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Python-3.4.3/C3/Basic-Matrix-Operations/English

2018-11-27T13:26:21Z

Priyacst:

'''Title of script''': '''Basic Matrix Operations'''

'''Author: Puneeth, Thirumalesh H S, Arun KP'''

'''Keywords: Python, IPython, matrices, determinant, reshape, arange, eigen values, eigen vectors, transpose of matrix'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue '''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Basic Matrix Operations'''.

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Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to,

* Create '''matrices''' from '''lists'''
* Perform basic '''matrix operations''' like
** addition
** subtraction and
** multiplication
* Perform '''operations''' to find out
** '''determinant''' of a '''matrix'''
** '''inverse''' of a '''matrix'''
** '''eigenvalues''' and '''eigenvectors''' of a '''matrix '''

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System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3'''
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

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Pre-requisites

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should have basic knowledge about

* '''Lists'''
* '''arrays '''and '''accessing parts of arrays '''and
* theoretical knowledge of '''matrix operations'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
* In '''Python''', we create a '''matrix''' using '''numpy matrix class.'''
* '''Matrix operations''' can be done using '''numpy operators''' and '''functions'''.

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'''ipython3 '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython'''.

Open the '''terminal'''.

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Press''' Enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter'''.

From here onwards, remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every '''command''' on the '''terminal'''.

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'''from numpy import matrix'''

'''m1 = matrix<nowiki>([1,2,3,4])</nowiki>'''

'''m1'''

Point to the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create a '''matrix m1.'''

Type '''from numpy import matrix'''

Then type,

'''m1 '''''is equal to''''' matrix '''''inside brackets inside square brackets '''''1''''' comma '''''2''''' comma '''''3''''' comma '''''4'''

Now type '''m1'''

This creates a '''matrix''' with one row and four columns.

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'''m1.shape'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This can be verified by typing '''m1.shape'''

This gives the output as (1, 4)

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'''<nowiki>l1 = [[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]]</nowiki>'''

'''m2 = matrix(l1)'''

'''print(m2)'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| A '''list''' can also be converted to a '''matrix''' as follows,

Type as shown.

You can see the '''matrix m2''' with values from '''list l1.'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
* To convert an '''array''' to a '''matrix''', use the '''asmatrix method''' in '''numpy module'''.
* We can use '''arange '''and '''reshape methods '''to generate an '''array'''.

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Type,

'''from numpy import asmatrix,arange'''

'''m2_array = asmatrix(arange(1,9).reshape(2,4))'''

'''m2_array'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

'''arange''' is a '''method''' available in''' numpy.'''

Here it returns an '''array''' of evenly spaced values between '''1 '''and''' 9.'''

'''reshape''' is used to change the shape of the '''array''' to 2 rows and 4 columns.

'''asmatrix '''is a '''method''' available in '''numpy '''and it interprets the input as a '''matrix'''.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

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Assignment 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Create a two dimensional '''matrix''' '''m3 '''of '''shape''' 2 by 4 with the '''elements''' 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.

Hint: Use '''arange() '''and '''reshape() methods '''and''' asmatrix() function.'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the '''terminal''' for the solution.

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'''m3 = asmatrix(arange(5,13).reshape(2,4))'''

Type,''' m3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m3 '''''is equal to''''' asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''arange '''''inside brackets '''''5 '''''comma '''''13 '''''dot '''''reshape '''''inside brackets '''''2''''' comma '''''4'''

Type,''' m3'''

You can see the required output.

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'''m3 + m2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us see some '''matrix operations'''.

Type, '''m3 '''''plus''''' m2'''

It performs '''element''' by '''element''' addition, that is '''matrix''' addition.

Note that both the '''matrices''' should be of the same '''shape'''.

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'''m3 - m2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Similarly, type '''m3''''' minus '''''m2'''

It performs '''matrix''' subtraction, that is '''element''' by '''element''' subtraction.

Note that both the '''matrices''' should be of the same '''shape'''.

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'''6.5 * m2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we can multiply a '''scalar''' i.e a number by a '''matrix''' as shown.

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'''m2.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will check the size of '''m2 '''by typing,

'''m2.shape.'''

We get a '''tuple''' '''(2, 4).'''

'''Matrix''' '''m2''' is of the shape, two by four,

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'''m4 = asmatrix(arange(1,9).reshape(4,2))'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create another '''matrix''', of the order 4 by 2.

Type,

'''m4 '''''is equal to''''' asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''arange '''''inside brackets '''''1 '''''comma '''''9''''' dot '''''reshape '''''inside brackets '''''4''''' comma '''''2'''

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'''m4.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now to check the shape, type '''m4.shape'''

We get (4,2) as the shape of '''m4'''.

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'''m2 * m4'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The multiplication '''operator ''asterisk '''''is used for '''matrix''' multiplication.

Type '''m2 '''''asterisk''''' m4'''

Now we get output as multiplication of '''m2''' and '''m4.'''

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'''print (m4)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now see, how to find out the '''transpose''' of a '''matrix.'''

To see the content of '''m4''', type '''print''''' inside brackets '''''m4'''

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'''print(m4.T)'''

Point to the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now type,

'''print '''''inside brackets '''''m4''''' dot capital''''' T'''

As you saw, '''m4''' dot''' capital T''' will give the transpose of a '''matrix.'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide:Determinant of a matrix
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can get the '''determinant''' of a '''square matrix''' by using the '''function det() '''in''' numpy.linalg module'''.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and resume the video.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide: Exercise
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Find out the '''determinant''' of this 3 by 3 '''matrix.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for solution.
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the '''terminal''' for the solution.

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'''from numpy.linalg import det'''

'''<nowiki>m5 = matrix([[2,-3,1],[2,0,-1],[1,4,5]])</nowiki>'''

'''det(m5)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

The '''determinant''' of '''m5''' can be found by issuing the '''command,'''

'''det '''''inside brackets '''''m5'''

We get '''determinant''' of '''m5''' as output.

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'''Inverse''' of a '''matrix'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can get the '''inverse''' of a '''square matrix''' by using '''inv() function '''in''' numpy.linalg module'''.

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'''from numpy.linalg import inv'''

'''im5 = inv(m5)'''

Type,

'''im5'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us find the '''inverse''' of the '''matrix m5.'''

Type as shown.

Then to see the the '''inverse''', type

'''im5'''

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'''from numpy import eye,allclose'''

'''allclose(im5 * m5, asmatrix(eye(3)))'''

Highlight '''eye'''

Highlight '''asmatrix(eye(3)))'''

Highlight '''allclose'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''from numpy import eye,allclose'''

Then type,

'''allclose''''' inside brackets '''''im5 '''''asterisk''''' m5 '''''comma''''' asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''eye '''''inside brackets '''''3'''

This returns '''True.'''

We know that multiplication of a '''matrix''' with its '''inverse''' gives the '''identity matrix'''.

'''Identity matrix''' is created using '''eye() function'''. It is present in the '''numpy module'''.

Here '''asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''eye '''''inside brackets '''''3''' gives '''identity matrix''' of size 3.

'''allclose '''is a '''function''' that returns '''True''' if two '''arrays''' are '''element'''-wise equal.

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'''eye?'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To know more about these, we will check the documentation.

Type the '''function''' name followed by a question mark in '''IPython console.'''

Type '''eye''''' question mark''

To quit the documentation, press '''q'''.

It is a good practice to read documentation of new '''functions''' that you come across.

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'''eigenvectors''' and '''eigenvalues'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now move onto '''eigenvectors''' and '''eigenvalues.'''

Given a '''square matrix A'''

* '''eig '''''inside brackets''''' A '''''inside square brackets''''' 0 '''gives its '''eigenvalues'''
* '''eig '''''inside brackets''''' A '''''inside square brackets '''''1''' gives its '''eigenvector'''
* '''eigvals '''''inside brackets '''''A '''gives its '''eigenvalues'''

'''eig''' and '''eigvals functions''' are present in '''numpy.linalg module'''.

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'''from numpy import diag'''

'''from numpy.linalg import eig'''

'''m6=asmatrix(diag((1, 2, 3)))'''

Type,

'''eig(m6)'''

Highlight '''diag((1, 2, 3)))'''

Highlight

'''<nowiki>(array([1., 2., 3.]), matrix([[1., 0., 0.],</nowiki>'''

'''<nowiki>[0., 1., 0.],</nowiki>'''

'''<nowiki>[0., 0., 1.]]))</nowiki>'''

Put box to array

Put box to matrix
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us find out the '''eigenvalues''' and '''eigenvectors''' of the '''matrix m6'''.

Type as shown.

Now to see the value, type,'''eig '''''inside brackets '''''m6'''

'''diag '''''inside brackets again inside brackets '''''1 '''''comma''''' 2 '''''comma '''''3 '''creates a '''diagonal matrix''' with 1,2,3 as diagonal '''elements''' and '''0 '''elsewhere .

'''diag() function '''is present in''' numpy module.'''

Note that '''eig '''''inside brackets '''''m6''' returned a '''tuple''' of one '''array''' and one '''matrix'''.

The first '''element''' in the '''tuple''' is an '''array''' of three '''eigenvalues'''.

The second '''element''' in the '''tuple''' is a '''matrix''' of three '''eigenvectors'''.

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'''<nowiki>eig_value = eig(m6)[0]</nowiki>'''

'''eig_value'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To get '''eigenvalues '''type,'''eig''''' underscore '''''value''''' is equal to''''' eig''''' inside brackets '''''m6 '''''inside square brackets '''''0'''

Then type '''eig '''''underscore '''''value'''

As you can see '''eig '''''underscore '''''value''' contains '''eigenvalues'''.

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'''<nowiki>eig_vector = eig(m6)[1]</nowiki>'''

'''eig_vector'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To get '''eigenvectors '''type,'''eig '''''underscore '''''vector '''''is equal to''''' eig''''' inside brackets '''''m6 '''''inside square brackets '''''1'''

Then type '''eig '''''underscore '''''vector'''

'''eig '''''underscore '''''vector '''contains '''eigenvector'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy.linalg import eigvals'''

'''eig_value1 = eigvals(m6)'''

Then type '''eig_value1'''

Show both the outputs.
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''eigenvalues''' can also be computed using '''eigvals() function'''.

Type as shown.

Then type '''eig '''''underscore '''''value1'''

You can see that, '''eig '''''underscore '''''value '''and''' eig '''''underscore '''''value1 '''are same.

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Summary

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

* Create '''matrices''' using '''arrays'''
* Add, subtract and multiply '''matrices'''
* Take '''scalar''' multiple of a '''matrix'''
* Use the '''function det()''' to find the '''determinant''' of a '''matrix'''
* Find out the '''inverse''' of a '''matrix''' using the '''function inv() '''
* Find out the '''eigenvectors''' and '''eigenvalues''' of a '''matrix''', using the '''functions eig()''' and '''eigvals()'''

|-
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Self assessment questions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# A and B are two '''matrix objects''' of appropriate sizes. Which one of the below is correct for '''matrix''' multiplication?
# '''eig '''''inside brackets '''''A''''' inside square brackets '''''1''' and '''eigvals '''''inside brackets '''''A''' are the same. True or False?

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Solution of self assessment questions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,

# '''Matrix''' multiplication between A and B is done by, A ''asterisk'' B
# False. '''eig '''''inside brackets '''''A''''' inside square brackets '''''0''' and '''eigvals '''''inside brackets '''''A''' are same, that is both will give the '''eigenvalues''' of '''matrix''' A.

|-
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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide TBC
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

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Acknowledgment

http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C3/Advanced-Matrix-Operations/English

2018-11-08T05:33:31Z

Priyacst: Created page with "'''Title of script''': '''Advanced Matrix Operations''' '''Author: Puneeth, Thirumalesh H S, Arun KP''' '''Keywords: Python, IPython, array, matrices, norm, svd, video tutor..."

'''Title of script''': '''Advanced Matrix Operations'''

'''Author: Puneeth, Thirumalesh H S, Arun KP'''

'''Keywords: Python, IPython, array, matrices, norm, svd, video tutorial'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue '''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Advanced matrix operations'''.

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Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to,

* find''' Frobenius''' and '''infinity''' '''norm''' of a '''matrix'''
* find '''singular value decomposition''' of a '''matrix'''.

