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PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Alias-Names/English

Madhurig — Tue, 28 Apr 2026 09:54:48 GMT

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Conditional-Operators/English

Madhurig — Tue, 28 Apr 2026 08:01:51 GMT

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PostgreSQL-Database/C2/GROUP-BY-and-HAVING-Clause/English

ANJALISATDIVE — Mon, 27 Apr 2026 10:31:58 GMT

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Alias-Names/English

ANJALISATDIVE — Mon, 27 Apr 2026 10:06:32 GMT

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Alias-Names/English

ANJALISATDIVE — Mon, 27 Apr 2026 09:54:11 GMT

Created page with "Title of the Script: Alias Names Author: EduPyramids Keywords: PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, alias, AS keyword, space, underscore, double quotes, video tutorial, EduPyramids. {|..."

New page

Title of the Script: Alias Names

Author: EduPyramids

Keywords: PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, alias, AS keyword, space, underscore, double quotes, video tutorial, EduPyramids.

{| border=1
|-
! width="35%" | '''Visual Cue'''
! width="65%" | '''Narration'''

|-
|| '''Title Slide 1'''
|| Welcome to this Spoken Tutorial on '''Alias Names''' in '''PostgreSQL'''.

|-
|| '''Slide 2'''
'''Learning Objectives'''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn to,

* Create alias names using:
* space,
* AS keyword,
* underscore and
* double quotes.

|-
|| '''Slide 3'''
'''System Requirements'''

'''To record this tutorial, I am using'''

• '''Ubuntu 24.04 LTS,'''

• '''PostgreSQL version 18.1, and'''

• '''pgAdmin 4 version 9.11.'''

|| To record this tutorial, I am using the following setup.

|-
|| '''Slide 4'''
'''Pre-requisites'''
|| To follow this tutorial,
* Learners should have '''PostgreSQL''' and '''pgAdmin 4'''
* For the prerequisite '''PostgreSQL''' tutorials, please visit this website.

|-
|| '''Slide 5'''
'''Code Files'''
The following code file is required to practice this tutorial:

• '''an-commands.txt'''

This file is provided in the Code Files link on this tutorial page.

|| The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.

This file is provided in the '''Code Files''' link of this tutorial page.

Please download and extract the file.

|-
||
|| Let us get started.

|-
|| '''Point to the interface.'''
|| I have opened the '''pgAdmin 4''' interface and connected to the localhost server.

|-
|| Display the students table
Type: **SELECT * FROM students;**
|| Let us display the student table.
Type the following query.
Click on the Execute query icon to run the query.
Notice the student table with all the records.

|-
|| '''Slide 5'''
'''What is an Alias?'''
|| Let us see what an alias is?
An alias is a temporary name given to a column or a table.
It improves the readability of the output.
Alias names exist only for the duration of the query.

|-
|| '''Type:'''
'''SELECT studentname fullname FROM students;'''
|| Let us create an alias using a '''space'''.
Type the following query.

|-
|| Highlight '''studentname fullname'''
|| Here, '''studentname''' is the original column name.
'''fullname''' is the alias given using a '''space'''.

|-
|| Click on the execute query button.
|| Click on the '''Execute query''' button to execute the query.
The output displays the '''studentname''' column with the new heading '''fullname'''.

|-
|| '''Type:'''
'''SELECT city AS studentcity FROM students;'''
|| Now let us create an '''alias''' using the '''as''' keyword.
Type the following query.

|-
|| '''Highlight city AS studentcity'''
|| Here, '''AS''' keyword explicitly assigns the '''alias''' name '''studentcity''' to the '''city''' column.

|-
|| Click the '''Execute query''' icon
Point to the output..
|| Let us execute the query.
Observe the output.
The original column name '''city''' is now replaced with '''studentcity'''.

|-
|| Type: '''SELECT studentid AS student_id FROM students;'''
|| Now let us use an '''underscore''' in the '''alias''' name.
Type the following query.

|-
|| Highlight '''student_id'''
|| Here, '''student_id''' is the '''alias''' name.
The '''underscore''' is used to separate words for better readability.

|-
|| Click the Execute query icon.
|| Let us execute the query.
The column heading is now changed to '''student_id'''.

|-
|| '''Highlight: SELECT studentid AS student_id FROM students;'''
'''Type:'''
'''SELECT studentid student_id FROM students;'''
|| Here the '''AS''' keyword is optional, it means the query runs with or without '''AS'''.
Let us type this query and execute it.
Both the queries give the same result.

|-
|| Type: '''SELECT cgpa AS "Student cgpa" FROM students;'''
|| Now let us create an alias using double quotes. Type the following query.

|-
|| Highlight '''"student cgpa"'''
|| Here double quotes allow us to include spaces in the '''alias''' name.
Double quotes are required when the '''alias''' contains spaces.

|-
|| Click the '''Execute query''' icon.
|| Let us execute the query.
The column heading '''cpga''' is now changed to '''student cgpa'''.

|-
|| Type: **SELECT * FROM students;**
|| '''Alias''' names are temporary and do not modify the actual table structure.
To check, let us type this query and execute it.
Observe that the actual table is not modified.

|-
|| '''Slide 7'''
'''Summary'''
In this tutorial we have learnt to,

• Create alias names using:

• space,

• AS keyword,

• underscore and

• double quotes.

|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarise.

|-
|| '''Slide 8'''
'''Assignment'''

'''As an assignment,'''

Create alias names for gender and date of birth columns using different methods of aliasing.
SELECT * FROM students;

|| As an assignment, please do the following.

|-
|| '''Slide 9'''
'''Thank You'''

This Spoken Tutorial is brought to you by EduPyramids Educational Private Limited, SINE IIT Bombay.

|| Thank you.

|}

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/GROUP-BY-and-HAVING-Clause/English

Madhurig — Mon, 27 Apr 2026 06:10:53 GMT

Created page with "'''Title of the Script: GROUP BY and HAVING Clause''' '''Author: Ketki Bhamble / EduPyramids''' '''Keywords:''' PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, query, GROUP BY clause, HAVING claus..."

New page

'''Title of the Script: GROUP BY and HAVING Clause'''

'''Author: Ketki Bhamble / EduPyramids'''

'''Keywords:''' PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, query, GROUP BY clause, HAVING clause, aggregate functions, COUNT(*), EduPyramids, Video Tutorial.

