https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Arduino%2FC3%2FDigital-Logic-Design-with-Arduino%2FEnglish 2026-05-14T12:51:57Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.23.17 https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php?title=Arduino/C3/Digital-Logic-Design-with-Arduino/English&diff=42986&oldid=prev 2018-04-09T03:41:37Z

<p></p> <table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr style='vertical-align: top;'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:41, 9 April 2018</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 146:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 146:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Point to the /home/spoken/Assembly folder</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Point to the /home/spoken/Assembly folder</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| This will assemble the code and create a file '''boolean.hex'''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| This will assemble the code and create a file '''boolean.hex'''.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|-</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Clear the terminal.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Let us clear the screen.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Next we need to upload the code to the '''Arduino'''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Next we need to upload the code to the '''Arduino'''.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Let us clear the screen.</del></div></td><td colspan="2">&#160;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 160:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 162:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| For this, type</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| For this, type</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''avrdude space hyphen p space atmega328p space hyphen c space arduino space hyphen b space 115200 space hyphen capital P space forward slash dev forward slash ttyACM0 space hyphen capital U <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">spach </del>flash colon wcolon boolean<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>hex'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''avrdude space hyphen p space atmega328p space hyphen c space arduino space hyphen b space 115200 space hyphen capital P space forward slash dev forward slash ttyACM0 space hyphen capital U <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">space </ins>flash colon wcolon boolean <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dot </ins>hex'''</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>and press''' Enter.'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>and press''' Enter.'''</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 199:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 201:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>D = WXY + W′Z</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>D = WXY + W′Z</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| We are going to implement these equations in our program and verify their truth table.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| We are going to implement these equations in our program and verify their <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins>truth table<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 269:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 271:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The values of '''input variables W, X, Y '''and '''Z '''are stored in '''registers r17, r18, r19 '''and '''r20 '''respectively.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The values of '''input variables W, X, Y '''and '''Z '''are stored in '''registers r17, r18, r19 '''and '''r20 '''respectively.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The values of '''r17, r18, r19 '''and '''r20 '''are stored in the '''dummy variables r0, r1, r2 '''and '''r3'''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The values of '''r17, r18, r19 '''and '''r20 '''are stored in the '''dummy variables r0, r1, r2 '''and '''r3'''.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These values are used to restore the '''original registers '''after performing '''operations. '''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These values are used to restore the '''original registers '''after performing '''operations. '''</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 315:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 319:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&lt;nowiki&gt;;Z'= r7&lt;/nowiki&gt;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&lt;nowiki&gt;;Z'= r7&lt;/nowiki&gt;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The '''comp subroutine '''is used to find the '''complement '''of a '''variable'''. &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The '''comp subroutine '''is used to find the '''complement '''of a '''variable'''. &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''complement '''of '''W, X, Y '''and '''Z '''are calculated and stored in '''r21, r22, r23 '''and '''r24 '''respectively. &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''complement '''of '''W, X, Y '''and '''Z '''are calculated and stored in '''r21, r22, r23 '''and '''r24 '''respectively. &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The values of '''r21, r22, r23 '''and '''r24 '''are stored in the '''dummy variables r4, r5, r6 '''and '''r7'''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The values of '''r21, r22, r23 '''and '''r24 '''are stored in the '''dummy variables r4, r5, r6 '''and '''r7'''.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 361:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 367:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The value in '''r0''' is left shifted thrice and stored in '''r30'''. Now, the fourth '''bit''' of '''r30''' holds the result of '''B'''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The value in '''r0''' is left shifted thrice and stored in '''r30'''. &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now, the fourth '''bit''' of '''r30''' holds the result of '''B'''.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 390:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 399:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>or r30, r0</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>or r30, r0</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The '''logic''' for '''C''' is implemented and the result is stored in '''r0'''. &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The '''logic''' for '''C''' is implemented and the result is stored in '''r0'''. &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The value in '''r0''' is left shifted four times and stored in '''r30'''. &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The value in '''r0''' is left shifted four times and stored in '''r30'''. &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now, the fifth '''bit''' of '''r30''' holds the result of '''C'''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now, the fifth '''bit''' of '''r30''' holds the result of '''C'''.