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System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisites

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know about

* '''Lists, arrays '''and '''accessing parts of arrays '''and
* performing''' '''basic''' matrix operations'''

If not, see the relevant Python tutorials on this website.

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'''flatten()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we will see about '''flatten''' function.

* '''flatten() '''function returns a copy of the array collapsed into one dimension.
* It''' '''can be used to convert a '''multidimensional matrix''' into a '''single''' '''dimension matrix'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''terminal'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython'''.

Open the '''terminal.'''

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'''ipython3 '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter'''.

From here onwards remember to press the Enter key after typing every command on the terminal.

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'''from numpy import asmatrix,arange'''

'''a = asmatrix(arange(1,10).reshape(3,3))'''

'''a'''

'''a.flatten()'''

Highlight '''numpy import asmatrix,arange'''

Highlight '''(arange(1,10).reshape(3,3))'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us see how to create '''arrays'''

Type

'''from numpy import asmatrix,arange'''

'''a''''' is equal to''''' asmatrix '''''inside brackets''''' arange '''''inside brackets '''''1''''' comma '''''10''''' dot '''''reshape '''''inside brackets '''''3 '''''comma '''''3'''

Then type, '''a'''

Now type, '''a''''' dot '''''flatten''''' open and close brackets''

First we imported''' arange''' function from '''numpy''' module.

Here, we can see '''3 by 3''' matrix is converted into one dimensional matrix.

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'''Frobenius norm''' of a '''matrix'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see about '''frobenius norm.'''

* It is defined as the [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SquareRoot.html square root] of the sum of the absolute squares of its elements.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
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Assignment 1: '''Frobenius''' '''norm'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Find out the '''Frobenius''' '''norm''' of the '''inverse''' of the given 4 by 4 '''matrix'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m = asmatrix(arange(1,17).reshape(4,4))'''

Highlight asmatrix(arange(1,17).reshape(4,4))

Type,

'''<nowiki>m[0,1] = 0</nowiki>'''

'''<nowiki>m[1,</nowiki>3] =0'''

'''m'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''m '''''is equal to''''' asmatrix '''''inside brackets''''' arange '''''inside brackets '''''1''''' comma '''''17 '''''dot '''''reshape '''''inside brackets '''''4''''' comma '''''4'''

Here, we have used '''asmatrix, arange''' and '''reshape''' functions.

We created a matrix of size 4 by 4 containing elements from 1 to 16.

Now type,

'''m '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''''comma '''''1''''' is equal to''''' 0'''

'''m '''''inside square brackets '''''1''''' comma '''''3 '''''is equal to''''' 0'''

Then type, '''m'''

We changed value of element at row 0 column 1 and row 1 column 3 to 0.

|-
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'''from numpy.linalg import inv, norm'''

'''im = inv(m)'''

'''norm(im)'''

Highlight numpy.linalg import inv, norm
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In order to find out the '''Frobenius''' '''norm''' of the inverse of '''matrix''' '''m''', type as shown.

'''norm''' function is available in''' numpy.linalg '''module

|-
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'''Infinity norm'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we will see about infinity '''norm''' of a '''matrix.'''

It is defined as the maximum value of sum of the '''absolute''' value of '''elements''' in each row.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Assignment 2: Infinity norm
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Find the infinity norm of the matrix '''im.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import infnorm(im,ord=inf)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To find out the '''Infinity''' '''norm''' of the '''matrix''' '''im''', type as shown.

Here value for '''ord''' parameter is passed as '''inf''' to calculate '''infinity norm'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''norm?'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To know more about '''norms''' type '''norm '''''question mark''

Press '''q''' to exit.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''Singular value decomposition'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see about '''singular value decomposition.'''

In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra linear algebra],

* the '''singular value decomposition''' is factorization of '''real''' or '''complex matrix.'''<br/>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import matrix'''

'''from numpy.linalg import svd'''

'''<nowiki>m1 = matrix([[3,2,2],[2,3,-2]])</nowiki>'''

'''U,sigma,V_conjugate = svd(m1)'''

Type,

'''U'''

'''sigma'''

'''V_conjugate'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The SVD of '''matrix''' m1 can be found using '''svd '''function available in the '''numpy.linalg '''module.

Type as shown.

'''svd''' returns a tuple of 3 elements.

We have unpacked these value into variable '''U''', '''sigma''' and '''V''''' underscore '''''conjugate.'''

Type, Capital '''U'''

Type,''' sigma'''

Type, Capital '''V''''' underscore '''''conjugate'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import diag,allclose'''

'''from numpy.matlib import zeros'''

'''smat = zeros((2,3))'''

'''smat'''

'''<nowiki>smat[:2, :2] = diag(sigma)</nowiki>'''

Type,

'''smat'''

Type,

'''allclose(m1, U * smat * V_conjugate)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can validate the singular value decomposition by comparing the product of:

'''U''', '''sigma''' and '''V '''''underscore '''''conjugate '''with''' m1'''

'''sigma''' is a one dimensional array which contains only the diagonal elements of the matrix.

Type as shown.

We first convert this array to a matrix.

Type,

'''smat'''

'''smat''' is a 2 by 3 zero matrix

Now type,

'''smat''''' inside square brackets colon '''''2 '''''comma''''' '''''colon '''''2 '''''is equal to''''' diag '''''inside brackets '''''sigma'''

Then type,

'''smat'''

This replaces values at row 0 column 0 and row 1 column 1 in '''smat '''with values from '''sigma. '''

'''smat''' is a '''2 '''by''' 3''' matrix created for multiplication by placing values of '''sigma''' as diagonal elements and '''zero elsewhere'''.

Type as shown.

It returns '''True'''.

It means elements in '''m1''' and in product of''' U, sigma '''and''' V''''' underscore '''''conjugate '''are equal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

* Calculate the '''norm''' of a '''matrix''' using the function '''norm()'''
* Calculate '''SVD''' of a '''matrix''' using the '''function''' '''svd()'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Self assessment questions slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here is a self assessment question for you to solve

1. '''norm''''' inside brackets '''''A '''''comma '''''ord''''' is equal to inside single quotes '''''fro''' is the same as '''norm '''''inside brackets '''''A'''

True or False

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solution of self assessment questions on slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answer is True since the '''order '''''is equal to inside single quotes '''''fro''' stands for '''Frobenius norm.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide TBC
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

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Acknowledgment

http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C3/Basic-Matrix-Operations/English

2018-11-08T05:19:47Z

Priyacst:

'''Title of script''': '''Basic Matrix Operations'''

'''Author: Puneeth, Thirumalesh H S, Arun KP'''

'''Keywords: Python, IPython, matrices, determinant, reshape, arange, eigen values, eigen vectors, transpose of matrix'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue '''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Basic Matrix Operations'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to,

* Create '''matrices''' from lists
* Perform basic '''matrix''' operations like
** addition
** subtraction and
** multiplication
* Perform operations to find out

* '''determinant''' of a '''matrix'''
* '''inverse''' of a '''matrix'''
* '''eigenvalues''' and '''eigenvectors''' of a '''matrix '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3'''
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisites

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should have basic knowledge about

* '''Lists'''
* '''arrays '''and '''accessing parts of arrays '''and
* theoretical knowledge of '''matrix operations'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * In python, we create a matrix using '''numpy matrix class.'''
* Matrix operations can be done using '''numpy''' operators and functions.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''ipython3 '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython'''.

Open the '''terminal'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3'''

Press''' Enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3 '''and press Enter.

From here onwards remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the terminal.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import matrix'''

'''m1 = matrix<nowiki>([1,2,3,4])</nowiki>'''

'''m1'''

Point to the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create a matrix''' m1.'''

Type,

'''from numpy import matrix'''

Then type,

'''m1 '''''is equal to''''' matrix '''''inside brackets inside square brackets '''''1''''' comma '''''2''''' comma '''''3''''' comma '''''4'''

Now type,

'''m1'''

This creates a matrix with one row and four columns.

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'''m1.shape'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This can be verified by typing

'''m1.shape'''

This gives the output as (1, 4)

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>l1 = [[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]]</nowiki>'''

'''m2 = matrix(l1)'''

'''print(m2)'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| A list can also be converted to a '''matrix''' as follows,

Type as shown.

You can see the matrix '''m2''' with values from list '''l1.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:'''asmatrix'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * To convert an array to a matrix, use the '''asmatrix''' method in '''numpy '''module.
* We can use '''arange '''and '''reshape methods '''to generate an array.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight according to narration

Type,

'''from numpy import asmatrix,arange'''

'''m2_array = asmatrix(arange(1,9).reshape(2,4))'''

'''m2_array'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

'''arange''' is a method available in''' numpy.'''

Here it returns an array of evenly spaced values between '''1 '''and''' 9.'''

'''reshape''' is used to change the shape of the array to 2 rows and 4 columns.

'''asmatrix '''is a method available in '''numpy '''and it''' '''interprets the input as a matrix.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Assignment 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Create a two dimensional '''matrix''' '''m3 '''of '''shape''' 2 by 4 with the elements 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.

Hint: Use '''arange() '''and '''reshape() methods '''and''' asmatrix() function.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m3 = asmatrix(arange(5,13).reshape(2,4))'''

Type,''' m3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m3 '''''is equal to''''' asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''arange '''''inside brackets '''''5 '''''comma '''''13 '''''dot '''''reshape '''''inside brackets '''''2''''' comma '''''4'''

Type,''' m3'''

You can see the required output.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m3 + m2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us see some '''matrix''' operations.

Type, '''m3 '''''plus''''' m2'''

It performs element by element addition, that is '''matrix''' addition.

Note that both the '''matrices''' should be of the same '''shape'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m3 - m2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Similarly, type '''m3''''' minus '''''m2'''

It performs '''matrix''' subtraction, that is element by element subtraction.

Note that both the '''matrices''' should be of the same '''shape'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''6.5 * m2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we can multiply a scalar i.e a number by a matrix as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m2.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will check the size of '''m2 '''by typing,

'''m2.shape.'''

We get a '''tuple''' '''(2, 4).'''

'''Matrix''' '''m2''' is of the shape, two by four,

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m4 = asmatrix(arange(1,9).reshape(4,2))'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create another '''matrix''', of the order 4 by 2.

Type,

'''m4 '''''is equal to''''' asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''arange '''''inside brackets '''''1 '''''comma '''''9''''' dot '''''reshape '''''inside brackets '''''4''''' comma '''''2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''m4.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now to check the shape, type,

'''m4.shape'''

We get (4,2) as the shape of '''m4'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m2 * m4'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The''' multiplication operator''' ''asterisk ''is used for '''matrix''' multiplication.

Type,

'''m2 '''''asterisk''''' m4'''

Now we get output as multiplication of '''m2''' and '''m4.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''print (m4)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now see, how to find out the '''transpose''' of a '''matrix.'''

To see the content of m4, type

'''print''''' inside brackets '''''m4'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''print(m4.T)'''

Point to the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now type,

'''print '''''inside brackets '''''m4''''' dot capital''''' T'''

As you saw, '''m4''' dot''' capital T''' will give the transpose of a '''matrix.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide:Determinant of a matrix
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''determinant''' of a square '''matrix''' is obtained by using the function '''det() '''in''' numpy.linalg''' module.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide: Exercise
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Find out the '''determinant''' of this 3 by 3 '''matrix.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for solution.
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy.linalg import det'''

'''<nowiki>m5 = matrix([[2,-3,1],[2,0,-1],[1,4,5]])</nowiki>'''

'''det(m5)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

The '''determinant''' of '''m5''' can be found by issuing the '''command,'''

'''det '''''inside brackets '''''m5'''

We get determinant of '''m5''' as output.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''Inverse''' of a '''matrix'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''inverse''' of a square '''matrix''' can be obtained using '''inv() function '''in''' numpy.linalg '''module.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy.linalg import inv'''

'''im5 = inv(m5)'''

Type,

'''im5'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us find the '''inverse''' of the '''matrix m5.'''

Type as shown.

Then to see the the inverse, type

'''im5'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import eye,allclose'''

'''allclose(im5 * m5, asmatrix(eye(3)))'''

Highlight '''eye'''

Highlight '''asmatrix(eye(3)))'''

Highlight '''allclose'''

Type,

'''eye?'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import eye,allclose'''

Then type,

'''allclose''''' inside brackets '''''im5 '''''asterisk''''' m5 '''''comma''''' asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''eye '''''inside brackets '''''3'''

This returns '''True.'''