{| border=1
|-
| align=center| '''Visual Cue'''
| align=center| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to this Spoken Tutorial on '''GROUP BY and HAVING Clause''' in '''PostgreSQL'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 2'''

'''Learning Objectives'''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn how to

* Use the '''GROUP BY '''clause
* Apply aggregate functions with '''GROUP''' '''BY''' and
* Filter grouped results using the '''HAVING''' '''clause'''.

|-
|| '''Slide 3'''

'''System Requirements '''

* '''Ubuntu 24.04 LTS'''
* '''PostgreSQL version 18.1''', and
* '''PgAdmin 4 version 9.11'''.

|| To record this tutorial, I am using the following setup.
|-
|| '''Slide 4'''

'''Pre-requisites '''

[https://edupyramids.org/ https://EduPyramids.org] '''

|| To follow this tutorial,
* Learners should have '''PostgreSQL''' and '''pgAdmin4.'''
* For the prerequisite '''PostgreSQL''' tutorials, please visit this website.

|-
|| '''Slide 5'''

'''Code Files '''

The following code file is required to practice this tutorial:

* '''gh-commands.txt'''

This file is provided in the Code Files link on this tutorial page.
|| The following '''code file''' is required to practice this tutorial.

This file is provided in the '''Code Files''' link of this tutorial page.

Please download and extract the file.
|-
||
|| Let us get started.

I have opened the '''pgAdmin4 '''interface and connected to the localhost server.
|-
|| Display the students table on the screen

SELECT * FROM students;
|| We are using the '''students''' table.

It contains '''student ID''', '''name''', '''city,''' '''gender''', date of birth, and '''CGPA'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 6'''

'''GROUP BY'''
|| The '''GROUP BY''' clause groups rows that have the same values into summary rows.

It is used along with aggregate functions to organise results.
|-
|| '''Slide 7'''

'''Syntax of GROUP BY'''

'''SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)'''

'''FROM table_name'''

'''GROUP BY column_name;'''
|| This is the syntax of the''' GROUP BY clause'''.

'''GROUP BY clause '''groups rows with the same column values.
|-
||
|| Let us find the number of students from each city.
|-
|| '''Type: '''

'''SELECT city, COUNT(*) '''

'''FROM students'''

'''GROUP BY city;'''

Click the '''Execute query icon.'''

Point to the results.
|| Type the following query.

It groups rows by city and counts the total number of students in each city.

Let us execute the query.

The result shows each city with the total number of students from that city.
|-
||
|| Now let us calculate the average '''CGPA''' of students in each city.
|-
|| '''Type:'''

'''SELECT city, ROUND(AVG(cgpa), 2)'''

'''FROM students'''

'''GROUP BY city;'''

Click the Execute query icon.
|| Type the following query.

This query groups students by city and calculates the average '''CGPA '''for each group.Let us execute this query.
|-
||
|| We can also group records using other columns such as gender.
|-
|| '''Type: '''

'''SELECT gender, COUNT(*)'''

'''FROM students'''

'''GROUP BY gender;'''

Click the Execute query icon.

Point to the results in the table.
|| Type this query.

This query groups students based on gender.

Let us execute the query.

The result shows the count of male and female students in the table.
|-
|| '''Slide 8'''

'''HAVING clause'''
|| The '''HAVING''' clause filters grouped results.

It is used along with the '''GROUP BY''' clause and aggregate functions.
|-
|| '''Type: '''

'''SELECT city, COUNT(*)'''

'''FROM students'''

'''GROUP BY city'''

'''HAVING COUNT(*) > 2;'''

Click the Execute query icon.

Point to the results in the table.
|| Type the following query.

This query groups the records by '''city'''.

Let us execute the query.

It displays only those cities where the number of students is greater than 2.
|-
|| '''Type: '''

'''SELECT city, ROUND(AVG(cgpa), 2)'''

'''FROM students'''

'''GROUP BY city'''

'''HAVING ROUND(AVG(cgpa), 2) > 8.5;'''

Click the Execute query icon.

Point to the results in the table.
|| Type the following query.

Here the '''HAVING''' clause filters the grouped results.

Let us execute the query.

It displays only those cities where the average '''CGPA''' is greater than 8 point 5.
|-
|| '''Type: '''

'''SELECT city, COUNT(*)'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE cgpa > 8'''

'''GROUP BY city'''

'''HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;'''

Click the Execute query icon.

Point to the results in the table.
|| Let us type this query.

In this query, we will analyze student data city-wise.

First, we filter students with '''CGPA''' greater than 8.

Then, we group these students by city.

The '''WHERE''' clause filters rows before grouping. However the''' HAVING '''clause filters groups after aggregation.

Then we will count students in each city.

Let us execute the query.

Output displays only those cities with more than one student.
|-
||
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.
|-
|| '''Slide 9'''

'''Summary'''

In this tutorial, we learnt how to:

* Use the GROUP BY clause,
* Apply aggregate functions with GROUP BY, and
* Filter grouped results using the HAVING clause.

|| Let us summarize.
|-
|| '''Slide 10 + 11'''

'''Assignment'''

As an Assignment,

* Find the maximum '''CGPA''' obtained by students in each city.
* Display the minimum '''CGPA '''for each gender.
* Find the total '''CGPA''' of students for each city.
* Display cities where the average '''CGPA''' is less than 8.5.
* Find genders that have more than 5 students.
* Display cities where the maximum '''CGPA''' is greater than 9.

|| We encourage you to do this assignment.

|-
|| '''Slide 12'''

'''Thank you'''

This '''Spoken''' '''Tutorial''' is brought to you by '''EduPyramids''' Educational Private Limited. SINE IIT Bombay.

'''Thank you'''
|| Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Conditional-Operators/English

Madhurig — Fri, 24 Apr 2026 06:44:34 GMT

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Conditional-Operators/English

Madhurig — Fri, 24 Apr 2026 06:43:57 GMT

Created page with "'''Title of the script: Conditional Operators''' '''Authors: '''Ketki Bhamble EduPyramids '''Keywords: '''PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, SQL, WHERE Clause, LIKE, percent sign, un..."

New page

'''Title of the script: Conditional Operators'''

'''Authors: '''Ketki Bhamble EduPyramids

'''Keywords: '''PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, SQL, WHERE Clause, LIKE, percent sign, underscore, BETWEEN, NOT BETWEEN, IN, NOT IN, DISTINCT, EduPyramids, video tutorial.

{| border=1
|-
| align=center| '''Visual Cue'''
| align=center| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to this Spoken Tutorial on '''Conditional Operators''' in PostgreSQL.
|-
|| '''Slide 2'''

'''Learning Objectives '''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about,

* '''LIKE, BETWEEN, NOT BETWEEN, IN, NOT IN '''and''' DISTINCT operators '''

|-
|| '''Slide 3'''

'''System Requirements'''

* '''Ubuntu 24.04 LTS'''
* '''PostgreSQL version 18.1''', and
* '''PgAdmin 4 version 9.11'''.

|| To record this tutorial, I am using the following setup.
|-
|| '''Slide 4'''

'''Pre-requisites '''

[https://edupyramids.org/ https://EduPyramids.org] '''

|| To follow this tutorial,
* Learners should have '''PostgreSQL''' and '''pgAdmin 4 '''
* For the prerequisite '''PostgreSQL''' tutorials, please visit this website.

|-
|| '''Slide 5'''

'''Code Files'''

The following code file is required to practice this tutorial:

* '''co-commands.txt'''

This file is provided in the Code Files link on this tutorial page.
|| The following '''code file''' is required to practice this tutorial.