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 425:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 436:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>or r30,r0</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>or r30,r0</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The '''logic''' for '''D''' is implemented and the result is stored in '''r0'''. &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The '''logic''' for '''D''' is implemented and the result is stored in '''r0'''. &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The value in '''r0''' is left shifted five times and stored in '''r30'''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The value in '''r0''' is left shifted five times and stored in '''r30'''.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now, the sixth '''bit''' of '''r30''' holds the result of '''D'''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Now, the sixth '''bit''' of '''r30''' holds the result of '''D'''.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 495:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 508:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''avrdude -p atmega328p -c arduino -b 115200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 -U flash:w: combination.hex'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''avrdude -p atmega328p -c arduino -b 115200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 -U flash:w: combination.hex'''</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| * To upload, press the up arrow to get the previous command. &#160;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&#160;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* To upload, press the up arrow to get the previous command. &#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Now change the filename as shown and press Enter.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Now change the filename as shown and press Enter.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 535:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 549:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>&#160;</td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; 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Nancyvarkey https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php?title=Arduino/C3/Digital-Logic-Design-with-Arduino/English&diff=42962&oldid=prev 2018-04-06T10:33:56Z

<p>Created page with &quot; {| style=&quot;border-spacing:0;&quot; | style=&quot;background-color:#c0c0c0;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| &#039;&#039;&#039;Vi...&quot;</p> <p><b>New page</b></p><div><br /> {| style=&quot;border-spacing:0;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c0c0c0;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| '''Visual Cue'''<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#c0c0c0;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| '''Narration'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide 1:<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Welcome to the''' Spoken Tutorial''' on '''Digital Logic Design with Arduino. '''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide 2:<br /> <br /> Learning objectives<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| In this tutorial, we will learn to:<br /> <br /> * Implement and verify the '''AND, OR '''and''' XOR operations''' in '''assembly'''. <br /> * Implement and verify simple '''Combinational Logic'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide 3:<br /> <br /> Pre-requisites<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| To follow this tutorial, you should have basic knowledge of:<br /> <br /> * '''Electronics '''and<br /> * '''Assembly language'''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide 4:<br /> <br /> System Requirement<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| To record this tutorial, I am using:<br /> <br /> * '''Arduino UNO Board'''<br /> * '''Ubuntu Linux '''operating system version 14.04<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide 5:<br /> <br /> External Devices<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| We also require some external devices such as:<br /> <br /> * '''Breadboard'''<br /> * '''Arduino UNO Board'''<br /> * '''Seven Segment Display'''<br /> * '''220-ohm Resistor'''<br /> * '''Decoder (7447 IC) '''and<br /> * '''Jumper Wires'''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Show the image: <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| We will use the same circuit setup as we did for the '''decoder''' in the earlier tutorial.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| show the live connection<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Let us see the live connection setup. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Now we will write an '''assembly program''' to verify the''' logical AND operations'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Open text editor<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Open any '''text editor''' and type the following '''program'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| '''Highlight according to narration:'''<br /> <br /> .include &quot;/home/spoken/Assembly/m328Pdef.inc&quot;<br /> <br /> ldi r16, 0b00111100<br /> <br /> out DDRD, r16<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| '''m328Pdef.inc''' file and the source code are available in the code files link of this tutorial.<br /> <br /> You can download and use it.<br /> <br /> The highlighted code configures '''pins 2, 3, 4''' and '''5 '''of the '''Arduino '''as '''output pins.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| ldi r16, 0b00000001<br /> <br /> ldi r17, 0b00000001<br /> <br /> and r16,r17<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| We are considering only the first '''bit '''of '''r16 '''and '''r17 '''for our '''boolean operations'''. Here, both are '''1'''.<br /> <br /> This line performs '''bitwise AND operation '''on the '''bits '''of '''r16 '''and '''r17'''. The result is stored in '''r16.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| ldi r20, 0b00000010<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The rest of the '''program '''takes care of displaying this output. <br /> <br /> The '''LSB''' of '''r16''' has our result. This has to be shifted by two positions to the left.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| rcall loopw<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| This line of code calls the '''loop '''named '''loopw'''. <br /> <br /> This '''loop''' takes care of shifting the '''LSB''' of '''r16''' twice.