We know that multiplication of a matrix with its inverse gives the '''identity matrix'''.

'''Identity matrix''' is created using '''eye()''' function. It is present in the '''numpy''' module.

Here '''asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''eye '''''inside brackets '''''3''' gives identity matrix of size 3'''.'''

'''allclose '''is a function that returns '''True''' if two arrays are element-wise equal.

To know more about these, we will check the documentation.

Type the function name followed by a question mark in IPython console.

Type,

'''eye''''' question mark''

To quit the documentation, press '''q'''.

It is a good practice to read documentation of new functions that you come across.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''eigenvectors''' and '''eigenvalues'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now move onto '''eigenvectors''' and '''eigenvalues'''

Given a '''square matrix A'''

* '''eig '''''inside brackets''''' A '''''inside square brackets''''' 0 '''gives its '''eigenvalues'''
* '''eig '''''inside brackets''''' A '''''inside square brackets '''''1''' gives its '''eigenvector'''
* '''eigvals '''''inside brackets '''''A '''gives its '''eigenvalues'''

'''eig''' and '''eigvals''' functions are present in '''numpy.linalg''' module.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import diag'''

'''from numpy.linalg import eig'''

'''m6=asmatrix(diag((1, 2, 3)))'''

Type,

'''eig(m6)'''

Highlight '''diag((1, 2, 3)))'''

Highlight

'''<nowiki>(array([1., 2., 3.]), matrix([[1., 0., 0.],</nowiki>'''

'''<nowiki>[0., 1., 0.],</nowiki>'''

'''<nowiki>[0., 0., 1.]]))</nowiki>'''

Put box to array

Put box to matrix
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us find out the '''eigenvalues''' and '''eigenvectors''' of the '''matrix''' '''m6'''.

Type as shown.

Now to see the value, type,'''eig '''''inside brackets '''''m6'''

'''diag '''''inside brackets again inside brackets '''''1 '''''comma''''' 2 '''''comma '''''3 '''creates a '''diagonal matrix with 1,2,3''' as diagonal elements and '''0 '''elsewhere .

'''diag() function '''is present in''' numpy '''module

Note that '''eig '''''inside brackets '''''m6''' returned a tuple of one array and one matrix.

The first element in the tuple is an array of three eigenvalues.

The second element in the tuple is a matrix of three eigenvectors.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>eig_value = eig(m6)[0]</nowiki>'''

'''eig_value'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To get '''eigenvalues '''type,'''eig''''' underscore '''''value''''' is equal to''''' eig''''' inside brackets '''''m6 '''''inside square brackets '''''0'''

Then type,

'''eig '''''underscore '''''value'''

As you can see '''eig '''''underscore '''''value''' contains '''eigenvalues'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>eig_vector = eig(m6)[1]</nowiki>'''

'''eig_vector'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To get '''eigenvectors '''type,'''eig '''''underscore '''''vector '''''is equal to''''' eig''''' inside brackets '''''m6 '''''inside square brackets '''''1'''

Then type,

'''eig '''''underscore '''''vector'''

'''eig '''''underscore '''''vector '''contains eigenvector.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy.linalg import eigvals'''

'''eig_value1 = eigvals(m6)'''

Then type,

'''eig_value1'''

Show both the outputs
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''eigenvalues''' can also be computed using '''eigvals() '''function.

Type as shown.

Then type,

'''eig '''''underscore '''''value1'''

You can see that, '''eig '''''underscore '''''value '''and''' eig '''''underscore '''''value1 '''are same.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

* Create '''matrices''' using '''arrays'''
* Add, subtract and multiply matrices
* Take scalar multiple of a matrix
* Use the '''function''' '''det()''' to find the '''determinant''' of a '''matrix'''
* Find out the '''inverse''' of a '''matrix''',using the function '''inv() '''
* Find out the '''eigenvectors''' and '''eigenvalues''' of a '''matrix''', using the functions '''eig()''' and '''eigvals()'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Self assessment questions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# A and B are two matrix objects of appropriate sizes. Which one of the below is correct for Matrix multiplication?
# '''eig '''''inside brackets '''''A''''' inside square brackets '''''1''' and '''eigvals '''''inside brackets '''''A''' are the same. True or False

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide 13

Solution of self assessment questions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,

# Matrix multiplication between A and B is done by, A ''asterisk'' B
# False. '''eig '''''inside brackets '''''A''''' inside square brackets '''''0''' and '''eigvals '''''inside brackets '''''A''' are same, that is both will give the '''eigenvalues''' of '''matrix''' A.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide TBC
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgment

http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C3/Least-square-fit/English

2018-11-01T09:14:07Z

Priyacst: Created page with "'''Title of script''': '''Least Square Fit''' '''Author: Aditya Palaparthy, Arun KP''' '''Keywords: Python, IPython, Linear Regression, lstsq(), least square fit, video tuto..."

'''Title of script''': '''Least Square Fit'''

'''Author: Aditya Palaparthy, Arun KP'''

'''Keywords: Python, IPython, Linear Regression, lstsq(), least square fit, video tutorial'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Least Square Fit'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to,

* Generate the '''least square fit '''line for a given set of '''points.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisites
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know about

* using '''plot''' interactively
* '''loading''' '''data''' from '''files'''
* '''using arrays''' and '''matrices '''and
* theoretical knowledge of''' least square method'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python '''tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:

Pendulum.txt
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Before beginning this tutorial,

Please download the file''' pendulum.txt '''from the '''Code files''' link of this tutorial.

Save it in the current working directory.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Example
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start the tutorial with the help of an example.

Generate a least square fit line for''' L '''versus '''t square''' using the data in the file ''''pendulum.txt''''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the file '''pendulum.txt'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us open the file '''pendulum.txt.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the file 'pendulum.txt' and show
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is an input '''file''' generated from a simple '''pendulum''' '''experiment'''.

The first column is the '''length''' of the '''pendulum.'''

The second is the corresponding '''time''' '''period''' of the '''pendulum'''.

The '''square''' of '''time''' '''period''' is directly '''proportional''' to its '''length.'''

We shall plot '''L''' versus '''t square''' and verify this.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''terminal'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython.'''

Open the '''terminal'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter'''.

From here onwards remember to press the Enter key after typing every command on the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import loadtxt'''

'''L, t = loadtxt("pendulum.txt", unpack=True)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To read the input file and '''parse''' the '''data''', we are going to use the '''loadtxt''' '''function'''.

Type,

'''from numpy import loadtxt'''

Now type,

Capital '''L '''''comma''''' t '''''is equal to''''' loadtxt''''' inside brackets inside double quotes '''''pendulum.txt '''''comma''''' unpack '''''is equal to''''' True'''

'''loadtxt''' is a method available in the '''numpy''' library.

Since '''True''' is passed to '''unpack''' argument, the returned array is transposed.

This means that we will get one array per column in the file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''L'''

'''t'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

Capital '''L'''

Then type,

'''t'''

We can see that''' L '''and '''t''' are '''length''' and '''time''' values.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''loadtxt?'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To know more about '''loadtxt, '''type '''loadtxt '''''question mark''

Press '''q '''to exit.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''import matplotlib.pyplot as plt'''

'''tsq = t * t '''

'''plt.plot(L, tsq, 'bo')'''

Highlight bo in the code

Type

'''plt.show()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us first '''plot''' '''L '''versus '''t square. '''

Type as shown.

Here '''bo''' represents the blue circle marker.

Then type,

'''plt.show '''''open and close brackets''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show plot window and highlight the graph
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see that there is a '''visible linear trend''', but we do not get a straight line connecting them.

Looking at the trend, we can now propose a model for the data.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let me close this image.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:

'''least''' '''square fit line'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We need to '''fit''' a '''line''' through '''points''' for the the '''equation'''

Capital '''T '''''square is''''' '''''equal to''''' m '''''asterisk''''' '''Capital '''L '''''plus''''' c'''

where '''m''' represents the slope of the line and '''c''' represents the intercept of the line.

We will obtain '''m''' and '''c''' using linear regression.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| slide:

'''steps for least''' '''square fit line'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see the steps to generate a '''least''' '''square fit line.'''

* First generate the two '''matrices''' '''tsq''' and '''A'''.
* Use the '''lstsq''' '''function''' to find the values of the slope '''m''' and the intercept '''c'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Matrix Formulation
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In matrix form, the equation can be represented as

'''tsq''' ''is equal to'' '''A '''''asterisk '''''p'''

'''tsq''' is a one-dimensional array of size '''n'''.

Each element of this array will contain the square of the time period.

'''A''' is a matrix of size '''n '''by '''2'''.

The first column will contain the length of the pendulum.

The second column will contain the number 1.

'''p''' is a one-dimensional array of size 2.

The first row contains the slope of the line.

The second row contains the intercept of the line.

We need to find '''p''' to plot the line.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import array,ones_like'''

'''inter_mat = array((L, ones_like(L)))'''

'''inter_mat'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now generate the '''A''' '''matrix''' with '''L''' values.

We shall generate a '''matrix''' with the first '''row''' as '''L''' values and the second '''row''' as ones.

Then take the transpose of it.

Type as shown.

We see that we have intermediate matrix.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''A = inter_mat.T '''

'''A'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we need the transpose.

Type,

Capital '''A '''is equal to''' inter''''' underscore '''''mat '''dot''' '''Capital '''T '''

Now type,

Capital '''A'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy.linalg import lstsq'''

'''result = lstsq(A, tsq, rcond=None)'''

Type,

'''result'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we have both the '''matrices''' '''A''' and '''tsq'''.

We only need to use '''lstsq.'''

Type as shown.

Now to see the result, type

'''result'''

The '''result''' is a sequence of '''values'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>p = result[0]</nowiki>'''

'''m, c = p '''

'''m'''

'''c'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will store result of index 0 in '''m''' and '''c''' respectively.

Type,

'''p '''''is equal to''''' result '''''inside square brackets''''' 0'''

Then type,

'''m '''''comma '''''c '''''is equal to''''' p'''

Now type,

'''m'''

'''c'''

We can see the values for '''m''' and '''c'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''tsq_fit = m * L + c '''

'''plt.plot(L, tsq, 'bo')'''

'''plt.plot(L, tsq_fit, 'r')'''

Type,

'''plt.show()'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we have '''m''' and '''c.'''

We need to generate the fitted values of '''t square'''.

Type as shown.

Then type,

'''plt.show''''' open and close brackets''

We get the least square fit of '''L''' versus '''t square'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image.
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let me close this window.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,''' '''

* Generate a least square fit using matrices
* Use the function '''lstsq()''' to generate a least square fit line

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Evaluation

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here is a self assessment question for you to solve

* What does the following function produce?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answer,''' '''

* The function '''ones''' underscore '''like '''''inside brackets inside square brackets ''1 ''comma'' 2 ''comma'' 3 will generate '''array''' ''inside brackets inside square brackets '''''1''' ''comma'' '''1''' ''comma'' '''1'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgement
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Thank You
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C3/Basic-Matrix-Operations/English

2018-11-01T08:30:12Z

Priyacst: Created page with "'''Title of script''': '''Basic Matrix Operations''' '''Author: Puneeth, Thirumalesh H S, Arun KP''' '''Keywords: Python, IPython, matrices, determinant, reshape, arange, ei..."

'''Title of script''': '''Basic Matrix Operations'''

'''Author: Puneeth, Thirumalesh H S, Arun KP'''

'''Keywords: Python, IPython, matrices, determinant, reshape, arange, eigen values, eigen vectors, transpose of matrix'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue '''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Basic Matrix Operations'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to,

* Create '''matrices''' from lists
* Perform basic '''matrix''' operations like
** addition
** subtraction and
** multiplication
* Perform operations to find out

* '''determinant''' of a '''matrix'''
* '''inverse''' of a '''matrix'''
* '''eigenvalues''' and '''eigenvectors''' of a '''matrix '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3'''
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisites

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should have basic knowledge about

* '''Lists'''
* '''arrays '''and '''accessing parts of arrays '''and
* theoretical knowledge of '''matrix operations'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * In python, we create a matrix using '''numpy matrix class.'''
* Matrix operations can be done using '''numpy''' operators and functions.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''ipython3 '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython'''.

Open the '''terminal'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3'''

Press''' Enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3 '''and press Enter.

