS '''Application
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 Where I is the current flowing in the circuit.
-Note : Voltage drops across resistors R1, R2 and R3 are calculated as I x R1, I x R2 and I x R3 respectively.
+Note: Voltage drops across resistors R1, R2 and R3 are calculated as I x R1, I x R2 and I x R3 respectively.
 |-
 || '''Slide 6:'''
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 Current Law.png
 ||'''Kirchhoff'''’s '''Current''' Law states that,
-*The sum of currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction.
+* The sum of currents entering the junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving the junction.
 I<sub>1</sub> and I<sub>2</sub> are entering currents at the junction and I<sub>3</sub>, I<sub>4</sub> and I<sub>5</sub> are leaving currents.
 |-
 ||
 '''Kirchhoff’s Law.png'''
-|| Let’s make this complex circuit with 2 DC sources to verify '''Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Law'''s.
+|| Let’s make this complex circuit with 2 DC power sources to verify '''Kirchhoff's Voltage''' and '''Current Law'''s.
 |-
 ||
@@ Line 63: / Line 62: @@
 |-
-||
+|| Point to the menu bar.
-−
 Point to the menu bar.
 Click on '''File''' and select '''New Blank Circuit.'''
-|| Let us open the '''circuitJS '''interface.
+|| Let us open the '''circuitJS ''' interface.
-In the menu bar, click on '''File''' and select '''New Blank Circuit.'''
+In the menu bar, click on '''File''' and select '''New Blank Circuit'''.
 |-
 || Click on the '''Draw''' option and select '''Add resistor.'''
@@ Line 89: / Line 86: @@
 || We need a total of 5 resistors of the same value for the circuit.
-Right-click on the resistor, then select the '''Duplicate '''option.
+Right-click on the resistor, and select the '''Duplicate '''option.
 This will generate a resistor of the same value.
@@ Line 99: / Line 96: @@
 |-
 || Use Add Text option for label
 || Use the '''Add Text''' option to give labels to these resistors.
-−
 ||
-−
 Use the '''Add Text''' option to give labels to these resistors.
 Give labels as R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 respectively as shown here.
 |-
-||
+||  Show the path to find the DC power supply
-−
 Show the path to find the DC power supply
 Click on '''Draw''', go to''' Inputs and Sources''', >> select '''Add Voltage Source (2-terminal).'''
@@ Line 119: / Line 110: @@
 Drag and draw the DC power supply in the work area.
 |-
-||
+|| Duplicate the DC power supply,
-−
 Duplicate the DC power supply,
 Right-click on the DC power supply, >> choose the '''Duplicate '''option.
@@ Line 127: / Line 116: @@
 || Right-click on the DC power supply, and choose the '''Duplicate '''option.
-Now you'll have two DC power supplies in the work area.
+Now you will have two DC power supplies in the work area.
 Arrange and place the DC power supplies in the circuit as shown here.
@@ Line 159: / Line 148: @@
 |-
 || point the cursor on the specific resistor
 || To find the characteristics, point the cursor on the specific resistor.
@@ Line 167: / Line 155: @@
 Kirchoff's law final slide.png
-|| According to Kirchhoff's voltage law
+|| According to Kirchhoff's voltage law,
 For circuit ABFG, the equation is
@@ Line 177: / Line 165: @@
 V2 = - (I<sub>2</sub>R2 + I<sub>3</sub>R5 + I<sub>2</sub>R4)
-Since current I<sub>2</sub> flows in anti-clockwise direction, we have to assign a -(minus)sign in the equation.
+Since current I<sub>2</sub> flows in an anti-clockwise direction, we have to assign a -(minus)sign in the equation.
 |-
 ||
 || Let us note down the current flowing through various resistors.
-To find the value of I<sub>1</sub>, click on the R1 or R3 resistor.
+To find the value of I<sub>1</sub>, click on the R1 or R3 resistors.
-We can see that the value of I<sub>1 </sub>is 1.25 milli-Ampere at the right bottom corner of the screen.
+We can see that the value of I<sub>1 </sub>is 1.25 milli-Ampere at the  bottom right corner of the screen.
 |-
 ||
@@ Line 257: / Line 245: @@
-According to Kirchhoff’s current Law formula, at Junction B, current I1 and I2 enter and current I3 leaves.
+According to Kirchhoff’s current Law formula, at Junction B, currents I1 and I2 enter and current I3 leaves.
-Similarly, at junction F, current I<sub>3</sub> enters, and I<sub>1</sub> and I<sub>2</sub> leave.
+Similarly, at junction F, current I<sub>3</sub> enters, and currents I<sub>1</sub> and I<sub>2</sub> leave.
 Thus Kirchhoff’s current law is verified.
@@ Line 270: / Line 258: @@
 Summary
 || In this tutorial, we learnt about
-* Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
+* Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and
 * Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
@@ Line 279: / Line 267: @@
 || As an assignment,
-* In the above circuit, change the value of V1 to 12V and value of R5 to 4 Kilo Ohms.
+* In the above circuit, change the value of V1 to 12 Volts and value of R5 to 4 Kilo Ohms.
 * Keep the values same for other components in the circuit.
 * Verify Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current laws