BOSS-Linux/C2/File-Attributes/English-timed - Revision history

Pratik kamble at 06:29, 24 March 2017

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Pravin1389 at 11:09, 30 September 2015

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PoojaMoolya at 08:36, 4 December 2014

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PoojaMoolya at 08:36, 4 December 2014

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PoojaMoolya: Created page with "{| border=1 |'''Time''' |'''Narration''' |- | 00:01 | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. |- | 00:05 | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create em..."

2014-12-01T10:26:41Z

Created page with "{| border=1 |'''Time''' |'''Narration''' |- | 00:01 | Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes. |- | 00:05 | The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create em..."

New page

{| border=1
|'''Time'''
|'''Narration'''
|-
| 00:01
| Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes.
|-
| 00:05
| The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as ''' example1, example2, example3, example4, example5,''' and '''testchown.'''
|-
|00:18
|Please create empty directories named as '''test_chown''' and '''directory1''' also
|-
| 00:25
| A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file.
|-
|00:34
|File attribute is the characteristics that describe a file, such as owner, file type, access permissions, etc.
|-
| 00:46
| c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory.
|-
| 01:01
| The syntax of chown command is '''chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname '''
|-
| 01:13
| We may give following options with '''chown''' command.
|-
|01:18
|'''-R''' : To change the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in.
|-
|01:28
|'''-c ''': Change the permission for each file.
|-
|01:32
|'''-f''' : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages.
|-
| 01:37
| Now we will look at some examples
|-
| 01:41
| So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that '''cd space Desktop slash file attribute''' and press enter
|-
| 01:56
| Now type the command '''ls space -l space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter.
|-
| 02:11
| Here we can see the owner of the file '''testchown''' is '''shahid'''
|-
| 02:18
| To change the owner of the file, type the command '''sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n. press Enter

|-
| 02:36
| Enter the '''sudo''' password and press Enter again. Press enter
|-
| 02:44
| Now type '''ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n''' and press Enter
Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha.
|-
| 03:03
| Now we will see how to change owner of the directory
|-
|03:07
|Type the command ''' ls space -l''' and press Enter
Here we can see the owner of the directory '''test_chown''' is shahid
|-
| 03:22
| To change the owner of the directory, type the command
|-
|03:26
|'''sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space test_chown''' which is directory name and press Enter
|-
|03:44
|Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again.

|-
| 03:49
| I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type '''ls space -l''' press Enter
Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha.
|-
| 04:06
| '''chmod''' command is used to change the access mode or permissions of one or more files.
|-
| 04:13
| Syntax of the '''chmod''' command is '''chmod space [options] space mode space filename space chmod space [options] space filename'''

We may give the following options with chmod command.
|-
|04:29
| -c : Print information about files that are changed.
|-
|04:34
| -f : Do not notify user of files that '''chmod''' cannot change.
|-
| 04:41
| There are following types of access or permissions
|-
|04:44
|r that is Read

w that is Write

x that is Execute

s that is Set user (or group) ID
|-
| 04:54
| Alternatively, we may specify permissions by a three-digit octal number.
|-
|05:00
|The first digit stands for owner permission, the second stands for group permission, and the third stands for other's permission.
|-
| 05:09
| Permissions are calculated by adding the following octal values:
4 that is Read

2 that is Write

1 that is Execute
|-
| 05:20
| Now we will look at some examples of '''chmod'''. Move to terminal and enter the command to add execute-by-user permission to file '''example1.'''
|-
|05:30
| Before that i will again clear the screen by pressing Clt+l.
|-
| 05:36
| Now lets type '''chmod space u+x space example1 ''' press Enter

|-
| 05:49
| Now type '''ls space -l space example1 '''
press Enter to see the changes
|-
|06:01
|Here you can see to assign the '''read/write/execute''' permission by owner, ''' read/execute''' permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file '''example1'''
|-
| 06:15
| Now type the command '''chmod space 751 space example1 '''
press Enter
|-
| 06:26
| Now type ''' ls space -l space example1 ''' and press Enter
|-
|06:35
|Here we can see that above command has assigned the '''read/write/execute''' permission by owner, '''read/execute''' permission by group, and execute-only permission by others to file example1.
|-
| 06:52
| To assign read-only permission to file '''example1''' for everyone type the command ''' chmod space =r space example1 '''
and press Enter
|-
| 07:08
| Now type the command '''ls space -l space example1'''
press Enter
|-
|07:19
|Here we can see that the '''read only''' permission has been assigned to file '''example1''' for everyone
|-
| 07:30
| To change the permission recursively and assign the read and execute access for everyone and also write access for the owner of the directory '''directory1''' type the command
|-
|7:44
|'''chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1 '''
press Enter
|-
| 08:00
| Now type ''' ls space -l ''' press Enter to see the changes