From here onwards remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import matrix'''

'''m1 = matrix<nowiki>([1,2,3,4])</nowiki>'''

'''m1'''

Point to the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create a matrix''' m1.'''

Type,

'''from numpy import matrix'''

Then type,

'''m1 '''''is equal to''''' matrix '''''inside brackets inside square brackets '''''1''''' comma '''''2''''' comma '''''3''''' comma '''''4'''

Now type,

'''m1'''

This creates a matrix with one row and four columns.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m1.shape'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This can be verified by typing

'''m1.shape'''

This gives the output as (1, 4)

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>l1 = [[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]]</nowiki>'''

'''m2 = matrix(l1)'''

'''print(m2)'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| A list can also be converted to a '''matrix''' as follows,

Type as shown.

You can see the matrix '''m2''' with values from list '''l1.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:'''asmatrix'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * To convert an array to a matrix, use the '''asmatrix''' method in '''numpy '''module.
* We can use '''arange '''and '''reshape methods '''to generate an array.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight according to narration

Type,

'''from numpy import asmatrix,arange'''

'''m2_array = asmatrix(arange(1,9).reshape(2,4))'''

'''m2_array'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

'''arange''' is a method available in''' numpy.'''

Here it returns an array of evenly spaced values between '''1 '''and''' 8.'''

'''reshape''' is used to change the shape of the array to 2 rows and 4 columns.

'''asmatrix '''is a method available in '''numpy '''and it''' '''interprets the input as a matrix.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Assignment 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Create a two dimensional '''matrix''' '''m3 '''of '''shape''' 2 by 4 with the elements 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.

Hint: Use '''arange() '''and '''reshape() methods '''and''' asmatrix() function.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m3 = asmatrix(arange(5,13).reshape(2,4))'''

Type,''' m3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m3 '''''is equal to''''' asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''arange '''''inside brackets '''''5 '''''comma '''''13 '''''dot '''''reshape '''''inside brackets '''''2''''' comma '''''4'''

Type,''' m3'''

You can see the required output.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m3 + m2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us see some '''matrix''' operations.

Type, '''m3 '''''plus''''' m2'''

It performs element by element addition, that is '''matrix''' addition.

Note that both the '''matrices''' should be of the same '''shape'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m3 - m2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Similarly, type '''m3''''' minus '''''m2'''

It performs '''matrix''' subtraction, that is element by element subtraction.

Note that both the '''matrices''' should be of the same '''shape'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''6.5 * m2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we can multiply a scalar i.e a number by a matrix as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m2.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will check the size of '''m2 '''by typing,

'''m2.shape.'''

We get a '''tuple''' '''(2, 4).'''

'''Matrix''' '''m2''' is of the shape, two by four,

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m4 = asmatrix(arange(1,9).reshape(4,2))'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create another '''matrix''', of the order 4 by 2.

Type,

'''m4 '''''is equal to''''' asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''arange '''''inside brackets '''''1 '''''comma '''''9''''' dot '''''reshape '''''inside brackets '''''4''''' comma '''''2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''m4.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now to check the shape, type,

'''m4.shape'''

We get (4,2) as the shape of '''m4'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''m2 * m4'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The''' multiplication operator''' ''asterisk ''is used for '''matrix''' multiplication.

Type,

'''m2 '''''asterisk''''' m4'''

Now we get output as multiplication of '''m2''' and '''m4.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''print (m4)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now see, how to find out the '''transpose''' of a '''matrix.'''

To see the content of m4, type

'''print''''' inside brackets '''''m4'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''print(m4.T)'''

Point to the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now type,

'''print '''''inside brackets '''''m4''''' dot capital''''' T'''

As you saw, '''m4''' dot''' capital T''' will give the transpose of a '''matrix.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide:Determinant of a matrix
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''determinant''' of a square '''matrix''' is obtained by using the function '''det() '''in''' numpy.linalg''' module.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide: Exercise
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Find out the '''determinant''' of this 3 by 3 '''matrix.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for solution.
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy.linalg import det'''

'''<nowiki>m5 = matrix([[2,-3,1],[2,0,-1],[1,4,5]])</nowiki>'''

'''det(m5)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

The '''determinant''' of '''m5''' can be found by issuing the '''command,'''

'''det '''''inside brackets '''''m5'''

We get determinant of '''m5''' as output.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''Inverse''' of a '''matrix'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''inverse''' of a square '''matrix''' can be obtained using '''inv() function '''in''' numpy.linalg '''module.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy.linalg import inv'''

'''im5 = inv(m5)'''

Type,

'''im5'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us find the '''inverse''' of the '''matrix m5.'''

Type as shown.

Then to see the the inverse, type

'''im5'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import eye,allclose'''

'''allclose(im5 * m5, asmatrix(eye(3)))'''

Highlight '''eye'''

Highlight '''asmatrix(eye(3)))'''

Highlight '''allclose'''

Type,

'''eye?'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import eye,allclose'''

Then type,

'''allclose''''' inside brackets '''''im5 '''''asterisk''''' m5 '''''comma''''' asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''eye '''''inside brackets '''''3'''

This returns '''True.'''

We know that multiplication of a matrix with its inverse gives the '''identity matrix'''.

'''Identity matrix''' is created using '''eye()''' function. It is present in the '''numpy''' module.

Here '''asmatrix '''''inside brackets '''''eye '''''inside brackets '''''3''' gives identity matrix of size 3'''.'''

'''allclose '''is a function that returns '''True''' if two arrays are element-wise equal.

To know more about these, we will check the documentation.

Type the function name followed by a question mark in IPython console.

Type,

'''eye''''' question mark''

To quit the documentation, press '''q'''.

It is a good practice to read documentation of new functions that you come across.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''eigenvectors''' and '''eigenvalues'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now move onto '''eigenvectors''' and '''eigenvalues'''

Given a '''square matrix A'''

* '''eig '''''inside brackets''''' A '''''inside square brackets''''' 0 '''gives its '''eigenvalues'''
* '''eig '''''inside brackets''''' A '''''inside square brackets '''''1''' gives its '''eigenvector'''
* '''eigvals '''''inside brackets '''''A '''gives its '''eigenvalues'''

'''eig''' and '''eigvals''' functions are present in '''numpy.linalg''' module.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy import diag'''

'''from numpy.linalg import eig'''

'''m6=asmatrix(diag((1, 2, 3)))'''

Type,

'''eig(m6)'''

Highlight '''diag((1, 2, 3)))'''

Highlight

'''<nowiki>(array([1., 2., 3.]), matrix([[1., 0., 0.],</nowiki>'''

'''<nowiki>[0., 1., 0.],</nowiki>'''

'''<nowiki>[0., 0., 1.]]))</nowiki>'''

Put box to array

Put box to matrix
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us find out the '''eigenvalues''' and '''eigenvectors''' of the '''matrix''' '''m6'''.

Type as shown.

Now to see the value, type,'''eig '''''inside brackets '''''m6'''

'''diag '''''inside brackets again inside brackets '''''1 '''''comma''''' 2 '''''comma '''''3 '''creates a '''diagonal matrix with 1,2,3''' as diagonal elements and '''0 '''elsewhere .

'''diag() function '''is present in''' numpy '''module

Note that '''eig '''''inside brackets '''''m6''' returned a tuple of one array and one matrix.

The first element in the tuple is an array of three eigenvalues.

The second element in the tuple is a matrix of three eigenvectors.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>eig_value = eig(m6)[0]</nowiki>'''

'''eig_value'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To get '''eigenvalues '''type,'''eig''''' underscore '''''value''''' is equal to''''' eig''''' inside brackets '''''m6 '''''inside square brackets '''''0'''

Then type,

'''eig '''''underscore '''''value'''

As you can see '''eig '''''underscore '''''value''' contains '''eigenvalues'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>eig_vector = eig(m6)[1]</nowiki>'''

'''eig_vector'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To get '''eigenvectors '''type,'''eig '''''underscore '''''vector '''''is equal to''''' eig''''' inside brackets '''''m6 '''''inside square brackets '''''1'''

Then type,

'''eig '''''underscore '''''vector'''

'''eig '''''underscore '''''vector '''contains eigenvector.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from numpy.linalg import eigvals'''

'''eig_value1 = eigvals(m6)'''

Then type,

'''eig_value1'''

Show both the outputs
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''eigenvalues''' can also be computed using '''eigvals() '''function.

Type as shown.

Then type,

'''eig '''''underscore '''''value1'''

You can see that, '''eig '''''underscore '''''value '''and''' eig '''''underscore '''''value1 '''are same.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

* Create '''matrices''' using '''arrays'''
* Add, subtract and multiply matrices
* Take scalar multiple of a matrix
* Use the '''function''' '''det()''' to find the '''determinant''' of a '''matrix'''
* Find out the '''inverse''' of a '''matrix''',using the function '''inv() '''
* Find out the '''eigenvectors''' and '''eigenvalues''' of a '''matrix''', using the functions '''eig()''' and '''eigvals()'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Self assessment questions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# A and B are two matrix objects of appropriate sizes. Which one of the below is correct for Matrix multiplication?
# '''eig '''''inside brackets '''''A''''' inside square brackets '''''1''' and '''eigvals '''''inside brackets '''''A''' are the same. True or False

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide 13

Solution of self assessment questions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,

# Matrix multiplication between A and B is done by, A ''asterisk'' B
# False. '''eig '''''inside brackets '''''A''''' inside square brackets '''''0''' and '''eigvals '''''inside brackets '''''A''' are same, that is both will give the '''eigenvalues''' of '''matrix''' A.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide TBC
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgment

http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C3/Image-manipulation-using-Arrays/English

2018-11-01T08:15:47Z

Priyacst: Created page with "'''Title of script''': '''Image manipulation using arrays''' '''Author: Aditya Palaparthy, Arun KP''' '''Keywords: Python, Ipython, imread, imshow, shape, video tutorial'''..."

'''Title of script''': '''Image manipulation using arrays'''

'''Author: Aditya Palaparthy, Arun KP'''

'''Keywords: Python, Ipython, imread, imshow, shape, video tutorial'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Image manipulation using arrays'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to-

* Read '''images''' into '''arrays'''
* Perform processing on them using simple array manipulations

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Prerequisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to

* run basic '''Python '''commands on the '''ipython console '''and
* access parts of '''arrays'''.

If not, see the relevant '''Python '''tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:

Download files
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please download the files''' Squares.png '''and '''Python.png''' from the '''Code files''' link of this tutorial.

Save the files in the current working directory.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Squares.png
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we will learn how to '''access''' parts of an '''array'''.

For this purpose, we shall use the image '''Squares.png''' present in the current working directory.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython'''.

Open the '''terminal'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ipython3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter.'''

From here onwards remember to press the Enter key after typing every command on the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''import matplotlib.pyplot as plt'''

'''img = plt.imread('Squares.png')'''

Highlight the first line

Highlight pyplot

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To read an '''image''' into an array, we use the '''imread''' command.

Let us now read the data in '''Squares.png''' into the array '''img'''.

Type,

'''import matplotlib.pyplot as plt'''

Then type,

'''img''''' is equal to''''' plt.imread '''''inside brackets inside single quotes '''''Squares.png '''

In the first line '''pyplot''' is imported from '''matplotlib '''module with '''plt '''as alias.

This is to make use of methods like '''imread '''which are part of '''pyplot.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''plt.imshow(img)'''

'''plt.show()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see the '''image''' by using the '''functions''' '''imshow''' followed by '''show'''.

Type,

'''plt.imshow '''''inside brackets '''''img'''

Then type,

'''plt.show '''''open and close brackets''

It displays the image in a separate popup window.

The original image is in the black and white.

But here we do not see black and white, because '''imshow''' has '''mapped''' black and white to different '''colors'''.

This can be changed by using a different '''color''' '''map'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the window
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image window to return to the IPython console.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''plt.imshow(img, cmap='gray')'''

'''plt.show()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In order to see the original black and white image type,

'''plt.imshow '''''inside brackets '''''img '''''comma''''' cmap '''''is equal to inside single quotes '''''gray'''

Then type,

'''plt.show '''''open and close brackets''

Now we can see the image in black and white.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| close the image
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''img'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To see what has been read into '''img''' variable, type,

'''img'''

We can see that an '''array''' is displayed'''. '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''img.shape '''

'''Highlight 300x300 '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To check the '''dimensions''' of any '''array''', we can use '''shape''' '''function'''.