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| out PORTD, r16<br /> <br /> start:<br /> <br /> rjmp start<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The value in '''r16''' is sent to '''PORTD'''. <br /> <br /> This displays either 0 or 1 on the '''Seven segment display.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| loopw: lsl r16<br /> <br /> dec r20<br /> brne loopw<br /> ret<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Here, contents of '''r16 '''are left shifted once.<br /> <br /> Then the value of '''r20''' is decremented by 1.<br /> <br /> If the value of '''r20''' is not equal to zero, the '''loop''' is repeated again.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Save the code<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| I’ll save the code as '''boolean.asm''' in the '''home slash spoken slash Assembly''' folder.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Switch to the terminal.<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Switch to the '''terminal.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Type,<br /> <br /> &gt; cd /home/spoken/Assembly<br /> <br /> &gt; avra boolean.asm<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Go to the folder where '''boolean.asm '''file is saved.<br /> <br /> Type, '''avra boolean.asm''' and press '''Enter'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Point to the /home/spoken/Assembly folder<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| This will assemble the code and create a file '''boolean.hex'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Next we need to upload the code to the '''Arduino'''.<br /> <br /> Let us clear the screen.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Type,<br /> <br /> '''avrdude -p atmega328p -c arduino -b 115200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 -U flash:w: boolean.hex'''<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| For this, type<br /> <br /> '''avrdude space hyphen p space atmega328p space hyphen c space arduino space hyphen b space 115200 space hyphen capital P space forward slash dev forward slash ttyACM0 space hyphen capital U spach flash colon wcolon boolean.hex'''<br /> <br /> and press''' Enter.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Point to the output<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Now you can see that''' '''the digit '''one '''on the '''seven segment display '''is glowing.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide 7: <br /> <br /> Assignment 1<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Pause the tutorial and do the below assignment.<br /> <br /> Modify the values of''' r16''' and '''r17''' to verify the rest of the '''truth table''' of '''AND'''.<br /> <br /> Replace the keyword '''and''' in the program with '''or''' to perform '''logical OR operation'''.<br /> <br /> Replace the keyword '''and''' in the program with''' xor''' to perform '''logical XOR operation'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Next, we will implement and verify few simple '''combinational logics.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Show the setup <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Let us see the live connection setup. It will be the same as the previous setup.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide:<br /> <br /> A = W′<br /> <br /> B = WX′Z′ + W′X<br /> <br /> C = WXY′ + X′Y + W′Y <br /> <br /> D = WXY + W′Z<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| We are going to implement these equations in our program and verify their truth table.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Truth Table: <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| This is the''' truth table''' for the equations shown above. <br /> <br /> Here '''W, X, Y '''and '''Z''' are the inputs. <br /> <br /> '''A, B, C''' and '''D''' are the outputs.<br /> <br /> Let us consider the first row of the '''truth table'''. Thus, all the inputs will be zeros.<br /> <br /> As per the '''truth table, '''we can expect the output as 1.<br /> <br /> We will display the output on the '''seven segment display.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Let us write an '''assembly''' program to implement and verify these equations.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Open text editor<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Open any '''text editor''' and type the following '''program'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| .include &quot;/home/spoken/Assembly/m328Pdef.inc&quot;<br /> <br /> ldi r16, 0b00111100<br /> <br /> out DDRD, r16<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Let me explain the '''program'''.<br /> <br /> This line configures '''pins 2,3,4''' and '''5''' of the '''Arduino '''as '''output pins'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| &lt;nowiki&gt;;dummy for output&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> ldi r30, 0b00000000<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;W = r0&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> ldi r17, 0b00000000<br /> <br /> mov r0, r17<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;X = r1&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> ldi r18, 0b00000000<br /> <br /> mov r1, r18<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;Y = r2&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> ldi r19, 0b00000000<br /> <br /> mov r2, r19<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;Z = r3&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> ldi r20, 0b00000000<br /> <br /> mov r3, r20<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| '''r30 '''is a '''dummy variable '''for storing the output.<br /> <br /> <br /> The values of '''input variables W, X, Y '''and '''Z '''are stored in '''registers r17, r18, r19 '''and '''r20 '''respectively.<br /> <br /> The values of '''r17, r18, r19 '''and '''r20 '''are stored in the '''dummy variables r0, r1, r2 '''and '''r3'''.<br /> <br /> These values are used to restore the '''original registers '''after performing '''operations. '''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| mov r16, r17<br /> <br /> rcall comp<br /> <br /> mov r21, r16<br /> <br /> mov r4, r21<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;W'= r4&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> mov r16, r18<br /> <br /> rcall comp<br /> <br /> mov r22, r16<br /> <br /> mov r5, r22<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;X'= r5&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> mov r16, r19<br /> <br /> rcall comp<br /> <br /> mov r23, r16<br /> <br /> mov r6, r23<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;Y'= r6&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> mov r16, r20<br /> <br /> rcall comp<br /> <br /> mov r24, r16<br /> <br /> mov r7, r24<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;Z'= r7&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The '''comp subroutine '''is used to find the '''complement '''of a '''variable'''. <br /> <br /> The '''complement '''of '''W, X, Y '''and '''Z '''are calculated and stored in '''r21, r22, r23 '''and '''r24 '''respectively. <br /> <br /> The values of '''r21, r22, r23 '''and '''r24 '''are stored in the '''dummy variables r4, r5, r6 '''and '''r7'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| lsl r4<br /> <br /> lsl r4<br /> <br /> or r30, r4<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Note that '''A '''is nothing but the '''complement '''of '''W'''. <br /> <br /> Now, we have implemented the first equation. <br /> <br /> Next, we perform two left '''shift operations '''and store the value in '''r30'''. <br /> <br /> Thus, the third '''bit '''of the '''r30 '''has the value of '''A'''.