This file is provided in the''' Code Files''' link of this tutorial page.

Please download and extract the file.
|-
||
|| Let us get started.
|-
|| '''Show students-table'''
|| We are using the students table.

It contains '''studentid''', '''studentname''', '''city''', '''gender''', '''date of birth''', and '''cgpa'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 6'''

'''LIKE operator'''
|| The '''LIKE''' operator is used to search for a specified pattern in a column.

It is used along with the '''WHERE''' '''clause'''.

|-
|| '''Slide 7'''

'''Syntax of LIKE operator'''

'''SELECT column1, column2, ...'''

'''FROM table_name'''

'''WHERE columnN LIKE pattern; '''

'''Highlight pattern keyword.'''
|| This is the syntax of the''' LIKE '''operator.

The '''pattern '''may contain '''percent '''sign or '''underscore'''.

'''Percent''' sign represents zero or more characters.

'''Underscore''' represents exactly one character.
|-
|| Type the command:

'''SELECT * FROM students'''

'''WHERE studentname LIKE 'R%';'''

Highlight''':<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''

Highlight''': WHERE'''

Highlight''':‘R%’'''

Click on the execute query button.

|| Let us retrieve the records of students whose names start with the letter '''R'''.

Type the following query.

The''' WHERE clause''' filters rows and displays the student names starting with '''R'''.

The''' percent''' sign allows any number of characters after''' R'''.

Let us execute the query.

The output displays students whose names start with '''R'''.
|-
|| Type the query:

'''SELECT studentname, city'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE city LIKE '%a';'''
|| Now let’s find students whose city name ends with letter '''a''' using the '''WHERE clause'''.

Type the following query.
|-
|| '''Highlight LIKE '%a''''
|| This query retrieves '''studentname''' and''' city'''.

The pattern ''''%a' '''means any number of characters followed by the letter '''a'''.
|-
|| '''Click the Execute query icon.'''
|| Let us execute the query.

The output shows student from the''' city''' ending with '''a'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 8'''

'''BETWEEN Operator'''
|| The '''BETWEEN '''operator is used to filter values within a specified range.

It works with numbers, dates, and text values. The range values are inclusive.
|-
|| '''Slide 9'''

'''Syntax of BETWEEN Operator'''

'''SELECT column name(s)'''

'''FROM table name'''

'''WHERE column name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;'''
|| This is the '''syntax''' of '''BETWEEN''' operator.
|-
|| '''Type the command:

SELECT studentname, cgpa FROM students WHERE cgpa BETWEEN 8 AND 9;'''
|| Let us now find students whose''' CGPA''' is between 8 and 9.

Type the following query.

|-
|| '''Highlight BETWEEN 8 AND 9'''
|| This query retrieves the '''studentname''' and '''c g p a'''.

The '''BETWEEN''' '''clause''' filters rows where '''CGPA''' is between 8 and 9.

It includes values greater than or equal to 8 and less than or equal to 9.
|-
|| Click the '''Execute query icon.'''
|| Let us execute the query.

The output shows students whose''' CGPA''' is within the range of 8 and 9.
|-
|| '''Type the command''':

'''SELECT studentname, dob FROM students WHERE dob BETWEEN '1996-01-01' AND '1996-12-31';'''

'''Highlight dob BETWEEN '1996-01-01' AND '1996-12-31''''
|| Now, let us find students born in the year 1996.

Type the following query.

This query retrieves the '''studentname''' and date of birth.

The '''BETWEEN clause '''filters students born between the specified dates.
|-
|| '''Click the Execute query icon.'''
|| Let us execute the query.

The output displays students born in the year 1996.
|-
|| '''Slide 10'''

'''NOT BETWEEN Operator'''
|| The''' NOT BETWEEN''' operator is used to filter values that fall outside a specified range.
|-
|| '''Slide 11'''

'''Syntax of NOT BETWEEN Operator'''

'''SELECT column name(s)'''

'''FROM table name'''

'''WHERE column name NOT BETWEEN'''

'''value1 AND value2;'''
|| This is the syntax of the '''NOT BETWEEN operator.'''
|-
|| '''Type:'''

'''SELECT studentname, cgpa'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE cgpa NOT BETWEEN 8 AND 9;'''
|| Let us retrieve students whose '''CGPA''' is not between 8 and 9.Type this query.
|-
|| '''Highlight NOT BETWEEN 8 AND 9'''
|| The '''NOT''' '''BETWEEN''' clause returns rows where '''cgpa''' is less than 8 or greater than 9.
|-
|| Click on the '''execute''' '''query''' icon
|| Let us execute the query.

The output displays students whose '''CGPA''' falls outside this range.
|-
|| '''Slide 13'''

'''IN Operator'''
|| The '''IN''' operator is used to specify multiple values in a '''WHERE clause'''.

It checks whether a column matches any value in a given list.
|-
|| '''Slide 14'''

'''Syntax of IN Operator'''

'''SELECT column name(s)'''

'''FROM table name'''

'''WHERE column name IN (value1,'''

'''value2, ...);'''
|| This is the syntax of the '''IN operator.'''
|-
|| '''Type:'''

'''SELECT * FROM students'''

'''WHERE city IN ('Mumbai', 'Pune', 'Delhi');'''

|| Let us retrieve students who belong to '''Mumbai, Pune''', or''' Delhi'''.

Type the following query.
|-
|| '''Highlight city IN ('Mumbai','Pune','Delhi')'''
|| In this query, the '''IN operator''' matches the city with the specified values.
|-
|| Click on the '''execute''' '''query''' icon
|| Click on the '''Execute''' '''query''' icon to execute the query.

The output displays students from '''Mumbai, Pune''', and '''Delhi'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 15'''

'''NOT IN Operator'''
|| The '''NOT IN''' operator excludes specified values from the result set.
|-
|| '''Slide 16'''

'''Syntax of NOT IN Operator'''

'''SELECT column name(s)'''

'''FROM table name'''

'''WHERE column name NOT IN (value1,'''

'''value2, ...);'''
|| This is the syntax of the '''NOT IN operator.'''
|-
|| '''Type:'''

'''SELECT * FROM students'''

'''WHERE city NOT IN ('Mumbai','Pune');'''
|| Now let us retrieve students who do not belong to '''Mumbai '''or '''Pune'''.

Type the following query.
|-
|| Highlight NOT IN ('Mumbai','Pune')
|| The '''NOT IN operator''' filters out the specified cities and returns the remaining records.
|-
|| Click on the '''execute''' '''query''' icon
|| Let us execute the query.