Type,

'''img.shape '''

As we can see, we got the dimensions of the '''image'''.

The image''' Squares.png''' has the dimensions of 300 ''by ''300.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Squares.png

Point at top-left quadrant of the image
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we wish to obtain the top left quarter of the image.

To do this, we need to access top half of the '''rows''' and left half of the '''columns''' of the '''array'''.

We know that the '''shape''' of the '''image''' is 300 by 300.

For '''top'''-'''left''' '''corner''' of the '''image '''we need first 150 '''rows''' and the first 150 '''columns'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>img[:150, :150] </nowiki>'''

Highlight''' output'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| So type,

'''img '''''inside square brackets colon''''' 150 '''''comma colon''''' 150'''

This gives us the '''top'''-'''left''' '''corner''' of the '''image'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>plt.imshow(img[:150,:150])</nowiki>'''

'''plt.show()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We use the '''imshow''' '''command''' to see the '''slice''' we obtained in the form of an '''image.'''

Type as shown.

We got the required slice now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close this image.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Obtain the square in the center of the image '''Squares.png''' with size 150 by 150.

Since we need to get center of the image, we take

* rows from one-fourth to three-fourth of the rows i.e. from '''75''' to '''225''' and
* columns from one-fourth to three-fourth of the columns, i.e. from '''75''' to '''225'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''plt.<nowiki>imshow(img[75:225, 75:225])</nowiki>'''

'''plt.show()'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown'''.'''

Hence, we get the '''center''' of the '''image. '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close this image.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>img1 = img[75:225, 75:225]</nowiki>'''

'''plt.imshow(img1)'''

'''plt.show()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| You can also save the sliced image array to a new variable.

Type,

'''img1''''' is equal to''''' img''''' inside square brackets '''''75 '''''colon '''''225 '''''comma''''' 75 '''''colon '''''225]'''

Then to see the image type as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image window
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close this image window

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>img[::2, ::2] </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We also know how to '''stride''' over an '''array.'''

For that we can drop '''alternate''' '''rows''' and '''columns''' out of the '''image'''.

Type,

'''img '''''inside square brackets colon colon '''''2 '''''comma colon colon '''''2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>plt.imshow(img[::2, ::2]) </nowiki>'''

'''plt.show()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To see this image, type as shown.

We can see that the '''scale''' has reduced.

We can observe some '''blurring''' near the '''edges '''if you scale it down further.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image window to return to the IPython console.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>plt.imshow(img[::4, ::4])</nowiki>'''

'''plt.show() '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To increase the '''step''' to 4, type as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image window to return to the IPython console.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Python.png
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We shall use the Python.png present in the current working directory.

Now we have an '''RGB''' image.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''img=plt.imread('Python.png')'''

'''plt.imshow(img)'''

'''plt.show()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us slice the image and see what happens.

Type as shown.

We can see the image.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image window to return to the IPython console

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''img.shape '''

Highlilght the third number

Highlilght the first number
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To check the '''dimensions''' of '''img''', we can use '''shape''' '''function'''.

Type,

'''img.shape '''

The third number shows that there are 4 channels.

These are corresponding to red, green, blue, and transparency value of the image.

The first number shows that the height of the image is 600.

The second number shows that the width of the image is also 600.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''<nowiki>plt.imshow(img[:,:,0])</nowiki>'''

'''plt.show()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will slice the red channel of the array.

Type,

'''plt.imshow '''''inside brackets''''' img '''''inside square brackets colon comma colon comma '''''0'''

Then type,

'''plt.show '''''open and close brackets.''

We got the required red channel of the array.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the image
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close this image.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learned to,''' '''

* Read '''images''' into '''arrays''' and manipulate them.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Evaluation
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here is a self assessment question for you to solve

The shape of the variable '''img''' is (600, 600, 4).

What will be the shape of '''img1''' if '''img1''' ''is equal to'' '''img''' ''inside brackets colon colon ''2 ''comma colon colon ''4

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Solutions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answer is, (300, 150, 4)

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide: TBC
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates theh TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Acknowledgement
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Thank You
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C4/Testing-and-Debugging/English

2018-10-24T06:19:58Z

Priyacst: Created page with "'''Title of script''': '''Testing and debugging''' '''Author: Puneeth, Thirumalesh H S, Arun KP''' '''Keywords: Python, Ipython, testing, debugging, automate test, coding st..."

'''Title of script''': '''Testing and debugging'''

'''Author: Puneeth, Thirumalesh H S, Arun KP'''

'''Keywords: Python, Ipython, testing, debugging, automate test, coding style, python community, video tutorial'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Visual Cue'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Narration'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Testing and debugging'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will,

* Understand what is '''software''' '''testing'''
* Test simple '''functions''' for their '''functionality'''
* '''Automate''' '''tests'''
* Understand the need for '''coding''' '''style''' and
* Learn some of the '''standards''' followed by the '''Python''' '''Community'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3'''
* '''IPython 5.1.0''' and
* '''Gedit text editor'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Prerequisite
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to

* use''' functions.'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Software Testing

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we will learn about software testing.

'''Software''' '''testing''' is the process to evaluate the functionality of a software or a '''program.'''

It helps to find whether the program met the specified requirements or not.

It ensures a defect free program so that we will get a quality program.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide:

Source code

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| All the codes used in this tutorial are available in the '''Code Files''' link of this tutorial.

You should download in the current working directory and use them.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| gcd function

'''def gcd(a, b): if b == 0:''' ''' return a''' '''return gcd(b, a%b)'''

Highlight def gcd(a,b):''' '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open any text editor and type the following code.

This is a simple '''function''' to calculate '''gcd''' of two numbers.

We need a set of '''inputs''' for the variable a and b.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file find_gcd.py
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file as '''find''''' underscore '''''gcd.py '''in the current working '''directory'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Open '''the''' file test_gcd.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will open''' '''the''' '''file''' test''''' underscore '''''gcd.py.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''from find_gcd import gcd'''

'''if __name__ == '__main__':'''

'''result = gcd(48, 64)'''

'''if result != 16:'''

'''print("Test failed")'''

'''print("Test Passed")'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let our test case be 48 and 64 as '''''a''' ''and '''''b.'''''

For this test case we know that the GCD is 16.

So that is the expected '''output'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[Terminal]</nowiki>

'''python3 test_gcd.py'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now run the '''script''' and '''test''' our '''code'''.

Open the terminal and type

'''python3 test''''' underscore '''''gcd.py'''

We get the '''output''' as '''''Test''' '''Passed'''' which means our '''code''' is correct.''' '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| But there can be a number of cases where the '''gcd''' '''function''' might break.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide: Test cases
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| So to check where our code is breaking we should run many tests.

This is where the concept of automating tests comes in.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the file '''testcases.txt''' and show
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us first try and automate tests on the '''gcd''' '''function.'''

Open the file''' textcases.txt''' where the various testing parameters are given.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''testcases.txt'''

12 28 4

18 36 18

4678 39763 2339
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The structure of the file will have two '''input''' '''parameters'''.

The third '''parameter''' is the correct '''output''' '''result'''.

We have separated the elements by a space.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''automate_test_gcd.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us open the file''' automate''''' underscore '''''test''''' underscore '''''gcd.py'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Highlight the code:'''

from find_gcd import gcd

if __name__ == '__main__':

for line in open('testcases.txt'):

numbers = line.split()

<nowiki>x, y = int(numbers[0]) , int(numbers[1])</nowiki>

<nowiki>result = int(numbers[2])</nowiki>

if gcd(x, y) != result:

print ("Failed gcd test for", x, y)

else:

print ("Test passed", result)

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we need '''import gcd''' function from '''find''''' underscore '''''gcd''' in order to use it for testing.

Next the '''testcases.txt '''file is read line by line.

The first two '''input''' '''parameters''' are assigned to the variables '''x '''and''' y. '''

The third '''parameter''' which is the correct '''output''' value is assigned to the variable '''result'''.

We check whether the value returned by the '''gcd function '''is equal to the value in the variable''' result.'''

Finally it prints the message accordingly.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''terminal, '''type

'''python3 automate_test_gcd.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''terminal, '''type

'''python3 automate''''' underscore '''''test''''' underscore '''''gcd.py'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| As you can see, all the three test cases in '''testcases.txt''' are passed.

The value calculated by the gcd function is equal to the output value provided in the '''testcases.txt.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide''' '''

Assignment 1

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| For the same inputs as '''gcd''' write '''automated''' '''tests''' for '''LCM'''.

Use the data from the file '''lcmtestcases.txt'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the find_lcm.py

Open '''lcmtestcases.txt'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see the code to calculate '''lcd''' of two numbers.

The file name is '''find''' ''underscore'' '''lcm.py'''

This is the data file for the '''lcm''' test cases.

This file name is '''lcmtestcases.txt'''

Note that both these files should be in the current working directory.

Let us now run the '''script''' and '''test''' our '''code'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''python3 find_lcm.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''python3 find''''' underscore '''''lcm.py'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''find_lcm.py '''and show.

<nowiki>[Terminal]</nowiki>

'''python3 find_lcm.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here, the third test case failed.

Because the corresponding input in '''lcmtestcases.txt''' is incorrect.

This is to check the behavior of the program on incorrect conditions.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Coding Style
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * A good '''program''' should be '''readable.'''
* So others can extend and improve it.
* '''Code''' is read more often than it is written.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Meaningfull names

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We choose a name so that it becomes easier to understand its usage.

Let’s look at this with an example.

As we can see in the example,

it is very easy to understand what the '''code''' is doing.

Proper naming helps so much in understanding the '''code'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Coding Instructions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Also one should keep in mind the following things while writing a code in Python.

* '''Four Space Indentation '''
* 79 characters limit on a line
* '''Functions''' and '''methods''' should be separated with two '''blank''' '''lines'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Code Instructions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * Use '''Docstring''' to document a specific segment of code.
* Use '''whitespace''' around '''operators''' and after punctuations.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

* Create simple '''tests''' for a '''function'''
* '''Automate''' '''tests''' using many '''predefined''' '''test''' '''cases''' and
* Use '''python''' '''coding''' '''standards'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Self assessment questions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here is a self assessment question for you to solve

# What is the proper indentation for python code according to the style guidelines?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Solutions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answer,

# '''Four''' '''Space''' '''Indentation''' is required for writing a python code according to the style guidelines.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding:0.106cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgment

http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C4/Handling-Errors-and-Exceptions/English

2018-10-15T09:58:15Z

Priyacst: Created page with "'''Title of script''': '''Handling errors and exceptions''' '''Author: Arun KP''' '''Keywords: Python, Ipython, error handling, exceptions, debugging, video tutorial''' {|..."

'''Title of script''': '''Handling errors and exceptions'''

'''Author: Arun KP'''

'''Keywords: Python, Ipython, error handling, exceptions, debugging, video tutorial'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Visual Cue'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Narration'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Handling errors and exceptions'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to,

* Understand '''errors '''and''' exceptions'''
* Handle '''Errors''' and '''Exceptions'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3'''
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Prerequisite
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to

* use''' functions '''and
* carry-out '''testing '''and '''debugging'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Errors
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In Python there are two kinds of errors:

* '''''syntax errors'' '''and''' '''
* '''''exceptions'''''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Syntax Error
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Syntax errors '''are caused by incorrect usages and these are detected by parser.

For example:

if True print'' inside brackets inside double quotes ''done

It will give '''Syntax Error''' since colon is missing after '''True'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exceptions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Exception is an error that occurs during execution of a program.

Python generates an exception that can be handled, which avoids the program to crash.

For example:

1/0

It will give '''ZeroDivisionError exception.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see these examples in action.

Open the '''terminal.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''ipython3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter.'''

From here onwards remember to press the Enter key after typing every command.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''if True print("done")'''

Highlight the arrow mark

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now type

'''if True print '''''inside brackets inside double quotes''''' done'''

The output shows '''SyntaxError.'''

It displays an ‘arrow’ pointing at the earliest point in the line where the error was detected.

In our case, the error is caused by missing colon after '''True''' in '''If '''clause

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''1 / 0 '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now type,

'''1 / 0'''

'''Python''' throws an '''exception''' called '''ZeroDivisionError.'''

