PoojaMoolya: Created page with "{|border=1 |- || '''Time''' || '''Narration''' |- || 00:01 || Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Kepler's Law'''. |- || 00:05 || In this tutorial we will, Verify Kepler'..."

2020-09-15T05:12:37Z

Created page with "{|border=1 |- || '''Time''' || '''Narration''' |- || 00:01 || Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Kepler's Law'''. |- || 00:05 || In this tutorial we will, Verify Kepler'..."

New page

{|border=1
|-
|| '''Time'''
|| '''Narration'''

|-
|| 00:01
|| Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Kepler's Law'''.

|-
|| 00:05
|| In this tutorial we will,

Verify Kepler's first law using Kepler's first law simulation.

|-
|| 00:14
|| Calculate Aphelion and Perihelion distances.

|-
|| 00:18
|| Verify Kepler's second law using Kepler's second law simulation.

|-
|| 00:24
|| Here I am using,

'''Ubuntu Linux''' OS version 16.04

|-
|| 00:31
|| '''Firefox web browser''' version 62.0.3

|-
||00:36
|| To follow this tutorial, learner should be familiar with '''Apps on Physics'''.

|-
|| 00:43
|| For pre-requisitie tutorials please visit this site.

|-
|| 00:48
|| Use the given link to download the '''Apps'''.

|-
|| 00:52
|| I have already downloaded '''Apps on Physics''' to my '''Downloads''' folder.

|-
||00:57
|| In this tutorial we will use, '''Kepler's First Law''' and '''Kepler's Second Law''' '''Apps'''.

|-
|| 01:06
|| Double click on '''html5phen''' folder, then double click on '''phen''' folder.
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|| 01:14
|| Right-click on''' keplerlaw1_en.htm '''file.

|-
|| 01:20
|| Select the option '''Open With Firefox web Browser'''.

|-
|| 01:25
|| '''Kepler's First Law App''' opens in the '''browser'''.

|-
|| 01:29
|| This is the interface of '''Kepler's First Law App'''

|-
|| 01:33
|| Here is the '''Kepler's First Law of undisturbed planetary motion'''.

|-
|| 01:39
|| It states that, The orbit of each planet is an ellipse and the Sun is at one focus.
|-
|| 01:47
|| Let us scroll down the screen.
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|| 01:51
|| The green control panel shows the parameters that we can change.
|-
|| 01:56
|| From the drop down list select any planet or '''Halley's Comet'''.

By default '''Mercury''' is selected.
|-
|| 02:06
|| Here we can change the '''Semimajor axis''' from 0.1 to 100 '''AU'''.
|-
|| 02:12
|| These lengths are in astronomical units.

'''1AU = 1.495 X 10^11 m '''

|-
|| 02:23
|| This is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun.
|-
||02:28
|| The''' Numerical eccentricity''' should be less than 1.
|-
|| 02:32
|| The '''App''' automatically calculates the '''Semiminor axis''' and '''Distance from the Sun'''.
|-
|| 02:38
|| Since the planet is revolving around the Sun, its current distance changes continuously.
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|| 02:44
||'''Mercury's Minimum''' and '''Maximum Distance from the Sun''' is measured.

|-
|| 02:50
|| '''Minimum''' measured value is '''0.307 AU'''.

And '''Maximum''' measured value is '''0.467 AU'''.
|-
|| 03:00
|| At the bottom of the green panel there are three check-boxes.

|-
|| 03:05
|| '''Elliptical orbit''', ‘''Axes''' and '''Connecting lines'''.
|-
|| 03:11
|| Click on '''Elliptical orbit''' check-box.
|-
|| 03:15
|| Observe that the orbit now has two positions, namely '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion'''.
|-
|| 03:23
|| Click on '''Pause''' button to pause the simulation.
|-
|| 03:27
|| '''Aphelion''' is the '''Maximum''' distance and '''Perihelion''' is the '''Minimum''' distance from the Sun.
|-
|| 03:34
|| Select '''Connecting lines''' check-box.
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|| 03:37
|| Here we can see the '''foci F''' and '''F prime''' of the elliptical orbit.
|-
|| 03:43
|| Note that the connecting lines between the planet and the '''foci''' are drawn.
|-
|| 03:48
|| Click on '''Resume''' button.
|-
|| 03:51
|| Select the '''Axes''' check-box.
|-
|| 03:54
|| Here we can see that semi-major axis and semi-minor axis are drawn.
|-
|| 04:00
|| Let us calculate the '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distances of Mercury using the formula.
|-
|| 04:08
|| Formula to calculate '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distances:

|-
|| 04:!3
|| '''Ra<nowiki>=a(1+e)</nowiki>'''

'''Rp<nowiki>=a(1-e)</nowiki>'''

|-
|| 04:23
|| Where, Ra is '''Aphelion''' distance.

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|| 04:27
|| Rp is '''Perihelion''' distance.

|-
|| 04:30
|| a is semi-major axis.

e is '''eccentricity'''.
|-
|| 04:36
|| Let us make a tabular column to show '''Planets''', '''Eccentricity''', '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distances.
|-
|| 04:46
||Let us calculate the '''Maximum''' and '''Minimum''' distance of Mercury from the Sun.

|-
|| 04:52
|| Substitute the values of '''Semi-major axis''' and '''eccentricity''' in the formula from the '''App'''.

|-
|| 04:59
|| These are the calculated values of the '''Aphelion''' and '''Perihelion''' distances.

|-
|| 05:05
|| Now we will compare these values with the ones shown in the '''App'''.
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|| 05:10
|| Observe that the values are comparable.
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|| 05:14
|| From the drop down I will select Venus.

|-
|| 05:18
|| Observe that the values have changed for Venus.
|-
|| 05:22
|| Similarly I have calculated the '''Maximum''' and '''Minimum''' distance for Venus.