<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| rcall reload <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The '''reload subroutine '''reloads the values '''r0, r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6 '''and '''r7 '''from its copies.<br /> <br /> They might have changed during previous '''operations.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| &lt;nowiki&gt;;Logic for B&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> and r0, r5<br /> <br /> and r0, r7<br /> <br /> and r4, r1<br /> <br /> or r0, r4<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> <br /> or r30, r0<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The '''logic''' for '''B''' is implemented and the result is stored in '''r0'''. <br /> <br /> <br /> The value in '''r0''' is left shifted thrice and stored in '''r30'''. Now, the fourth '''bit''' of '''r30''' holds the result of '''B'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| rcall reload<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;Logic for C&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> and r0,r1<br /> <br /> and r0,r6<br /> <br /> and r5,r2<br /> <br /> and r4,r2<br /> <br /> or r0,r5<br /> <br /> or r0,r4<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> or r30, r0<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The '''logic''' for '''C''' is implemented and the result is stored in '''r0'''. <br /> <br /> The value in '''r0''' is left shifted four times and stored in '''r30'''. <br /> <br /> Now, the fifth '''bit''' of '''r30''' holds the result of '''C'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| rcall reload<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;Logic for D&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> and r0,r1<br /> <br /> and r0,r2<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> and r4,r3<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> or r0,r4<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> lsl r0<br /> <br /> <br /> or r30,r0<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The '''logic''' for '''D''' is implemented and the result is stored in '''r0'''. <br /> <br /> The value in '''r0''' is left shifted five times and stored in '''r30'''.<br /> <br /> Now, the sixth '''bit''' of '''r30''' holds the result of '''D'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| out PORTD, r30<br /> <br /> <br /> start:<br /> <br /> rjmp start<br /> <br /> comp:<br /> <br /> mov r31, r16<br /> <br /> ldi r16, 0b00000001<br /> <br /> eor r16, r31<br /> <br /> ret<br /> <br /> reload: <br /> <br /> mov r0,r17<br /> <br /> mov r1,r18<br /> <br /> mov r2, r19<br /> <br /> mov r3,r20<br /> <br /> mov r4, r21<br /> <br /> mov r5, r22<br /> <br /> mov r6, r23<br /> <br /> mov r7, r24<br /> <br /> ret<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Finally, the value stored in '''r30''' is sent to '''PORTD''' to be displayed.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Save the code as '''combination.asm''' in the '''home slash spoken slash Assembly''' folder.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Switch to the '''terminal'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Type,<br /> <br /> &gt; cd /home/spoken/Assembly<br /> <br /> &gt; avra combination.asm<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Type, '''avra combination.asm''' and press '''Enter'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Point to the /home/spoken/Assembly folder<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| This will assemble the code and create a file '''combination.hex'''.<br /> <br /> Let us clear the terminal<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Type,<br /> <br /> '''avrdude -p atmega328p -c arduino -b 115200 -P /dev/ttyACM0 -U flash:w: combination.hex'''<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| * To upload, press the up arrow to get the previous command. <br /> <br /> * Now change the filename as shown and press Enter.<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Point to the output<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Now you can verify the '''truth table''' with the output shown on the seven-segment display.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Assignment:<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Pause the tutorial and do the below assignment.<br /> <br /> Change the values of '''W, X, Y '''and''' Z''' and verify different rows of the''' truth table'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide 11:<br /> <br /> Summary<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| In this tutorial, we learnt to:<br /> <br /> * Implement and verify the '''AND, OR '''and''' XOR''' operations in '''assembly'''. <br /> * Implement and verify simple '''Combinational Logic'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide 12:<br /> <br /> About Spoken Tutorial project<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.<br /> <br /> Please download and watch it.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border-top:1pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide 13:<br /> <br /> Spoken Tutorial workshops<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border-top:1pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| The''' Spoken Tutorial Project''' Team:<br /> <br /> * conducts workshops and gives certificates.<br /> <br /> For more details, please write to us.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.078cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide 14:<br /> <br /> Forum for specific questions<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.078cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Please post your timed queries in this forum.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.75pt solid #000001;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Slide 15:<br /> <br /> Acknowledgement<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.75pt solid #000001;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.<br /> <br /> More information on this mission is available at<br /> <br /> this link.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.071cm;padding-right:0.191cm;&quot;| This tutorial has been contributed by FOSSEE and Spoken Tutorial Project, '''IIT Bombay'''. &amp;nbsp;<br /> <br /> This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.<br /> <br /> Thanks for watching.<br /> <br /> |}</div>

Nirmala Venkat