The output shows students from other cities except '''Mumbai '''and '''Pune'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 17'''

'''DISTINCT Operator'''

|| '''DISTINCT keyword '''is used in the '''SELECT statement '''to list distinct and unique values.

It removes the duplicate rows or column values from the query result.
|-
|| '''Slide 18'''

'''Syntax of DISTINCT Operator'''

'''SELECT DISTINCT column-names FROM table-name WHERE [condition]'''
|| The '''syntax''' is as follows:

|-
|| '''Type the command:'''

'''SELECT DISTINCT city FROM students; '''

|| Type the query as shown here.

This '''select statement '''will retrieve the unique city names from the '''students table'''.

Let us execute the query.

Output will eliminate duplicate values from the specified column '''city'''.

It only shows distinct city names.
|-
||
|| With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.
|-
|| '''Slide 19'''

'''Summary'''

In this tutorial, we have learnt about

* '''LIKE, BETWEEN, NOT BETWEEN, IN, NOT IN '''and''' DISTINCT operators'''

|| Let us summarise.
|-
|| '''Slide 20 +21+22'''

'''Assignment'''

'''As an Assignment, '''

* Retrieve student records whose names start with letter''' A''' using the '''LIKE operator'''.
* Display the '''studentname '''and '''city''' where city names contain the letter '''“n”'''.
* List students who belong to '''Chennai, Kolkata, '''or''' Bengaluru''' using the''' IN operator'''.
* Find students whose '''CGPA '''is between 7 and 8.5.
* Display students records who are born after 1997 using the '''NOT BETWEEN operator'''.
* Retrieve the distinct gender value'''s''' from the students table.
* Display students whose city is neither '''Chennai '''nor''' Jaipur'''.

|| As an Assignment, please do the following.
|-
|| '''Slide 23

'''This '''Spoken''' '''Tutorial''' is brought to you by '''EduPyramids''' Educational Private Limited SINE IIT Bombay.

'''Thank you'''
|| Thank You.
|-
|}

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Aggregate-Functions/English

Madhurig — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 09:43:31 GMT

Show changes

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Aggregate-Functions/English

ANJALISATDIVE — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 06:41:53 GMT

Created page with " '''Title of the script: Aggregate Functions''' '''Authors:''' EduPyramids.''' '''Keywords:''' PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, Aggregate Functions, COUNT, AVG(average), SUM, MIN, MA..."

New page

'''Title of the script: Aggregate Functions'''

'''Authors:''' EduPyramids.'''

'''Keywords:''' PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, Aggregate Functions, COUNT, AVG(average), SUM, MIN, MAX, Null values, COUNT asterisk, ROUND value, EduPyramids, Video Tutorial.

{| border=1
|-
! width="35%" | '''Visual Cue'''
! width="65%" | '''Narration'''

|-
|| '''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to this Spoken Tutorial on '''Aggregate Functions'''.

|-
|| '''Slide 2'''
'''Learning Objectives'''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about
* '''Aggregate Functions'''

|-
|| '''Slide 3'''
'''System Requirements'''
• '''Ubuntu 24.04 LTS'''
• '''PostgreSQL version 18.1''', and
• '''PgAdmin 4 version 9.11'''.
|| To record this tutorial, I am using the following setup.

|-
|| '''Slide 4'''
'''Pre-requisites'''
|| To follow this tutorial,
* Learners should have '''Postgres Q L''' and '''p g Admin 4'''
* For the prerequisite '''Postgres Q L''' tutorials, please visit this website.

|-
|| '''Slide 5'''
'''Code Files'''
The following code file is required to practice this tutorial:
'''af-commands.txt'''
This file is provided in the Code Files link on this tutorial page.
|| The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.
This file is provided in the Code Files link of this tutorial page.
Please download and extract the file.

|-
||
|| Let us get started.

|-
|| '''Slide 6'''
'''Aggregate Functions'''
|| '''Aggregate''' functions perform calculations on multiple rows and return a single value.
Some common aggregate functions are '''COUNT''', '''average''', '''SUM''', '''MIN''', and '''MAX'''.

|-
||
|| I have opened the '''p g Admin 4''' interface and connected to the localhost server.
Let us learn these functions using query examples.
This is the student table.
First, we will learn about the '''COUNT''' function.

|-
|| '''Type:'''
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM students;'''
'''Highlight COUNT(*)
Click on the Execute Query button.
|| Let us type the following query.
The '''COUNT''' asterisk function returns the total number of rows in the table.
It counts all records including those containing '''NULL''' values.
Let us execute the query.
This shows the total number of students stored in the table.

|-
||
|| Now we will see how '''COUNT''' works when applied to a specific column.

|-
|| '''Type:'''
'''SELECT COUNT(cgpa) FROM students;'''
'''Highlight:'''
'''COUNT(cgpa)'''
Click on the Execute Query button.
|| Type the query.
The '''COUNT''' function counts the number of not '''NULL''' values in the '''C G P A''' column.
Let us execute the query.

|-
|| '''Cursor on the output.'''
|| The output displays the number of students whose '''C G P A''' value is available.

|-
|| Show both the outputs in different query windows.
|| Here, '''COUNT asterisk''' returns all the rows.
However, the COUNT '''column''' counts only '''not NULL''' values of the specified column.

|-
||
|| Next, we will calculate the average C G P A.

|-
|| '''Type:'''
'''SELECT AVG(cgpa) FROM students;'''
|| Type the following query.

|-
|| '''Highlight:'''
'''AVG(cgpa)'''
|| The '''average''' function calculates the average of all cgpa values.

|-
|| Click on the Execute Query button.
'''Cursor on the output.'''
|| Let us execute the query.
The output displays the average c g p a of all students.

|-
|| Type this command:
'''SELECT ROUND(AVG(cgpa), 2)'''
'''FROM students;'''
Click on the execute button.
|| Observe that, using the average keyword we get insignificant digits after the decimal point.
To reduce the number of insignificant digits after the decimal point, type this query.
ROUND value 2 limits the result to 2 digits after the decimal point.
Execute the query.
The output displays only two digits after the decimal point.

|-
||
|| Now, let us find the highest C G P A.

|-
|| '''Type:'''
'''SELECT MAX(cgpa) FROM students;'''
'''Highlight:'''
MAX(cgpa)
|| Type the following query.
The '''MAX''' function returns the largest value in the C G P A column.

|-
|| Click on the Execute Query button.
'''Cursor on the output.'''
|| Execute the query.
The result displays the highest C G P A recorded in the students table.

|-
||
|| Next, we will find the lowest C G P A .

|-
|| '''Type:'''
'''SELECT MIN(cgpa) FROM students;'''
'''Highlight:'''
'''MIN(cgpa)'''
|| Type the following query.
'''MIN''' returns the smallest value in the column.

|-
|| Click on the Execute Query button.
'''Cursor on the output.'''
|| Execute the query.
The output displays the lowest C G P A recorded in the students table.

