C-and-C++/C2/Increment-And-Decrement-Operators/English - Revision history

Ashwini at 11:04, 31 January 2014

2014-01-31T11:04:44Z

Ashwini at 10:58, 31 January 2014

2014-01-31T10:58:54Z

Ashwini at 10:57, 31 January 2014

2014-01-31T10:57:59Z

Ashwini at 08:26, 30 January 2014

2014-01-30T08:26:09Z

Ashwini at 12:05, 18 November 2013

2013-11-18T12:05:39Z

Ashwini at 11:02, 18 November 2013

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Ashwini at 10:15, 18 November 2013

2013-11-18T10:15:05Z

Ashwini at 09:45, 7 October 2013

2013-10-07T09:45:02Z

Ashwini: Created page with ''''Title of script''': Increment and Decrement Operators in C and C++ '''Author: Ritwik Joshi''' '''Keywords: Increment and Decrement Operators, Type casting, Video Tutorial'''…'

2013-05-03T06:53:51Z

Created page with ''''Title of script''': Increment and Decrement Operators in C and C++ '''Author: Ritwik Joshi''' '''Keywords: Increment and Decrement Operators, Type casting, Video Tutorial'''…'

New page

'''Title of script''': Increment and Decrement Operators in C and C++

'''Author: Ritwik Joshi'''

'''Keywords: Increment and Decrement Operators, Type casting, Video Tutorial'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="border-top:0.002cm solid #000000;border-bottom:0.002cm solid #000000;border-left:0.002cm solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="border:0.002cm solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>
|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide1
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Increment and Decrement Operators in C and C++'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 2

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn about:

Increment and decrement operators

++ eg. a++ which is postfix increment operator.

++a which is prefix increment operator.

- - eg. a- - which is postfix decrement operator.

- -a which is prefix decrement operator.We will also learn about Type casting.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 3

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using:

'''Ubuntu 11.10''' as the operating system and

'''gcc''' and '''g++ Compiler''' version''' 4.6.1 '''in''' Ubuntu'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 4
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The '''++''' operator increases the existing value of the operand by one.

'''a++''' and '''++a''' are equivalent to '''a = a + 1'''.

The '''--''' operator decreases the existing value of the operand by one.

'''a--''' and '''--a''' are equivalent to '''a = a - 1'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Switch to the file incrdecr.c in gedit
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| I will now demonstrate the use of increment and decrement operators with the help of a C program.

I have already made the program, so I'll explain the code.

Here, we have the code for increment and decrement operators in '''C.'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight''' '''

'''int a=1; '''

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here, I have taken an integer variable '''a''' that holds the value '''1'''.

This way we will be able to observe the changes in the value of '''a'''.

It will thus give us a better idea about the working of the operators.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''printf("a's value is %d\n",'''

'''a++); '''

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let's see how the '''postfix''' increment operator works.

The output of this printf statement is 1.

The value will change.

This is because the postfix operation occurs after the operand is evaluated.

If an operation is performed on '''a++''', it is performed on the current value of '''a'''.

After that the value of '''a''' is incremented.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| '''printf("a's value is %d\n",'''

'''a); '''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now if we see the value of''' a '''here, it has been incremented by 1.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| '''Highlight'''

'''a = 1;'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We again initialize a to 1 so as to reflect on the changes.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''printf(“a's value is now %d\n”,'''

'''++a);'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We now come to the prefix increment operators

This printf statement prints 2 on the screen.

This is because a prefix operation occurs before the operand is evaluated.

So the value of a is first incremented by 1 and then it is printed.

We again print a's value to see that there are no further changes.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| /*

<nowiki>*/</nowiki>
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now lets check by executing this code.

I will comment out the following lines.

Type /*

<nowiki>*/</nowiki>

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on '''Save'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on '''Save'''.

I have saved my file as '''incrdecr.c'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| press '''Ctrl, Alt and T '''keys''' '''simultaneously.
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Open the terminal window by pressing '''Ctrl, Alt and T '''keys''' '''simultaneously.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type

'''gcc incrdecr.c -o incr'''

Type

'''./incr'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To compile, type the following on the terminal

'''gcc incrdecr.c -o incr'''

To execute the code, type

'''./incr'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''Output'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The output is displayed on the screen,

This is the output when you print a++

a's value is now 1''' '''

a's value is now 2

This is the output when you print ++a.