Even though the expression is syntactically correct, we cannot divide a number by zero.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Exception''' is a special kind of failure reported by the '''programming''' '''language'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''a = input("Enter a number: ")'''

'''Enter '''ac

'''num = int(a)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Lets see how can we deal with '''Exceptions '''that occur in programs.

Type

'''a = input''''' inside brackets inside double quotes '''''Enter an integer'''

I will enter''' ac '''as input.

Now type, '''num '''''is equal to''''' int '''''inside brackets '''''a'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to the error
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| When you run this code, it throws a ''''ValueError'''' '''Exception'''.

This is because, we are trying to convert the string to integer.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| So now we can ''''catch'''' '''exceptions''' and write '''code''' to '''handle''' it.

For this we have '''try''' and '''except''' '''clause''' in '''python'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[slide]</nowiki>

try..except..else

'''try:'''

'''statement1'''

'''statement2'''

'''except exception name:'''

'''exception handling statement(s)'''

'''else:'''

'''statement(s) when no exception'''

'''after statement(s)'''

Highlight according to narration

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here is the syntax of '''''try....except...else'' '''blocks.

First, the statements between the [https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#try try] and [https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#except except] keywords is executed.

If the statements do not cause any exception, the except clause is skipped.

If the statements cause any exception, then except clause is executed if exception name matches.

And the execution continues after the try statement.

The code in the else-block executes if the code in the try: block does not raise an exception.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''a = input("Enter an integer: ") '''

'''ac'''

'''try:'''

'''num = int(a)'''

'''except ValueError:'''

'''print ("Wrong input")'''

'''Press Enter twice'''

'''output:'''

'''Wrong input'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

Give '''ac''' as input.

Now we will type the try and except blocks.

Press Enter twice to get the output.

In the previous example,

We encountered a problem because we tried to convert the string '''‘ac’''' to integer.

Here conversion of string value to an integer is given inside '''try block'''.

'''ValueError''' exception is raised and so the output is displayed as '''Wrong input.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the previous example, we found out what caused the error and then resolved to get a solution for it.

This whole process is called '''debugging'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see another case in try except statement with else clause.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''b = input("Enter an integer: ") '''

'''23'''

'''try:'''

'''num = int(b)'''

'''except ValueError:'''

'''print ("Wrong input")'''

'''else:'''

'''print(“No exception “)'''

'''Press Enter twice'''

Highlight '''No exception '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Lets change our previous code slightly.

Type as shown.

I will give input as 23.

Now type as shown.

This''' try… except''' statement has an optional '''else''' clause.

It is useful if the try clause does not raise an exception.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open a text editor and type the following code

'''def test():'''

'''prod = 1'''

'''for i in range(0, 10):'''

'''prod *= i / (i - 5)'''

'''print(prod)'''

Save it as file '''mymodule.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Lets see another example for debugging.

Create a '''file''' with the following '''code'''.

The variable ‘i’ is iterated from 0 to 9.

Save it as '''mymodule.py'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from mymodule import test'''

'''test()'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us run this code in Ipython.

Type,

'''from mymodule import test'''

'''test '''''open and close brackets''

'''Interpreter''' gives us an '''ZeroDivisionError''' because there is a''' division by zero error'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''%debug'''

Highlight the arrow mark

Highlight ipdb>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To find the value which caused the error, type this

''Percentage '''''debug'''

The code which caused the error is shown by an arrow.

The '''prompt''' has changed to '''ipdb '''which is the '''ipython debugger mode.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

'''ipdb> i'''

'''5'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Using this '''debugger''' here, you can access variables in the previous code block.

We can check values of variable to inspect what went wrong.

For example, on typing ‘i’, we get 5 as '''output'''.

This means that the error was caused when the value of i became 5.

To exit from the '''ipdb''' '''prompt''', press '''q '''and press '''Enter'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt about

* '''Errors '''and''' exceptions'''.
* Handling '''exception''' using '''try''' and '''except'''.
* Using ''percentage '''''debug''' for '''debugging''' in '''ipython'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Self assessment questions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here is a self assessment question for you to solve

'''1. '''How do you start the''' debugger '''on''' ipython?'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answer,

# We start the debugger on ipython by saying, p''ercentage '''''debug'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgment

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thank you.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C4/Writing-Python-Scripts/English

2018-10-09T11:20:19Z

Priyacst: Created page with "'''Title of script''': '''Writing Python scripts ''' '''Author: Aditya Palaparthy, Arun KP''' '''Keywords: Python, Ipython, python script, import module, name variable, vide..."

'''Title of script''': '''Writing Python scripts '''

'''Author: Aditya Palaparthy, Arun KP'''

'''Keywords: Python, Ipython, python script, import module, name variable, video tutorial'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Writing Python scripts'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial we will learn,

* What is importing
* Write your own Python modules and
* Understand the ''double underscore '''''name''' ''double underscore double equal to within double quotes'' ''double underscore '''''main ''double underscore '''''idiom

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3'''
* '''IPython 5.1.0''' and
* '''Gedit text editor'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Prerequisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to

* run basic '''Python '''commands on the '''IPython console '''and
* use''' python modules.'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python '''tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Python Modules

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can write '''Python modules''' to bundle functions.

We can then make use of these '''functions''' by importing '''modules''' to other '''scripts.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us first write a function and save it in a script.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open an editor and type the following code

'''def gcd(a, b):'''

'''while b:'''

'''a, b = b, a%b'''

'''return a'''

'''if gcd(40, 12) == 4:'''

'''print ("Everything is OK")'''

'''else:'''

'''print ("The GCD function is wrong")'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open any text editor and type the below code.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight '''def gcd(a, b):'''

'''while b:'''

'''a, b = b, a%b'''

'''return a'''

Highlight '''if gcd(40, 12) == 4:'''

'''print ("Everything is OK")'''

'''else:'''

'''print ("The GCD function is wrong")'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This Python module has a function to compute '''gcd''' of two numbers.

Please take care of the indentation.

We have included a test case in the script.

This '''test case''' will check the '''gcd''' '''function''' every time the script is run.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the script as gcd_script.py

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us save the file as '''gcd''''' underscore '''''script.py''' in''' '''the''' '''current working directory'''.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''ipython3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open a new terminal.

Type,

'''ipython3''' and press''' Enter.'''

From here onwards remember to press the Enter key after typing every command on the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''%run gcd_script.py'''

Highlight the output

“'''Everything is OK'''”
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will run the script.

Type,

''percentage '''''run gcd '''''underscore''''' script.py'''

We get an output which says “'''Everything is OK'''”.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the gcd_script.py
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| It means that the test case checking '''gcd '''''inside brackets '''''40 '''''comma''''' 12 '''''equals to''''' 4 '''is passed.

What if we want to use the '''gcd''' '''function''' in some other '''scripts'''.

This is possible since every '''python''' file can be used as a '''module'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''import sys'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| But first, we will understand what happens when we '''import''' a '''module'''.

Type,

'''import sys'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''sys.path'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now type '''sys.path'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the output

Highlight the empty string

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see a list of locations.

This indicates that python searches for a module when it encounters an '''import''' statement.

The standard modules are built into python itself.

Otherwise it is found in system locations like ''slash '''''usr '''''slash '''''lib '''''slash '''''python3.4 '''''slash ''

The first item in the '''list''' is an empty '''string.'''

It means the '''current working directory''' is also searched.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''import gcd_script'''

Highlight '''Everything is OK'''

Type,

'''print("gcd of 187 and 391 is", gcd_script.gcd(187, 391))'''

Highlight '''gcd of 187 and 391 is 17'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can '''import''' a module present in the '''current working directory.'''

Type,

'''import gcd '''''underscore''''' script'''

Since '''gcd '''''underscore''''' script.py '''is in the '''current working directory''', import will work directly.

Type the '''print''' statement as shown here.

We get the gcd of 187 and 391 as output, which is 17

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight Everything is OK

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can also see the output “'''Everything is OK'''” that we added as''' test code.'''

This is also executed when we imported '''gcd '''''underscore''''' script.'''

The test code is added to check the '''gcd''' function.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Slide:'''

'''__name__ variable'''.

Highlight '''__name__'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Test code should only be executed when we '''run''' the python '''script''' independently.

To execute the test code when the module is imported to other scripts, we can use ''double underscore '''''name '''''double underscore '''''variable'''.

Hereafter I will call this as '''name''' variable.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to '''gcd_script.py'''

Add '''if __name__ == "__main__":'''

after the line '''return a'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First, we shall look at how to use the variable and then understand how it works.

Now we will add this variable in the script '''gcd '''''underscore''''' script.py'''

Type the following after '''return a''' statement,

'''if '''''double underscore '''''name '''''double underscore double equal to inside double quotes double underscore '''''main '''''double underscore colon''

Indent the code properly.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''%run''' '''gcd_script.py'''

Highlight

'''Everything is OK'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us run the code.

Type,

''percentage '''''run''' '''gcd '''''underscore''''' script.py'''

We can see that the test is executed successfully and we get output as '''Everything is OK'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''import gcd_script'''

Type,

'''exit'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will check the changes by importing the module.

We didn’t see any changes.

Note that, once a module is imported, it cannot be imported again in an existing '''IPython console. '''

So we will exit the existing '''IPython console''' by typing '''exit.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open terminal and type '''ipython3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open another terminal. Type '''ipython3'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''import gcd_script'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will import '''gcd '''''underscore''''' script.py.'''

Type,

'''import gcd '''''underscore''''' script'''

We can see that now the test code is not executed.

'''Everything is OK''' is not displayed as output.''' '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''gcd_script.py '''and highlight the if __name__ == "__main__":

block in the file '''gcd_script.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''name variable''' is local to every '''module'''.

It is equal to''' main''' only when the file is run as a script.

Hence, all the code under the block, '''if name '''''double equal to within double quotes''''' main '''is executed only when the file is run as a '''python''' '''script'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''from gcd_script import gcd'''

'''def check_relative_prime(a,b):'''

'''if gcd(a,b)==1:'''

'''print("Yes, %d and %d are relatively prime" %(a,b))'''

'''else:'''

'''print("No, %d and %d are not relatively prime" %(a,b))'''

'''check_relative_prime(11,3)'''

Highlight '''Yes, 11 and 3 are relatively prime'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type the following code which checks whether two numbers are relatively prime.

We have''' imported gcd function '''from''' gcd '''''underscore''''' script.'''

And use it in our calculations without the test code being executed.

Two numbers are relatively prime when their gcd is equal to one.

So we get output as '''Yes, 11 and 3 are relatively prime.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Every Python file can be run in two ways:

* As an independent stand-alone script or
* As a Python module which can be imported by other Python scripts or modules.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,''' '''

* Import a module
* Use a script as a module
* Write test condition using the name variable
* Restart IPython3 if a changed module is to be imported again.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Evaluation
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# Which of the following variables contains the locations to search for''' '''python modules
# A module should contain only one function. True or False

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,''' '''

# '''sys.path''' contains the locations to search for python modules.
# '''False'''. A module can contain a wide range of functions.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding:0.106cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgement
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Thank You
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C4/Using-Python-Modules/English

2018-10-08T04:49:26Z

Priyacst: Created page with "'''Title of script''': '''Using Python Modules ''' '''Author: Puneeth, Aditya Palaparthy, Thirumalesh H S,Arun KP''' '''Keywords: Python, Ipython, scripts, import, plot, mod..."

'''Title of script''': '''Using Python Modules '''

'''Author: Puneeth, Aditya Palaparthy, Thirumalesh H S,Arun KP'''

'''Keywords: Python, Ipython, scripts, import, plot, modules, video tutorial'''

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Visual Cue'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Narration'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

containing title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Using Python Modules'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to-

* '''Execute''' '''python''' '''scripts''' from '''command''' '''line'''
* Use '''import''' in '''scripts '''and
* '''Import numpy '''and''' matplotlib.pyplot modules'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3'''
* '''IPython 5.1.0 '''and
* '''Gedit text editor'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Prerequisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to

* use '''plot''' interactively
* '''embellish''' and save a '''plot'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

What is a '''module'''?
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we will learn what is a '''module'''.

A '''module''' is a file containing '''Python''' '''definitions''' and '''statements'''.

'''Modules''' are used to break down large programs into small manageable and organized files.

'''Definitions''' from a '''module''' can be '''imported''' into other '''modules''' or to the '''main''' '''module'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open text editor

Type, '''print ("Hello World")'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us see how to run a Python script from command line.