|-
||
|| Finally, we will calculate the total C G P A .

|-
|| '''Type:'''
'''SELECT SUM(cgpa) FROM students;'''
'''Highlight:'''
'''SUM(cgpa)'''
|| Type the following query.
The '''SUM''' function helps us find the total C G P A of all students.

|-
|| Click on the Execute Query button.
'''Cursor on the output.'''
|| Execute the query.
The output displays the sum of all CGPA values.

|-
||
|| With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

|-
|| '''Slide 10'''
'''Summary'''
In this tutorial, we have learnt about
• '''Aggregate Functions'''
|| Let us summarise.

|-
|| '''Slide 11'''
'''Assignment'''
'''As an Assignment,'''
• Write a query to find how many different cities are present in the students table.
• Calculate the average CGPA of students born after 1996.
• Find the highest CGPA among female students.
• Find the lowest CGPA among male students.
• Calculate the total CGPA of students from each city.
|| We encourage you to do this assignment.

|-
|| '''Slide 12'''
This '''Spoken Tutorial''' is brought to you by '''EduPyramids''' Educational Private Limited SINE IIT Bombay.
'''Thank you'''
|| Thank you.

|}

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/NULL-Values-and-UPDATE-Statement/English

Ketkinaina — Thu, 23 Apr 2026 05:26:53 GMT

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/NULL-Values-and-UPDATE-Statement/English

Madhurig — Wed, 22 Apr 2026 11:49:06 GMT

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/NULL-Values-and-UPDATE-Statement/English

Ketkinaina — Mon, 20 Apr 2026 07:44:04 GMT

Created page with "'''Title of the Script: NULL Values and UPDATE Statement'''. '''Author: Ketki Bhamble''' '''Keywords: '''PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, Logical operators, AND, OR, NOT, WHERE, EduPy..."

New page

'''Title of the Script: NULL Values and UPDATE Statement'''.

'''Author: Ketki Bhamble'''

'''Keywords: '''PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, Logical operators, AND, OR, NOT, WHERE, EduPyramids, video tutorial.

{|border=1
|-
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to this Spoken Tutorial on''' NULL Values and UPDATE Statement'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 2'''

'''Learning Objectives '''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn how to,
* Insert and Display '''Null''' values and
* '''UPDATE''' Statement
|-
|| '''Slide 3'''

'''System Requirements '''
* '''Ubuntu 24.04''' '''LTS'''
* '''PostgreSQL version 18.1''', and
* '''PgAdmin 4 version 9.11'''.
|| To record this tutorial, I am using the following setup.
|-
|| '''Slide 4'''

'''Pre-requisites '''

[https://edupyramids.org https://EduPyramids.org] '''

|| To follow this tutorial,
* Learners should have '''PostgreSQL''' and '''p g Admin 4.'''
* For the prerequisite '''PostgreSQL''' tutorials, please visit this website.
|-
|| '''Slide 5'''

'''Code Files '''

The following code file is required to practice this tutorial:
* '''nvu-commands.txt'''

This file is provided in the Code Files link on this tutorial page.
|| The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.

This file is provided in the '''Code''' '''Files''' link of this tutorial page.

Please download and extract the file.
|-
||
|| Let us get started.
|-
|| '''Slide 6'''

'''What is a NULL Value?'''
|| A '''null''' value is an unknown or missing value.

If a field has no value it can be left blank as no data stored in it.
|-
|| '''Slide 7'''

'''Syntax of Null value'''

'''SELECT column_names'''

'''FROM table_name'''

'''WHERE column_name IS NULL<nowiki>; </nowiki>'''
|| This is the syntax to show a '''Null''' value.

'''IS NULL''' clause checks for fields that have no stored values.
|-
||
|| I have opened the '''p g Admin 4 '''interface and connected to the localhost server.
|-
|| Type:''' INSERT INTO students (studentid, studentname, city, gender, dob, cgpa)'''

'''VALUES ('S116', 'Ravi', 'Pune', 'M', NULL, NULL);'''

Click the''' Execute query icon.'''
|| Let us insert a '''NULL''' value.For this, type the following query.

Here the '''NULL''' keyword is used to insert null values.

Let us execute the query.

The query is returned successfully.
|-
|| Type: '''INSERT INTO students (studentid, studentname, city, gender)'''

'''VALUES ('S117', 'Kiran', 'Pune', 'M');'''

Click on the''' Execute query button'''.

ADD ANNOTATION.( '''CGPA''' and '''DOB''' are automatically set to '''NULL''')
|| Type the following query and execute it. Here, '''C G P A''' and '''D O B columns''' are automatically set to '''NULL'''.
|-
||
|| We can add a '''NULL value''' by inserting a record without specifying its value.
|-
|| Type: '''SELECT * FROM students'''

'''WHERE cgpa IS NULL;'''
|| Type the following query.

Here we are using the I'''S NULL '''clause.

Let us execute the query.

The output displays details of students whose '''C G P A''' is currently not recorded.
|-
||
|| Here, the '''D O B''' and '''C G P A''' values are not known.
|-
||
|| Now let us see another example.
|-
|| Type: '''SELECT studentid, studentname'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE cgpa IS NULL;'''

Click on the''' Execute query button'''.
|| Type the following query and execute it. This query displays studentid and their names whose '''C G P A''' value is '''NULL'''.
|-
||
|| Let us update the record so that it no longer displays NULL.
|-
|| '''Slide 8'''

'''UPDATE Statement'''
|| '''UPDATE''' Statement is used to modify existing records in a table.
|-
|| '''Slide 9'''

'''Syntax of UPDATE Statement'''.

'''UPDATE table_name'''

'''SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...'''

'''WHERE condition; '''
|| Here is the syntax of the UPDATE statement.'''UPDATE''' specifies the table to be modified.

'''SET''' assigns new values to one or more columns.

'''WHERE''' selects the records that need to be updated.
|-
|| Type: '''UPDATE students'''

'''SET cgpa = 8.1'''

'''WHERE studentid = 'S116';'''

Click on the''' Execute query button'''.
|| Let us update the Null value.

Type this query.

Here the '''SET''' keyword sets the C G P A value to 8 point 1.

Let us execute the query.
|-
|| '''Cursor on Query returned successfully in 322 msec.'''
|| The output shows that the query is updated.
|-
|| Type:

'''SELECT * FROM students '''

'''WHERE studentid = ‘S116’;'''
|| Now let us type this query and execute it.

We can see that a new record is added to the table.
|-
|| Show the table and point to M in the records.
|| Let us update the records of students with studentids S116 and S117
|-
|| Type the following:'''UPDATE students'''

'''SET gender = 'Male''''

'''WHERE studentid = 'S116''''

'''OR studentid = 'S117';'''

Click on the Execute Query button.
|| Type the following query.