We can see that the result is as discussed before.

a's value is 2

a's value is now 2

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| y/*
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Coming back to the rest of the code.

I will now explain the postfix increment and decrement operators.

We will now remove the comment from here.

I'll put the comment here.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''a=1'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We now again assign the value of '''1''' to '''a'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''printf("a's value is %d\n”,'''

'''a--); '''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| This '''printf''' statement outputs the value of 1 as explained previously.

A's value will be decremented after a-- is evaluated as its a postfix expression.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''printf("a's value is now %d\n”, a);'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The next statement prints a's value as o.

A's value is now decemented by 1.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''printf("a's value is now %d\n”, --a);'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We now have the prefix decrement operator.

Output of this printf statement will be 0.

As it is a prefix operation.

The prefix operation occurs before the operand is evaluated.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| This printf statements output is 0.

No further changes are being made to a's value.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Type return 0;

And close the ending curly bracket

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on '''Save.'''

Switch back to the terminal.

To compile type the following on the terminal;

gcc incrdecr.c -o incr

To execute type,

./incr

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

a's value is 1

a's value is now 0
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here the output is displayed as:

a's value is 1

a's value is now 2

a's value is now 2

a's value is now 2

This is the output when you print a--

a's value is now 1

a's value is now 0

This is the output when you print --a

a's value is now 0

a's value is now 0

So, now we see how the '''postfix '''decrement operator works.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| If we want to write the same program in C++.

I can make a few changes to the above C code.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me go back to the editor.

Here is the '''C++ '''file with the necessary code.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| //Increment and Decrement Operators

<nowiki>#include <iostream> </nowiki>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

int a=1;

<nowiki>cout <<"a's value is " <<a++ <<"\n"; </nowiki>

<nowiki>cout <<"a's value is now " <<a <<"\n"; </nowiki>

a=1;

<nowiki>cout <<"a's value is now " <<++a <<"\n"; </nowiki>

<nowiki>cout <<"a's value is now " <<a <<"\n"; </nowiki>

a=1;

<nowiki>cout <<"a's value is now " <<a-- <<"\n"; </nowiki>

<nowiki>cout <<"a's value is now " <<a <<"\n"; </nowiki>

a=1;

return 0;

}

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here is a C++ file with the necessary code.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''<nowiki>#include<iostream></nowiki>'''

'''using namespace std;'''

'''cout'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Notice that the header is different from the C file header.

We have the '''using namespace '''statement here.

Also, note that the output statement in C++ is '''cout'''.

So, apart from these differences, the two codes are very similar.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Save the file.

The file is saved with an extension '''.cpp'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Type

'''g++ incrdecr.cpp -o incr'''

'''./ incr'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let's compile the code.

Open the terminal and type

'''g++ incrdecr.cpp -o incr'''

Let's execute this code and see what results we get.

Type

'''./ incr'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Output:

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The output is displayed on the screen:

a's value is 1

a's value is now 2

a's value is now 2

a's value is now 2

a's value is now 1

a's value is now 0

a's value is now 0

a's value is now 0

So, we see the output is identical to the C program.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We now have the concept of typecasting.

It is implemented the same way in both '''C '''and '''C++'''.

Typecasting is a used to make a variable of one type, act like another type.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 5

Highlight

'''(float)'''

Highlight

'''(int) a'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Typecasting is done by enclosing the data type you want within parenthesis.

This cast is put in front of the variable you want to cast.

This '''typecast''' is valid for one single operation only.

Now '''a''' will behave as a '''float''' variable for a single operation.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Open incrdecr.c
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here is an example I have already created.

I shall now explain the code.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''int a,b;'''

'''float c;'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We first declare the variables '''a''' and '''b''' as integer and '''c''' as float.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''a=5;'''

'''b=2;'''

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| '''a''' is assigned the value 5.

'''b''' is assigned the value 2.

We will perform operations on '''a''' and '''b'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''c=a/b;'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We divide '''a''' by '''b'''.

The result of division is stored in '''c'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''printf(“Value of c is %.2f\n”, c);'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We have used '''%.2f''' to denote a precision of 2 decimal places.

The result displayed will be 2.00 against the expected result of 2.50.