Open any '''text''' '''editor''' and type,

'''print''''' inside brackets inside double quotes '''''Hello World'''

We have created a simple '''python''' script to print '''hello''' '''world'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the script as '''hello.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save this '''script''' as '''hello.py''' in the current working directory.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open terminal and navigate to directory where '''hello.py''' was saved
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us open the '''terminal.'''

Then navigate to the '''directory''' where '''hello.py''' is saved.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''python3 hello.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now type, '''python3 hello.py''' and press '''Enter'''.

It executes the '''script''' and gives the output as '''Hello World.'''

From here onwards, remember to press the Enter key after typing every command on the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the '''four_plot.py''' '''file''' in '''text''' '''editor''' and show
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see how to '''import''' modules and use them in python scripts.

Let me open the file''' four''''' underscore '''''plot.py''' in the text editor.

This file is available in the '''Code files '''link of this tutorial.

You can download and use it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the 4 plot command
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This code will plot for '''x, -x, sin of x '''and''' xsin of x'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide

Four plot Problem
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.053cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| When we run this''' '''code, we will see the final plot as shown here.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''python3''' '''four_plot.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us '''run''' the file '''four '''''underscore''''' plot.py''' as a '''python''' script.

Type,

'''python3''' '''four '''''underscore''''' plot.py'''

It gives an error '''linspace()''' is not defined.

It means that,

'''function linspace()''' is not available in the current '''namespace'''.

A '''namespace''' is a system for making all the names in a program to be unique.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to '''four_plot.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us go back to the file''' four '''''underscore''''' plot.py.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Add the line as first line in '''four_plot.py''' and save

'''from numpy import *'''

Highlight '''linspace'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Add this line as the first line in the script,

'''from numpy import '''''asterisk''

When we use''' asterisk''' in '''imports, '''all the '''functions''' and '''constants''' are imported from '''numpy''' module.

'''linspace''' is a function available in '''numpy.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Press Ctrl + S to save the file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''python3 four_plot.py '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us run the script again,

Now it gave another '''NameError:''' '''name''' ‘'''plot’ is not defined.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''four_plot.py''' in '''text editor'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us edit the '''four '''''underscore''''' plot.py '''file''' '''again.

Add the following as the second line in our script.

'''from matplotlib.pyplot import *'''

'''plot''' is a function which is available in the '''matplotlib.pyplot. '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now save the file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''python3''' '''four_plot.py'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will run the '''script.'''

We get the output now.

We '''imported''' all the required '''modules''' using the '''keyword''' '''import'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Close the window
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let me close the window.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Import functions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can import only functions which are required from a module as,

'''from numpy import linspace, pi, sin'''

instead of,

'''from numpy import *'''

In the same way we can import only required functions from '''matplotlib.pyplot'''

instead of,

'''from matplotlib.pyplot import *'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| slide :

Import Functions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * It is always good to use '''function''' '''names''' instead of '''asterisk'''.
* If we use '''asterisk''' to '''import''' from a particular '''module,''' all the '''functions '''will be imported.
* It replaces some existing '''functions''' with the same name in the '''namespace'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to script ''''four_plot.py''''

delete the first two lines and add the following

'''from numpy import linspace, pi, sin'''

'''from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, legend, annotate'''

'''from matplotlib.pyplot import xlim, ylim, title, show'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will add only required functions from '''numpy''' and '''matplotlib.pyplot'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us save the file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''python3''' '''four_plot.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will run the code again in the terminal.

Here, we got the '''plots '''for''' x,-x,sin of x '''and''' xsin of x''' in a single '''figure'''.

In this method we '''imported''' the required '''functions''' to the current '''namespace'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| There is another way of fixing errors.

Let us see that.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Highlight

'''numpy.pi in '''line 3 and line 10, 11

'''plt.plot '''in line 4

'''plt.legend '''in line 8

'''plt.annotate '''in line 9

'''plt.xlim, plt.ylim '''in line 10 and 11

'''plt.show()''' in line 12

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the file '''another''''' underscore '''''fix.py'''

This file is also available in the '''code files''' link of this tutorial.

Notice that we are going to use the name '''plt''' instead of '''matplotlib.pyplot'''.''' '''

'''plt '''is used as alias to the module '''matplotlib.pyplot'''

Now, we use '''numpy.pi '''instead''' '''of''' '''just''' pi '''as we did in four'' underscore ''plot.py.

'''Plot functions '''are''' '''called''' '''as''' '''

'''plt.plot()'''

'''plt.legend()'''

'''plt.annotate() '''

'''plt.xlim'''

'''plt.ylim'''

'''plt.show()'''

The advantage is that function names in imported modules do not get added to the current '''namespace'''.

In order to use a function in an imported module, we need to mention '''module-name.function-name'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video here.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

Write a '''python script''' to '''plot''' a '''sine''' '''wave''' from''' -2pi '''to''' 2pi'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| show text for codefiles

Open '''sine.py''' and show it
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the file '''sine.py''' for the solution.

This file is also available in the '''code files''' link.

In the first line we '''import''' the required '''functions.'''

The functions''' linspace, sin '''and''' constant pi''' are imported from the''' module numpy'''.

We '''import''' the '''functions plot, legend, show, title, xlabel '''and''' ylabel '''from''' matplotlib.pyplot.'''

And the rest of the '''code''' is to generate the '''plot'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''python3''' '''sine.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us run the code and see the output.

In the terminal, type

'''python3''' '''sine.py'''

Now we can see our '''sine''' '''plot'''.

Close the terminal.

Let us move further in our topic.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''ipython3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can run Python scripts in '''IPython interpreter '''also'''.'''

Open another terminal and start the '''ipython''' interpreter by typing

'''ipython3'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''%run four_plot.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Navigate to the '''directory''' where '''four '''''underscore''''' plot.py''' is saved and type

''percentage''''' run four '''''underscore''''' plot.py'''

As before we can see the output with 4 plots.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''Python standard library'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Python''' has a very rich '''standard''' '''library''' of '''modules'''.

Some of the '''standard modules''' are,

* for''' Math: math, random '''
* for''' Internet access: urllib2, smtplib'''
* for''' System and Command line arguments: sys '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''Python standard library'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Few more libraries

* for''' Operating system interface: os '''
* for''' regular expression: re '''
* for''' compression: gzip, zipfile, tarfile '''

For more information refer to the below link.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

* Run '''scripts''' from '''command''' '''line'''
* '''Import''' '''modules''' by specifying the '''module''' '''name''' followed by an '''asterisk'''
* '''Import''' only the required '''functions''' from '''modules''' by specifying the '''function''' '''name'''
* Use '''python''' '''standard''' '''library'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Evaluation

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# Which among the below is the most correct?
# How the functions '''xlim() '''and '''ylim'''() can be imported to the current '''namespace'''?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,

# The option '''from matplotlib.pyplot import plot''' is the most correct one. Because '''plot''' is a '''function''' of '''matplotlib.pyplot''' '''module'''.
# Functions '''xlim'''() and '''ylim'''() can be '''imported''' to the current '''namespace''' as, '''from matplotlib.pyplot import xlim, ylim'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Acknowledgment

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C4/Advanced-Features-of-Functions/English

2018-10-04T10:54:51Z

Priyacst: Created page with " {| style="border-spacing:0;" | style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <ce..."

Python-3.4.3/C4/Getting-Started-with-Functions/English

2018-10-04T10:48:01Z

Priyacst: Created page with " {| style="border-spacing:0;" | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:n..."

Python-3.4.3/C3/Dictionaries/English

2018-10-04T05:53:53Z

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue '''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Containing title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Dictionaries'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn to,

* Create '''dictionaries'''
* Add and delete '''data''' from '''dictionaries'''
* Retrieve '''data''' from '''dictionaries'''
* Check for presence of '''keys''' and
* '''Iterate''' over elements.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisite

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to

* use''' basic data types '''and''' operators'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Overview of '''dictionaries'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we will learn about '''dictionaries'''.

'''Dictionary''' is an unordered collection of items which has '''key:value''' pairs.

'''Dictionary''' is used to look up for a specific '''key''' and retrieve the corresponding '''value'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Overview of '''dictionaries'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Keys''' are unique within a dictionary while '''values''' may not be.

The values of a dictionary can be of any data type.

But the keys must be of immutable data type such as '''strings''', '''numbers''' or '''tuples'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython'''.

Open the '''terminal.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3 '''and''' '''press''' Enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter.'''

From here onwards, remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''empty = {}'''

Highlight curly braces
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start by creating an empty '''dictionary'''.

Type, '''empty '''''is equal to''''' '''''open and close curly braces''

Note that unlike '''lists''', '''curly''' '''braces''' are used to define a '''dictionary'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''student = {'name': 'raj','''

''''age': 16,'''

''''gender': 'male','''

''''class': 10}'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us see how to create a non empty '''dictionary'''.

Type as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the key value
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Notice that,

* Each '''key:value pair''' is separated by a '''comma''',
* Each '''key''' is separated from its value by a colon, and
* The whole thing is enclosed in curly braces.

Here, we have defined four entries in the '''dictionary''' '''student'''.

The '''keys''' are '''name, age, gender, class.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''student'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''student''' to see its content.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Accessing elements

'''<nowiki>dictionary_name[key]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to access the dictionary elements.

The value of a '''dictionary''' can be accessed using the corresponding''' key'''.

The '''syntax '''is:

'''dictionary '''''underscore '''''name '''''inside square brackets '''''key'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''print''' ('''<nowiki>student['name'])</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us access the value for the key''' ‘name’.'''

Type,

'''print''' ''inside brackets '''''student '''''inside square brackets inside single quotes '''''name'''

As expected it''' '''printed the output as''' raj.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''print''' ('''<nowiki>student['class'])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will retrieve the value for the key''' ‘class’'''

Type,

'''print''' ''inside brackets '''''student '''''inside square brackets inside single quotes '''''class'''

It displays the output as 10.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>student['height']</nowiki>'''

Highlight KeyError
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| If we try to access a '''value''' with a wrong '''key''', we get an error.

Type, '''student '''''inside square brackets inside single quotes '''''height'''

The '''interpreter''' gave us the '''KeyError:''' ''''height''''

This is because, '''key 'height' '''is not present in the '''student dictionary.'''

This is about creating '''dictionaries.'''

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>student['height'] = 6.2</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, let us see how to '''add''' or '''delete''' '''items '''in a '''dictionary'''.

First let us '''add''' an element''' height '''to the '''dictionary''' '''student.'''

Type, '''student '''''inside square brackets inside single quotes '''''height '''''is equal to''''' 6.2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''student'''

Highlight ''''height': 6.2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now check the content of the '''dictionary.'''

Type, '''student'''

You can see that '''key-value''' ''''height': 6.2 '''is added to the '''dictionary student.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>student['class'] = 11</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us modify the '''element class '''of the '''dictionary''' '''student.'''

Type,

'''student '''''inside square brackets inside single quotes '''''class '''''is equal to '''''11'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''student'''

Highlight '''class'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, to check the content of the dictionary, type, '''student'''

As you can see, the value for '''class''' '''key''' is changed to '''11 .'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>del student['age']</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to delete '''age '''from the '''dictionary''' '''student.'''

Type,

'''del student '''''inside square brackets inside single quotes '''''age'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''student'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''student'''

You can see that now '''key-value''' ''''age': 16''' is deleted from '''student. '''

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us see how to check whether a '''key''' is present in a '''dictionary'''.

For that we can use the '''method in.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide: Usage of in

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The method''' in''' will return '''True''' if the key is found in the '''dictionary.'''

It will return '''False''' if '''key''' is not present.

Note that we can check only for the presence of the '''keys''' in '''dictionaries''' and not values.

'''Keys '''of a '''dictionary '''are not ordered.

Hence, '''slicing''' and '''striding''' are not valid on '''dictionaries'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, ''''school' in student'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us try it with an example.

Type, ''inside single quotes '''''school in student'''

We get '''False, '''since the '''key 'school' '''is not present in '''student.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, ''''name' in student'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, ''inside single quotes '''''name in student'''

We get '''True''', as expected.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Retrieve '''keys''' and '''values'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us see how to retrieve keys and values of a dictionary.

* Method '''keys'''() is used for getting a '''list''' of '''keys'''
* Method''' values() '''is''' '''used''' '''for getting a '''list''' of '''values'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''student.keys()'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us try the above methods with examples.