And entered these values in the table.
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|| 05:31
|| As an assignment

Calculate the '''Aphelion''' and '''Perhelion''' distances of the other planets.

|-
|| 05:38
|| Use the values of semi-major axis and '''eccentricity''' shown in the '''App'''.

|-
|| 05:44
|| Complete the table and verify the values with the ones shown in the '''App'''.
|-
||05:49
|| From the drop down list select '''Halley’s comet'''.
|-
||05:53
|| Observe that the orbit of '''Halley’s comet''' is different from the other planets.
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|| 05:58
|| It's orbit around the Sun is highly elliptical.
|-
|| 06:02
|| This is because the numerical '''eccentricity''' of the '''Halley’s comet''' is close to 1.
|-
|| 06:09
|| Therefore there is a large difference in the values of semi-major and semi-minor axis.
|-
|| 06:15
|| Let us know more about Halley’s comet.

|-
|| 06:18
|| Halley’s comet is a periodic comet.

|-
|| 06:20
|| It returns to Earth’s vicinity in about every 75 years.

|-
|| 06:26
|| A comet appears as a bright head with a long tail.

|-
|| 06:31
|| The tail of a comet is always directed away from the Sun.
|-
|| 06:36
|| Now we will move on to the next '''App'''.
|-
|| 06:39
|| To open the '''App''' right click on '''keplerlaw2_en.htm''' file and '''Open With Firefox Web Browser'''.
|-
|| 06:50
|| The '''App''' opens with '''Kepler's Second Law of the undisturbed planetary motion'''.
|-
|| 06:56
|| The law states that,

The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
|-
||07:06
||Scroll down to see the interface.
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|| 07:09
|| In the green control panel, '''App '''measures the '''Distance from the Sun''' and '''Velocity'''.
|-
|| 07:15
|| The current velocity of the planet is changing continuously as the planet is revolving.
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|| 07:22
|| The '''Minimum''' and '''Maximum''' velocity of the planet is measured here.
|-
|| 07:27
|| At the bottom there are two check-boxes, '''Sectors''' and '''Vector of velocity'''.
|-
|| 07:35
|| By default '''Sectors''' is selected.

|-
|| 07:39
|| Next to the '''Sectors '''check-box, a slider is provided to change the area of the '''sector'''.
|-
|| 07:46
|| Select '''Vector of velocity'''.
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|| 07:50
|| Here the black velocity vector shows the direction of velocity of the planet.
|-
|| 07:56
|| The maximum velocity with which '''Mercury''' revolves is 59.1 km/s.
|-
|| 08:04
|| Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun so it moves with a greater velocity.

|-
|| 08:11
|| Now I will show the velocity for Jupiter.

|-
|| 08:14
|| Select Jupiter from the drop down list.

|-
|| 08:18
|| Jupiter has less velocity than that of Mercury.

|-
|| 08:23
|| Planets far away from the Sun have less velocity as compared to the planets that are near.
|-
||08:30
|| This is because the Sun’s gravitational pull is stronger on the planets that are close to it.
|-
|| 08:37
|| Observe the pink and green digital clocks.

|-
|| 08:41
|| They record the time when the planet sweeps the '''sectors'''.

|-
|| 08:45
|| This time is expressed in orbital period.
|-
|| 08:49
|| Let’s drag the '''sector''' slider to maximum.
|-
|| 08:53
|| Notice that as we increase the area, time increases.
|-
|| 08:59
|| The Orbital period is the time taken by the celestial object to go around the orbit of another celestial object.
|-
|| 09:08
|| Select the '''Saturn''' from the drop down list.

|-
|| 09:12
|| Observe that the sweep time for each '''sector''' in '''Saturn''' is same.
|-
|| 09:18
|| As an assignment

Select planets Venus and Uranus from the drop down list.

|-
|| 09:25
|| Observe the difference in the velocity.

Explain your observation.
|-
|| 09:31
|| Let us summarise
|-
|| 09:33
|| Using these '''Apps''' we have,

Verified Kepler's first law using Kepler's first law simulation.

|-
|| 09:41
|| Calculated Aphelion and Perihelion distances.

|-
|| 09:45
|| Verified Kepler's second law using Kepler's second law simulation.

|-
|| 09:51
|| These Apps were created by Walter Fendt and his team.
|-
|| 09:55
|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| 10:03
|| The '''Spoken Tutorial Project ''' team conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.
|-
|| 10:12
|| Please post your timed queries on this forum.
|-
|| 10:16
|| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by MHRD, Government of India.
|-
|| 10:22
|| This is Himanshi Karwanje from IIT-Bombay.

Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

Apps-On-Physics/C2/Keplers-laws/English-timed - Revision history

PoojaMoolya: Created page with "{|border=1 |- || '''Time''' || '''Narration''' |- || 00:01 || Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Kepler's Law'''. |- || 00:05 || In this tutorial we will, Verify Kepler'..."