The fractional part has been truncated as both the operands '''a''' and '''b''' are integers.

To perform real division one of the operands will have to be type cast to float.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''c=(float)a/b;'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here we are typecasting '''a '''to float.

'''c''' now holds the value of real division.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''printf(“Value of c is %.2f\n”, c);'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Now the result of real division is displayed.

The answer is 2.50 as expected.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight

'''return 0;'''

'''}'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Type''' return 0;'''

and the ending curly bracket.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"|
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on '''Save'''.

Save the file with '''.c''' extension.

I have saved my file as '''typecast.c'''.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Open the terminal.

'''gcc typecast.c -o type'''

'''./type'''
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Open the terminal.

To compile, type

'''gcc typecast.c -o type'''

to execute, type

'''./type'''

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Output
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The output is displayed on the screen.

Value of c is 2.00

Value of c is 2.50

looking at the two values we see the effects of typecasting.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Summary
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| We will summarize the tutorial now.

In this tutorial we learnt,

To use the increment and decrement operators.

'''Postfix forms: a++, a--'''

'''Prefix forms: ++a, --a'''

We also learnt about typecasting and how it is used.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Assignment:
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| As an assignment:

Write a program to solve the following expression,

'''(a\b) + (c\d)'''

The values of '''a, b, c''' and '''d''' are taken as input from the user.

Use typecasting to perform real division.

Compare the result, when the expression is evaluated without typecasting.

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 6

'''About the Spoken Tutorial Project'''

* Watch the video available at [http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken_Tutorial http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken_Tutorial]

* It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project

* If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| * Watch the video available at the following link
* It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project
* If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 7

'''Spoken Tutorial Workshops'''

The Spoken Tutorial Project Team

* Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials

* Gives certificates for those who pass an online test

* For more details, please write to contact@spoken-tutorial.org

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team
* Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials
* Gives certificates for those who pass an online test
* For more details, please write to contact at spoken hyphen tutorial dot org

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Slide 8

'''Acknowledgement'''

* Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project
* It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India
* More information on this Mission is available at
* [http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro]

| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project
* It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India <br/> More information on this Mission is available at
* spoken hyphen tutorial dot org slash NMEICT hyphen Intro

|-
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Remain on previous slide

No slide for this part
| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| This is Ritwik Joshi from IIT Bombay.

Thank you for joining.

|}

@@ Line 384: / Line 384: @@
 |-
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Output:
 a's value is 1
@@ Line 404: / Line 399: @@
 a's value is now 0
 So, we see the output is identical to the C program.

@@ Line 264: / Line 264: @@
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| Highlight
 a's value is now 1
 a's value is now 0
 a's value is now 0
 a's value is now 0
 So, now we see how the '''increment''' and  '''decrement''' operators work.

@@ Line 170: / Line 170: @@
 '''Output'''
 a's value is now 1
 a's value is now 2
 a's value is 2
 a's value is now 2
 |-