|-
| 08:09
| To give the user execute permission on file '''example2''' Type the command
''' chmod space u+x space example2 ''' press Enter
|-
| 08:27
| Now type the command ''' ls space -l space example2 ''' and press Enter
|-
|08:40
|Here we can see that execute permission has been assigned to user on '''example2'''
|-
| 08:50
| To add the write permissions to the group for file '''example3''', type the command
'''chmod space g+w space example3'''. Press Enter
|-
| 09:10
| and now type ''' ls space -l space example3 ''' press Enter
|-
|09:24
|Here we can see the write permission has been added to group
|-
| 09:30
| To remove the write permissions for all type the command ''' chmod space a-w space example3 '''
press Enter
|-
| 09:45
| Now type ''' ls space -l space example3 ''' press Enter
|-
|09:55
|Here we can see the write permission for all has been removed
|-
| 10:02
| '''chgrp''' command is used to change the group of one or more files to newgroup.
|-
|10:10
|Newgroup is either a group ID number or a group name located in '''/etc/group. '''
|-
|10:20
|Only the owner of a file or a privileged user may change the group.
|-
| 10:26
| The syntax for the chgrp command is '''chgrp space [options] space newgroup space files.'''
|-
| 10:36
| Lets go to terminal. Now we will look at some examples of '''chgrp''' command.
type the command '''ls space -l space example4''' press Enter
|-
|10:57
|Here we can see the group permission is for user '''shahid '''
|-
| 11:03
| To change the group permission , type the command '''sudo space chgrp space rohit space example4'''
|-
|11:20
|press Enter. Enter the sudo password if required.
|-
| 11:27
| Now type the command ''' ls space -l space example4 '''
press Enter
|-
|11:38
|Here we can see that the group has changed from shahid to rohit.
|-
| 11:46
| The inode number is a unique integer assigned to the device.
|-
|11:51
| Inode stores basic information about a regular file or a directory.
|-
|11:57
|All the files are hard links to inodes.
|-
|12:00
|Whenever a program refers to a file by name, the system actually uses the filename to search for the corresponding '''inode. '''
|-
| 12:12
| We can use ''' ls space -i''' command to see the '''inode''' number of a file.
|-
|12:19
|type the command ''' ls space -i space example5 ''' press Enter
|-
|12:29
|Number written before the file is the inode number of the file.
|-
| 12:35
| Inodes are associated with precisely one directory at a time.
|-
|12:41
|Hard links are to associate multiple directory entries with a single '''inode.'''
'''ln''' is the command to make link
|-
| 12:52
| The syntax of '''ln''' command to create the hard link is
|-
|12:57
|'''ln space source space link ''' where, '''source''' is an existing file and '''link''' is the file to create.
|-
| 13:06
| Now we will look at some examples of hard links
|-
|13:10
|Let me clear the screen again. Now type the command '''ln space example1 space exampleln''' press Enter
|-
| 13:25
| To display the '''inode''' number of both the files, type the command

'''ls space -i space example1 space exampleln '''press Enter
|-
|13:41
|Here we can see that inode number of both the files are same, file exampleln is the hard link for file example1
|-
| 13:54
| Soft link symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path.
|-
| 14:07
| The syntax of '''ln''' command to create soft links is
|-
|14:12
|''' ln space -s space {target-filename} space {symbolic-filename} '''
|-
| 14:19
| Now we will look at some examples of soft link
|-
| 14:25
| To create the soft link, type the command '''ln space -s space example1 space examplesoft '''
|-
|14:40
|press Enter
|-
| 14:43
| Now, to display the '''inode''' number and list of both the files, type the command
''' ls space -li space example1 space examplesoft '''
|-
|15:01
|press Enter
|-
|15:03
|Here we can see that '''inode''' number of both the files are different and examplesoft is a softlink of example1.
|-
| 15:16
| So in this tutorial we have learnt about the Linux Files Attributes like changing permission, ownership and group of a file.
|-
|15:26
|We also learnt about the inode, soft and hard links of a file.
|-
|15:31
| This brings me to the end of this tutorial.
|-
|15:35
|Spoken Tutorials are a part of the Talk to a Teacher project, supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT.
|-
|15:44
|More information on the same is available at the following link.
|-
|15:50
| This script is contributed by Anusha Ambala and Shahid. Thanks or joining.
|}

@@ Line 56: / Line 56: @@
 |-
 | 02:44
-| Now type: '''ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n''' and press '''Enter'''.
+| Now type: '''ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n''' and press '''Enter'''. Here, we can see the new owner of the file is "anusha".
 Here, we can see the new owner of the file is "anusha".
 |-
 | 03:03