In this query we will set the gender to male.

Let us execute the query.

The table is now updated.
|-
|| Type: '''SELECT * FROM students; '''

Click on the Execute Query button.

Point to the gender columns of the students.
|| Let us display the entire table.Type this query and execute it.

We can see that in the gender column M is updated to Male for studentids '''S116 '''and''' S117'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 10'''

'''Summary'''

In this tutorial, we have learnt how to,
* Insert and Display Null values and
* UPDATE Statement
|| With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarise.
|-
|| '''Slide 11'''

'''Assignment'''

'''As an Assignment, '''

Insert a student record with a NULL CGPA value.

Update the NULL CGPA value for one student.

Verify the updated record using a SELECT query.
|| We encourage you to do this assignment.
|-
|| '''Slide 12'''

'''Thank you'''

This '''Spoken''' '''Tutorial''' is brought to you by '''EduPyramids''' Educational Services Private Limited SINE IIT Bombay.
|| Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Logical-Operators/English

Ketkinaina — Fri, 17 Apr 2026 10:41:46 GMT

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Logical-Operators/English

Ketkinaina — Fri, 17 Apr 2026 10:40:21 GMT

Created page with "'''Title of the Script: Logical Operators in PostgreSQL''' '''Author: EduPyramids / Ketki Bhamble''' '''Keywords: '''PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, Logical operators, AND, OR, NOT,..."

New page

'''Title of the Script: Logical Operators in PostgreSQL'''

'''Author: EduPyramids / Ketki Bhamble'''

'''Keywords: '''PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, Logical operators, AND, OR, NOT, WHERE, EduPyramids, Video Tutorial.

{|border=1
|-
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to this Spoken Tutorial on''' Logical Operators '''in''' PostgreSQL'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 2'''

'''Learning Objectives '''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about
* '''AND''', '''OR '''and''' NOT''' operators.
|-
|| '''Slide 3'''

'''System Requirements '''
* '''Ubuntu 24.04''' '''LTS'''
* '''PostgreSQL version 18.1''', and
* '''PgAdmin 4 version 9.11'''.
|| To record this tutorial, I am using the following setup.
|-
|| '''Slide 4'''

'''Pre-requisites '''

[https://edupyramids.org/ https://EduPyramids.org] '''
|| To follow this tutorial,
* Learners should have '''PostgreSQL''' and '''pgAdmin 4 '''
* For the prerequisite '''PostgreSQL '''tutorials, please visit this website.
|-
|| '''Slide 5'''

'''Code Files '''

The following code file is required to practice this tutorial:
* '''lo-commands.txt'''

This file is provided in the Code Files link on this tutorial page.
|| The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.

This file is provided in the '''Code Files''' link of this tutorial page.

Please download and extract the file.
|-
||
|| Let us get started.
|-
|| '''Slide 6'''

'''Logical Operators'''
|| '''Logical''' '''operators''' are used to combine multiple conditions in a query.

They help to filter records by evaluating conditions.

We will use '''AND''', '''OR''', and '''NOT '''operators to explain various conditions'''.'''
|-
||
|| Let us use the '''AND''' operator in a query.

I have opened the '''pgAdmin 4 '''interface and connected to the localhost server.
|-
|| Type:

'''SELECT *'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE city = 'Pune' AND gender = 'Female';'''

'''Highlight:WHERE'''

'''Highlight:AND'''
|| Let us type the following query.

Here, we are using the '''WHERE''' clause along with the '''AND''' operator.

The condition checks if the city is Pune and gender is Female.

In '''AND''' operation, only those records are shown that satisfy both the conditions.
|-
|| click the '''execute''' '''query''' button.

Point
|| Click the''' Execute''' query icon on the toolbar.

The output shows only two records that satisfy the given condition.

Observe that records of only female students from Pune are displayed.
|-
||
|| Let us use the '''OR''' operator in an example.
|-
|| '''Type''':

'''SELECT *'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE city = 'Mumbai' OR city = 'Delhi';'''

'''Highlight:WHERE'''

'''Highlight:OR'''

Press the '''execute''' '''query''' button.
|| Now type the following query.

Here, we use the '''WHERE''' clause with the '''OR''' operator.

This condition checks whether the city is Mumbai or Delhi.

Rows that satisfy at least one of these conditions are displayed.

Let us execute the query.

We see the details of students from Mumbai and Delhi.
|-
||
|| Now, let us see an example of the '''NOT''' operator.
|-
|| '''Type:'''

'''SELECT *'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE NOT gender = 'Male';'''

'''Highlight:WHERE'''

'''Highlight:NOT'''

Press the '''execute''' '''query''' button.

|| Type the following query.

Here, we use the '''WHERE''' clause with the '''NOT''' operator.

This condition excludes all the rows where gender is Male.

Let us execute the query.

The output shows the details of all the female students.
|-
|| '''Slide 10'''

'''Summary'''

In this tutorial, we learnt about
* '''AND''', '''OR''' and''' NOT operators'''.

|| With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarise.
|-
|| '''Slide 11'''

'''Assignment'''

'''As an Assignment, '''
* Retrieve the details of students who are from Chennai and whose gender is Female.
* Display the records of students who are from Hyderabad or Bangalore.
* List all students who are not from Pune.
* Find students whose gender is Male and not from Mumbai.
* List student details where city is Jaipur or Ahmedabad, but gender is not Female.
|| We encourage you to do this assignment.
|-
|| '''Slide 12'''

This '''Spoken''' '''Tutorial''' is brought to you by '''EduPyramids''' Educational Private Limited SINE IIT Bombay.

'''Thank you'''
|| Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Filtering-and-Sorting-Data/English

Madhurig — Mon, 13 Apr 2026 09:21:44 GMT

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Relational-Operators/English

Ketkinaina — Fri, 10 Apr 2026 09:47:21 GMT

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Filtering-and-Sorting-Data/English

Ketkinaina — Tue, 07 Apr 2026 10:41:12 GMT

Show changes

PostgreSQL-Database/C2/Relational-Operators/English

Ketkinaina — Tue, 07 Apr 2026 10:27:10 GMT

Created page with "'''Title of the Script: Relational Operators.''' '''Authors: EduPyramids.''' '''Keywords:''' postgresql, pgadmin4, Relational operators, equal to, not equal to, greater than..."

New page

'''Title of the Script: Relational Operators.'''

'''Authors: EduPyramids.'''

'''Keywords:''' postgresql, pgadmin4, Relational operators, equal to, not equal to, greater than, less than, greater than or equal to, less than or equal to, WHERE clause, edupyramids, video tutorial.