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 Increment and decrement operators
-++ eg. a++ which is postfix increment operator.
+++ eg. a++ which is a postfix increment operator.
-++a which is prefix increment operator.
+++a which is a prefix increment operator.
-- - eg. a- - which is postfix decrement operator.
+- - eg. a- - is a postfix decrement operator.
-- -a which is prefix decrement operator.We will also learn about Type casting.
+- -a is a prefix decrement operator.
 |-
@@ Line 158: / Line 159: @@
 '''gcc space incrdecr.c space -o space incr'''
 To execute the code, type
 '''./incr'''
 |-
@@ Line 170: / Line 173: @@
 This is the output when you print a++
 a's value is now 1
-a's value is now 1''' '''
 a's value is now 2
@@ Line 178: / Line 180: @@
 We can see that the result is as discussed before.
 a's value is 2
 a's value is now 2
 |-
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| y/*
-| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"|Now Coming back to the rest of the code.
+| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"|Now Coming back to the rest of the program.
 I will now explain the postfix and prefix decrement operators.
-Remove the multilinecomment from here and here.
+Remove the multilinecomments from here and here.
@@ Line 249: / Line 250: @@
 gcc space incrdecr.c space -o space incr
 To execute type,
 ./incr
 |-
@@ Line 261: / Line 264: @@
 a's value is now 0
-| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Here the output is displayed as:
+| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"|
-−
-a's value is 1
-−
-a's value is now 2
-−
-a's value is now 2
-−
-a's value is now 2
 This is the output when you print a--
@@ Line 283: / Line 278: @@
 a's value is now 0
-So, now we see how the '''increment''' and  '''decrement''' operator works.
+So, now we see how the '''increment''' and  '''decrement''' operators work.
 |-
@@ Line 350: / Line 345: @@
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Notice that the header is different from the C file header.
-We have the '''using namespace '''statement here.
+We have the '''using namespace '''statement also.
 Also, note that the output statement in C++ is '''cout'''.
@@ Line 460: / Line 455: @@
-| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| '''a''' is assigned the value 5.
+| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| '''a''' is assigned the value of 5.
-'''b''' is assigned the value 2.
+'''b''' is assigned the value of 2.
 We will perform operations on '''a''' and '''b'''.
@@ Line 532: / Line 527: @@
 '''gcc space typecast.c space -o space type'''
 to execute, type
 '''./type'''
 |-
@@ Line 553: / Line 550: @@
 In this tutorial we learnt,
-To use the increment and decrement operators.
+How to use the increment and decrement operators.
+We learnt about the forms
-'''Postfix forms: a++, a--'''
-'''Prefix forms: ++a, --a'''
+'''Postfix and Prefix'''
-We also learnt about typecasting and how it is used.
+Also we learnt about typecasting and how it is used.
 |-
@@ Line 579: / Line 575: @@
 '''About the Spoken Tutorial Project'''
-* Watch the video available at [http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken_Tutorial http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken_Tutorial]
+* Watch the video available at the following link[http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken_Tutorial http://spoken-tutorial.org/What_is_a_Spoken_Tutorial]
 * It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project
@@ Line 609: / Line 605: @@
 * Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials
 * Gives certificates for those who pass an online test
-* For more details, please write to contact at spoken hyphen tutorial dot org
+* For more details, please write to contact@spoken hyphen tutorial dot org

@@ Line 283: / Line 283: @@
 a's value is now 0
-So, now we see how the '''postfix '''decrement operator works.
+So, now we see how the '''increment''' and  '''decrement''' operator works.
 |-
@@ Line 510: / Line 510: @@
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Type''' return 0;'''
-and the ending curly bracket.
+and the close the ending curly bracket.
 |-

@@ Line 185: / Line 185: @@
 |-
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;"| y/*
-| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Coming back to the rest of the code.
+| style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"|Now Coming back to the rest of the code.
-I will now explain the postfix increment and decrement operators.
+I will now explain the postfix and prefix decrement operators.
-We will now remove the comment from here.
+Remove the multilinecomment from here and here.
 |-
@@ Line 249: / Line 248: @@
 To compile type the following on the terminal;
-gcc incrdecr.c -o incr
+gcc space incrdecr.c space -o space incr
 To execute type,
@@ Line 375: / Line 374: @@
 Open the terminal and type
-'''g++ incrdecr.cpp -o incr'''
+'''g++ space incrdecr.cpp space -o incr'''
-Let's execute this code and see what results we get.
+To execute
 Type
-'''./ incr'''
+'''./incr'''
 |-
@@ Line 522: / Line 524: @@
-'''gcc typecast.c -o type'''
+'''gcc  typecast.c -o type'''
 '''./type'''
@@ Line 529: / Line 531: @@
 To compile, type
-'''gcc typecast.c -o type'''
+'''gcc space typecast.c space -o space type'''
 to execute, type

@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 The output of this printf statement is 1.
-The value will change.
+The value won't change.
 This is because the postfix operation occurs after the operand is evaluated.
@@ Line 140: / Line 140: @@
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Click on '''Save'''.
-I have saved my file as '''incrdecr.c'''.
+I have saved my file as '''incrdecr.c'''
 |-
@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| To compile, type the following on the terminal
-'''gcc incrdecr.c -o incr'''
+'''gcc space incrdecr.c space -o space incr'''
 To execute the code, type

@@ Line 296: / Line 296: @@
 | style="border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;"| Let me go back to the editor.
 |-
@@ Line 572: / Line 571: @@
 Use typecasting to perform real division.
 |-