@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
 | To change the permission recursively and assign the '''read''' and '''execute''' access for everyone and also '''write''' access for the owner of the directory 'directory1', type the command:
 |-
-|7:44
+|07:44
 |'''chmod space minus capital R space 755 space directory1 '''press '''Enter'''.
 |-
@@ Line 245: / Line 245: @@
 |-
 |12:41
-|'''Hard links''' are to associate multiple directory entries with a single '''inode.'''
+|'''Hard links''' are to associate multiple directory entries with a single '''inode.''' '''ln''' is the command to make link.
 '''ln''' is the command to make link.
 |-
 | 12:52

@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 |-
 | 02:11
-| Here we can see the owner of the file '''testchown''' is "shahid".
+| Here we can see the owner of the '''testchown''' is "shahid".
 |-
 | 02:18

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |-
 | 00:01
-| Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Linux File Attributes.
+| Welcome to this spoken tutorial on '''Linux File Attributes'''.
 |-
 | 00:05
-| The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as ''' example1, example2, example3, example4, example5,''' and '''testchown.'''
+| The prerequisite for this tutorial is to create empty files named as ''' example1, example2, example3, example4, example5''' and '''testchown.'''
 |-
 |00:18
-|Please create empty directories named as '''test_chown''' and '''directory1''' also
+|Please create empty directories named as '''test_chown''' and '''directory1''' also.
 |-
 | 00:25
-| A file attribute is metadata that describes or is associated with a computer file.
+| A '''file attribute''' is '''metadata''' that describes or is associated with a computer file.
 |-
 |00:34
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 |-
 | 00:46
-| c-h own command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an admin command, root user only can change the owner of a file or directory.
+| '''c-h own''' command is used to change the ownership of the file or directory. This is an '''admin command''', '''root''' user only can change the owner of a file or directory.
 |-
 | 01:01
-| The syntax of chown command is '''chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname '''
+| The syntax of the '''chown''' command is: '''chown space options space ownername space filename or directoryname'''.
 |-
 | 01:13
-| We may give following options with '''chown''' command.
+| We may give the following options with '''chown''' command.
 |-
 |01:18
-|'''-R''' : To change the permission on files that are in the subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in.
+|'''-R''' : To change the '''permission''' on files that are in the sub-directories of the directory that you are currently in.
 |-
 |01:28
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 |-
 |01:32
-|'''-f''' : Prevents ch own from displaying error messages.
+|'''-f''' : Prevents '''ch own''' from displaying error messages.
 |-
 | 01:37
-| Now we will look at some examples
+| Now, we will look at some examples.
 |-
 | 01:41
-| So go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that '''cd space Desktop slash file attribute''' and press enter
+| So, go to the terminal. We will move to the directory where we have created empty files and folders. For that, '''cd space Desktop slash file attribute''' and press '''Enter'''.
 |-
 | 01:56
-| Now type the command '''ls space -l space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press Enter.
+| Now type the command: '''ls space -l space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n and press '''Enter'''.
 |-
 | 02:11
-| Here we can see the owner of the file '''testchown''' is '''shahid'''
+| Here we can see the owner of the file '''testchown''' is "shahid".
 |-
 | 02:18
-| To change the owner of the file, type the command '''sudo space c-h own space that is a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n. press Enter
+| To change the '''owner''' of the file, type the command '''sudo space c-h own space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space testchown''' that is t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n  and press '''Enter'''.
 |-
 | 02:36
-| Enter the '''sudo''' password and press Enter again. Press enter
+| Enter the '''sudo''' password and press '''Enter''' again. Press '''Enter'''.
 |-
 | 02:44
-| Now type '''ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n''' and press Enter
+| Now type: '''ls space -l space t-e-s-t-c-h-o-w-n''' and press '''Enter'''.
-Here we can see the new owner of the file is anusha.
+Here, we can see the new owner of the file is "anusha".
 |-
 | 03:03
-| Now we will see how to change owner of the directory
+| Now we will see how to change owner of the directory.
 |-
 |03:07
-|Type the command ''' ls space -l''' and  press Enter
+|Type the command: ''' ls space -l''' and  press '''Enter'''. Here we can see the owner of the directory '''test_chown''' is "shahid".
 Here we can see the owner of the directory '''test_chown''' is shahid
 |-
 | 03:22
-| To change the owner of the directory, type the command
+| To change the owner of the directory, type the command:
 |-
 |03:26
-|'''sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space test_chown''' which is directory name and press Enter
+|'''sudo space chown space minus capital R space a-n-u-s-h-a anusha space test_chown''' which is directory name and press '''Enter'''.
 |-
 |03:44
-|Enter the sudo password, if required and press Enter again.
+|Enter the sudo password, if required, and press '''Enter''' again.
 |-
 | 03:49
-| I will clear the screen by pressing Clt+L for our convenience. Now type '''ls space -l'''  press Enter
+| I will clear the screen by pressing '''Clt+L''' for our convenience. Now type: '''ls space -l'''  and press '''Enter'''. Here we can see the new owner of the directory is "anusha".
 Here we can see the new owner of the directory is anusha.
 |-
 | 04:06