{|border=1
|-
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide 1'''

'''Title Slide'''
|| Welcome to this Spoken Tutorial on '''Relational Operators '''in''' Postgres Q L'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 2 '''

'''Learning Objectives'''
|| In this tutorial, we will learn about
* '''Relational operators'''.
|-
|| '''Slide 3'''

'''System Requirements '''
* '''Ubuntu 24.04 LTS'''
* '''PostgreSQL version 18.1''', and
* '''PgAdmin 4 version 9.11'''
|| To record this tutorial, I am using the following setup.
|-
|| '''Slide 4'''

'''Pre-requisites '''

[https://edupyramids.org/ https://EduPyramids.org]<span style="background-color:transparent;color:#000000;"> '''
|| To follow this tutorial,
* Learners should have '''Postgres Q L''' and '''p g Admin 4'''.
* For the prerequisite '''Postgres Q L''' tutorials, please visit this website.
|-
|| '''Slide 5'''

'''Code Files '''

The following code file is required to practice this tutorial:
* '''ro-commands.txt'''

This file is provided in the Code Files link on this tutorial page.

Please download and extract the file.
|| The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.

This file is provided in the Code Files link of this tutorial page.

Please download and extract the file.
|-
||
|| Let us get started.
|-
|| '''Slide 6'''

'''Relational operators'''

'''SELECT *'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE city = ‘Bhopal’;'''

'''Highlight: WHERE'''
|| Relational operators are used to compare values in a table.

They are used along with the '''WHERE''' clause to filter the records.

They return only those rows that satisfy a specified condition.
|-
|| '''Point to the interface.'''
|| I have opened the '''p g Admin 4 '''interface and connected to the localhost server.
|-
||
|| Now let us use relational operators to execute queries with different conditions.
|-
|| '''Type the following query:'''

'''SELECT *'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE city = 'Delhi';'''

'''Highlight: WHERE city = 'Delhi';'''

Press the '''Execute''' '''query''' button.
|| Let us type this query.

In this query we will retrieve the records of students using equal to operator.

Click the Execute query icon to execute the query.

This query displays the details of the student Bindu, who resides in Delhi.
|-
|| '''Type the following query:'''

'''SELECT *'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE cgpa > 9.0;'''

Press the '''execute''' '''query''' button.
|| Next let us type this query.

Here we will retrieve the records of students whose C G P A is greater than 9 point zero.

Let us execute the query.

Output shows the details of students whose C G P A is greater than 9 point zero.
|-
|| '''Type the following query:'''

'''SELECT *'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE cgpa < 8.0;'''

Press the '''execute''' '''query''' button.
|| Next, let us type this query.

Here we will retrieve the records of students whose C G P A is less than 8 point zero.

Now execute this query to see the output.
|-
|| '''Type the following query:'''

'''SELECT * FROM students'''

'''WHERE dob>= '1996-04-22';'''

Press the '''execute''' '''query''' button.
|| Let us now retrieve the records of students based on date of birth.

I will type the query that uses the greater than or equal to operator.

Then execute it.

The output displays all student records who were born on or after 22 April 1996.
|-
|| '''Type the following query:'''

'''SELECT * FROM students'''

'''WHERE studentid <= 'S111';'''

Press the '''execute''' '''query''' button.
|| Next, let us retrieve the records of students whose student id is '''S 1 1 1 '''or less.

Let me type this query.

Here we have used less than or equal to operator.

Let us execute the query.

Notice the records of students in the table.
|-
|| '''Type the following query:'''

'''SELECT *'''

'''FROM students'''

'''WHERE city <> 'Mumbai';'''

Press the '''execute''' '''query''' button.
|| Now, let us retrieve the records of students whose city is not Mumbai.

Let us type this query.

Here we have used the not equal to operator.

Now execute the query.

The output displays all students who are not from Mumbai.
|-
||
|| With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.
|-
|| '''Slide 7 '''

'''Summary'''

In this tutorial, we learnt about
* Relational operators.

|| Let us summarize.
|-
|| '''Slide 8 '''

'''Assignment'''

'''As an Assignment,'''
* Retrieve the details of students who reside in the city Pune.
* Display the details of students whose gender is Female.
* Retrieve the details of students who were born before 1st January 1996.
* Display the details of students whose student ID is not S101.
|| We encourage you to do this assignment.
|-
|| '''Slide 9'''

'''This Spoken Tutorial is brought to you by EduPyramids Educational Services Private Limited, SINE, IIT Bombay.'''

'''Thank You'''
|| Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

Moodle/C2/Accessing-material-and-participating-in-forums/English

Madhurig — Mon, 06 Apr 2026 06:37:31 GMT

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Title of the Script: NULL Values and UPDATE Statement'''.
-'''Author: Ketki Bhamble'''
+'''Author: EduPyramids'''
 '''Keywords: ''' PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4,  syntax, NULL values, IS NULL, UPDATE statement, EduPyramids, video tutorial.

@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 Click the Execute query icon to execute the query.
-Observe that records are sorted by '''C G P A''' in ascending order.
+The output displays records are sorted by '''C G P A''' in ascending order.
 |-
 ||

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 Author: Nancy Varkey
-Keywords: moodle, moodle lms, lms, learning management system, educational lms, open-source lms, Moodle course navigation, conditional access, completion tracking, accessing learning materials, forum participation
+Keywords: moodle, moodle lms, lms, learning management system, educational lms, open-source lms, Moodle course navigation, conditional access, completion tracking, accessing learning materials, forum participation, video tutorial.
 {| border =1
@@ Line 17: / Line 18: @@
 | '''Slide: Learning Objectives'''
 | In this tutorial, we will learn:
-* How students can access '''enrolled courses''' & navigate within
+* How students can access '''enrolled courses''' and navigate within
-* How students can find & download attachments or '''course''' materials
+* How students can find and download attachments or '''course''' materials
 * What a '''forum''' is in '''Moodle'''
 * How students can access '''forum discussions'''
@@ Line 75: / Line 76: @@
 Point to the lock icons in the index and the centre of the page
-| Notice lock '''icons''' on certain resources in the '''index''' and the centre of the page.
+| Notice lock '''icons''' on certain resources in the '''index''' and at the centre of the page.
 These resources display a '''condition''' to be fulfilled to open the access.
@@ Line 210: / Line 211: @@
 Domain Expert: Nancy Varkey
-|This tutorial is brought to you by '''EduPyramids Educational Services, SINE, IIT Bombay.'''
+|This tutorial is brought to you by '''EduPyramids Educational Services, Private limited. SINE, IIT Bombay.'''
 Thank you for watching!
 |-

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 This file is provided in the Code Files link on this tutorial page.
 || The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.
@@ Line 91: / Line 93: @@
 '''What is an Alias?'''
 || Let us see what an alias is?
 An alias is a temporary name given to a column or a table.
 It improves the readability of the output.
@@ Line 155: / Line 158: @@
 '''SELECT studentid student_id FROM students;'''
-|| Here the '''AS''' keyword is optional, it means the query runs with or without '''AS'''.
+|| Here the '''AS''' keyword is optional, it means the query runs with or without '''AS''' keyword.
 Let us type this query and execute it.
 Both the queries give the same result.
@@ Line 210: / Line 215: @@
 Create alias names for gender and date of birth columns using different methods of  aliasing.
-SELECT * FROM students;
 || As an assignment, please do the following.

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 * '''gh-commands.txt'''
 This file is provided in the Code Files link on this tutorial page.
 || The following '''code file''' is required to practice this tutorial.

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 |-
 || '''Slide 2'''
 '''Learning Objectives'''
 || In this tutorial, we will learn to,
@@ Line 28: / Line 29: @@
 |-
 || '''Slide 3'''
 '''System Requirements'''
@@ Line 42: / Line 44: @@
 |-
 || '''Slide 4'''
 '''Pre-requisites'''
 || To follow this tutorial,
@@ Line 49: / Line 52: @@
 |-
 || '''Slide 5'''
 '''Code Files'''
 The following code file is required to practice this tutorial:
@@ Line 72: / Line 77: @@
 |-
 || Display the students table
-Type: **SELECT * FROM students;**
 || Let us display the student table.
 Type the following query.
@@ Line 88: / Line 97: @@
 |-
 || '''Type:'''
 '''SELECT studentname fullname FROM students;'''
 || Let us create an alias using a '''space'''.
 Type the following query.
@@ Line 94: / Line 105: @@
 |-
 || Highlight '''studentname fullname'''
 || Here, '''studentname''' is the original column name.
 '''fullname''' is the alias given using a '''space'''.
@@ Line 120: / Line 133: @@
 |-
-|| Type: '''SELECT studentid AS student_id FROM students;'''
+|| Type:
 || Now let us use an '''underscore''' in the '''alias''' name.
 Type the following query.
@@ Line 126: / Line 141: @@
 |-
 || Highlight '''student_id'''
 || Here, '''student_id''' is the '''alias''' name.
 The '''underscore''' is used to separate words for better readability.
@@ Line 135: / Line 151: @@
 |-
-|| '''Highlight:  SELECT studentid AS student_id FROM students;'''
+|| '''Highlight: SELECT studentid AS student_id FROM students;'''
 '''Type:'''
 '''SELECT studentid student_id FROM students;'''
 || Here the '''AS''' keyword is optional, it means the query runs with or without '''AS'''.
@@ Line 157: / Line 174: @@
 |-
-|| Type:  **SELECT * FROM students;**
+|| Type:
 || '''Alias''' names are temporary and do not modify the actual table structure.
 To check, let us type this query and execute it.
@@ Line 164: / Line 183: @@
 |-
 || '''Slide 7'''
 '''Summary'''
 In this tutorial we have learnt to,
@@ Line 183: / Line 204: @@
 |-
 || '''Slide 8'''
 '''Assignment'''

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Title of the script: Conditional Operators'''
 '''Authors: '''Ketki Bhamble EduPyramids
 '''Keywords: '''PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, SQL, WHERE Clause, LIKE, percent sign, underscore, BETWEEN, NOT BETWEEN, IN, NOT IN, DISTINCT, EduPyramids, video tutorial.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 '''Author: Ketki Bhamble'''
-'''Keywords: '''PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, Logical operators, AND, OR, NOT, WHERE, EduPyramids, video tutorial.
+'''Keywords: ''' PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4,  syntax, NULL values, IS NULL, UPDATE statement, EduPyramids, video tutorial.
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 * '''nvu-commands.txt'''
-This file is provided in the Code Files link on this tutorial page.
+This file is provided in the Code Files link of this tutorial page.
 || The following code file is required to practice this tutorial.
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 || '''Slide 7'''
-'''Syntax of Null value'''
+'''Syntax of Null'''
 '''SELECT column_names'''
@@ Line 90: / Line 90: @@
 Click the''' Execute query icon.'''
-|| Let us insert a '''NULL''' value.For this, type the following query.
+|| Let us insert a '''NULL''' value. For this, type the following query.
 Here the '''NULL''' keyword is used to insert null values.
@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 ADD ANNOTATION.( '''CGPA''' and '''DOB''' are automatically set to '''NULL''')
-|| Type the following query and execute it. Here, '''C G P A''' and '''D O B columns''' are automatically set to '''NULL'''.
+|| Type the following query and execute it.
 |-
 ||
@@ Line 115: / Line 117: @@
 || Type the following query.
-Here we are using the I'''S NULL '''clause.
+Here we are using the '''IS NULL '''clause.
 Let us execute the query.
@@ Line 121: / Line 123: @@
 The output displays details of students whose '''C G P A''' is currently not recorded.
 |-
-||
+|| Point to '''D O B''' and '''C G P A''' values.
 || Here, the '''D O B''' and '''C G P A''' values are not known.
 |-
@@ Line 134: / Line 136: @@
 Click on the''' Execute query button'''.
-|| Type the following query and execute it. This query displays studentid and their names whose '''C G P A''' value is '''NULL'''.
+|| Type the following query and execute it.
 |-
 ||
@@ Line 141: / Line 145: @@
 || '''Slide 8'''
-'''UPDATE Statement'''
+'''UPDATE statement'''
 || '''UPDATE''' Statement is used to modify existing records in a table.
 |-
 || '''Slide 9'''
-'''Syntax of UPDATE Statement'''.
+'''Syntax of UPDATE Statement'''
 '''UPDATE table_name'''
@@ Line 187: / Line 191: @@
 |-
 || Show the table and point to M in the records.
-|| Let us update the records of students with studentids S116 and S117
+|| Let us update the records of students with studentids S116 and S117.
 |-
 || Type the following:'''UPDATE students'''
@@ Line 211: / Line 215: @@
 Point to the gender columns of the students.
-|| Let us display the entire table.Type this query and execute it.
+|| Let us display the entire table.
-We can see that in the gender column M is updated to Male for studentids '''S116 '''and''' S117'''.
+We can see that in the gender column '''M''' is updated to '''Male''' for studentids '''S116 '''and''' S117'''.
 |-
 || '''Slide 10'''

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 '''Title of the Script: Logical Operators in PostgreSQL'''
-'''Author: EduPyramids / Ketki Bhamble'''
+'''Author: EduPyramids'''
 '''Keywords: '''PostgreSQL, pgAdmin 4, Logical operators, AND, OR, NOT, WHERE, EduPyramids, Video Tutorial.

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 '''Authors: EduPyramids.'''
-'''Keywords:''' postgresql, pgadmin4, Relational operators, equal to, not equal to, greater than, less than, greater than or equal to, less than or equal to, WHERE clause, edupyramids, video tutorial.
+'''Keywords:''' postgresql, pgadmin4, Relational operators, equal to, not equal to, greater than, less than, greater than or equal to, less than or equal to, WHERE clause, EduPyramids, video tutorial.
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