Type, '''student''''' dot '''''keys '''''open and close brackets ''

It returns the '''list''' of '''keys''' of the '''dictionary''' '''student.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''student.values()'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''student '''''dot '''''values '''''open and close brackets ''

It returns the '''list''' of '''values''' of the '''dictionary''' '''student.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''student.items()'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us see the '''items method.'''

Type,

'''student '''''dot '''''items '''''open and close brackets''

It returns a '''list''' of '''tuples''' of '''key-value pairs''' of the '''dictionary student.'''

The order of items of the list returned by''' keys(), values() '''and''' items()''' cannot be predicted.

In '''dictionaries, '''they are not in the order in which we inserted them.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Print the '''keys''' and '''values''' of the '''dictionary student''' one by one.

Hint: use the '''method''' '''items''' and '''for loop.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''for key, val in student.items():'''

'''print (key, val)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

It displays the keys and values one by one.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

* Create '''dictionaries'''
* Access '''elements''' of a '''dictionary''' using '''keys'''
* Add '''elements''' to a '''dictionary''' by assigning a '''value''' to a '''key'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| * Delete '''elements''' from a '''dictionary''' by using the '''function''' '''del'''
* Retrieve the '''keys''' and '''values''' by using the '''methods''' '''keys'''() and '''values() '''respectively and
* Iterate over '''elements''' of a '''dictionary''' using a '''for loop'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Self assessment questions
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# '''Dictionary d '''is defined as shown:

How do you retrieve the '''value 'b'?'''

# Delete '''value 'b' '''from the '''dictionary d'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solution of self assessment questions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,

# '''d '''''inside square brackets''''' 2 '''gives the '''value 'b''''
# '''del d '''''inside square brackets '''''2 '''deletes the '''value ‘b’'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Acknowledgment
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India. For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay, signing off. Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C3/Sets-in-Python/English

2018-09-17T09:53:28Z

Python-3.4.3/C3/Getting-started-with-tuples/English

2018-09-17T07:18:23Z

Python-3.4.3/C3/Manipulating-strings/English

2018-08-07T10:19:23Z

Priyacst:

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue '''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide: Title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Manipulating''' '''Strings'''.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn to

* Slice a '''string''' and get '''substrings''' out of them
* Reverse a '''string'''
* Replace characters in a '''string'''
* Convert a '''string''' to upper or lowercase and
* Join '''list''' '''elements''' to form a '''string'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3''' and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisite

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to use

* '''basic datatypes, operators, strings '''and '''lists'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

string slicing
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First let us see about '''string slicing'''.

'''String slicing '''allows us to obtain '''substrings'''.

The syntax for the string slicing is:

'''string_name '''''inside square brackets '''''start '''''colon''''' stop '''or

'''string_name '''''inside square brackets '''''start '''''colon '''''stop '''''colon '''''step'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython'''.

Open the '''terminal.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3'''

Press''' Enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter.'''

From here onwards, remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''data = “python”'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us understand the '''string slicing''' with an example.

Type, '''data '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' python'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>print (data[0:3])</nowiki>'''

Highlight the output''' pyt'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''print '''''inside brackets '''''data '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''''colon '''''3'''

We get the '''sliced substring''' as '''pyt.'''

Note that, we are '''slicing''' the '''string''' from the '''index''' 0 to 3.

By doing so, the string elements from index 3 are not included.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''week_name<nowiki> = ["sun", "mon", "tue", "wed", "thu", "fri", "sat"]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create a '''list, week''''' underscore '''''name '''which has names of the days of the week.

Type as shown.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s = "saturday"'''

Highlight ‘'''sat’'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' saturday'''

We need to check if the first three characters of the given '''string''' exists in the list''' week''''' underscore '''''name'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>s[0:3]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the output

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Strings''' can be '''sliced''' into '''substrings'''.

To get the first three characters of the string '''s''',

type, '''s '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''''colon '''''3'''

As you can see, the character at last index ie '''3''' is not included in the sliced output.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>s[0:3] in week_name</nowiki>'''

Highlight '''True'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will check if the '''substring '''of''' s '''is present in the '''list''' '''week''''' underscore '''''name.'''

Type '''s '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''''colon '''''3 in week''''' underscore '''''name'''

We get the output as '''True''' which indicates that the substring is present in the list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Assignment 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Obtain the '''substring''' excluding the first and last characters from the '''string''' '''s'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to '''terminal''' for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>s[1:-1]</nowiki>'''

Highlight -1

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''''colon '''''-1'''

As we already know, the last element of the '''string''' can be accessed using the index''' -1'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s1 = "dad"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to check if a given '''string''' is a '''palindrome''' or not.

A '''palindromic string''' is a '''string''' that is same as its reverse.

Type, '''s1 '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' dad'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Textbox '''<nowiki>s1[::-1]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we need to compare this '''string''' with its reverse.

For reversing '''s1''', we '''stride''' the '''string''' from the first to last '''character.'''

It is done''' '''by keeping the '''start''' and '''stop''' values as empty and '''step''' as -1.

That is '''s1 '''''inside square brackets colon colon''''' -1'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>s1 == s1[::-1]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we will check if the string '''s1''' is a '''palindrome''' or not.

Type, '''s1''''' is double equal to''''' s1 '''''inside square brackets colon colon '''''-1'''

The output '''True '''indicates that it is a '''palindrome'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Textbox''' "Dad"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| If the given '''string''' has capital '''D '''in''' dad''' instead of small '''d''', the comparison would return '''False'''.

So, we have to convert the '''string''' to all '''lowercase''' or '''uppercase''', before comparison.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s2 = "Dad"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Python''' provides the '''string''' '''methods''' '''lower''' and '''upper''' to achieve this.

Let's try it out.

Type, '''s2 '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' '''capital''' D ad'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s2.upper()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''s2.upper '''open and close parentheses

We get all the '''characters''' in '''uppercase'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s2'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''s2'''

As you can see, '''s2''' has not changed.

It is because, '''method upper''' returns a new '''string'''.

It doesn't change the original '''string'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>s2.lower() == s2.lower()[::-1]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us compare the original and reversed '''string''' in '''lowercase.'''

Type as shown.

As expected the output is '''True'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Assignment 2

'''<nowiki>['SATURDAY',</nowiki> 'python', 'Sunday']'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Check if each '''element''' in the following '''list '''is present in the '''list''' '''week''''' underscore '''''name'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to '''terminal''' for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''for day<nowiki> in ['SATURDAY', 'python', 'S</nowiki>unday']:print (day, day<nowiki>.lower()[:3] in week_name)</nowiki>'''

Highlight '''python False'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

It returns '''False''' for '''python '''as it is not there in the '''list week''''' underscore '''''name.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>email = "info[at]fossee[dot]in"</nowiki>'''

Highlight '''at''' and '''dot'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to use '''replace method'''.

Type, '''email '''''is equal to inside double quotes '''''<nowiki>info[at]fossee[dot]in</nowiki>'''

We often encounter '''email addresses''' which have '''@''' '''symbol '''and '''periods''' replaced with text as shown.

Let us learn how to get back proper '''email''' '''addresses'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''email_at<nowiki> = email.replace("[at]", "@")</nowiki>'''

'''print (email_at)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we will first replace the '''<nowiki>[at]</nowiki>''' with the '''@ symbol''', using the '''replace method'''.

Type as shown.

You can see that the '''@ symbol '''is properly replaced now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Assignment 3

'''<nowiki>info@fossee[dot]in</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Replace the '''<nowiki>[dot] </nowiki>'''with ''''.'''' symbol in the given '''email.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to '''terminal''' for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''email_proper = email_at<nowiki>.replace("[dot]", ".")</nowiki>'''

'''print (email_proper)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

Now the variable '''email_proper''' has the '''email '''in the proper form.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>email_list = ["info@fossee.in", "enquiries@fossee.in", "help@fossee.in"]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we will look at another interesting problem.

Let us say, we have a list of '''email addresses''' in the variable '''email_list''' as shown.

We will obtain one long '''string''' of '''email addresses,''' separated by '''commas''' or '''semicolons'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''email_str = ", ".join(email_list)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will use the '''string method join '''for joining the '''list items '''into a single '''string.'''

Type as shown.

'''Comma''' followed by a '''space''' will give the '''string''' with the same '''formatting'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''print (email_str)'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''print '''''inside parentheses''''' email_str'''

You can see that all the email addresses joined into a single '''string'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Assignment 4
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| From the '''email_str''', change the separator to '''semicolon''' instead of '''comma'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to '''terminal''' for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''email_str = email_str.replace(",", ";")'''

'''print (email_str)'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

We see that the email addresses are joined by a semicolon followed by a space.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

* Obtain '''substrings'''
* Reverse '''strings''' by using the index numbers
* Use the following methods
** '''upper()'''
** '''lower()'''
** '''replace() '''and
** '''join()'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Self assessment questions

'''s = "this was a string"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# Given a string '''s = "this was a string”''', how will you change it to "'''this wasn't a list'''"?
# The string '''s''' is assigned as shown, change the string to "'''friends'''"

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions of self assessment questions

'''s = s.replace("string", "list")'''

'''s = s.replace("was", "wasn't")'''

'''print(s)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,

1. We will use the '''replace''' '''method''' to accomplish this.

Here '''string''' and '''was''' in the statement will be replaced by '''list''' and '''wasn't '''respectively.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solution of self assessment questions

'''<nowiki>s[::2].lower()</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 2. In order to remove dots and to get '''substring '''we '''stride '''the '''string s.'''To change the '''string''' to '''lowercase''', we use the '''string''' '''method lower().'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project. (16.45)

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Acknowledgment

http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for joining.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C3/Conditional-Statements/English

2018-08-06T11:32:01Z

Priyacst:

Python-3.4.3/C3/Manipulating-strings/English

2018-08-06T06:52:53Z

Priyacst: Created page with "{| style="border-spacing:0;" | style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:no..."

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue '''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide: Title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Manipulating''' '''Strings'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn to

* Slice a '''string''' and get '''substrings''' out of them
* Reverse a '''string'''
* Replace characters in a '''string'''
* Convert a '''string''' to upper or lowercase and
* Join '''list''' '''elements''' to form a '''string'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3''' and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisite

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to use

* '''basic datatypes, operators, strings '''and '''lists'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

string slicing
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First let us see about '''string slicing'''.

'''String slicing '''allows us to obtain '''substrings'''.

The syntax for the string slicing is:

'''string_name '''''inside square brackets '''''start '''''colon''''' stop '''or

'''string_name '''''inside square brackets '''''start '''''colon '''''stop '''''colon '''''step'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython'''.

Open the '''terminal.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3'''

Press''' Enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter.'''

From here onwards, remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''data = “python”'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us understand the '''string slicing''' with an example.

Type, '''data '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' python'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>print (data[0:3])</nowiki>'''

Highlight the output''' pyt'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''print '''''inside brackets '''''data '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''''colon '''''3'''

We get the '''sliced substring''' as '''pyt.'''

Note that, we are '''slicing''' the '''string''' from the '''index''' 0 to 3.

By doing so, the string elements from index 3 are not included.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''week_name<nowiki> = ["sun", "mon", "tue", "wed", "thu", "fri", "sat"]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create a '''list, week''''' underscore '''''name '''which has names of the days of the week.

Type as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s = "saturday"'''

Highlight ‘'''sat’'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' saturday'''

We need to check if the first three characters of the given '''string''' exists in the list''' week_name'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>s[0:3]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the output

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Strings''' can be '''sliced''' into '''substrings'''.

To get the first three characters of the string '''s''',

type, '''s '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''''colon '''''3'''

As you can see, the character at last index ie '''3''' is not included in the sliced output.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>s[0:3] in week_name</nowiki>'''

Highlight '''True'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will check if the '''substring '''of''' s '''is present in the '''list''' '''week''''' underscore '''''name.'''

Type '''s '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''''colon '''''3 in week''''' underscore '''''name'''

We get the output as '''True''' which indicates that the substring is present in the list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Assignment 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Obtain the '''substring''' excluding the first and last characters from the '''string''' '''s'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to '''terminal''' for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>s[1:-1]</nowiki>'''

Highlight -1

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''''colon '''''-1'''

As we already know, the last element of the '''string''' can be accessed using the index''' -1'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s1 = "dad"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to check if a given '''string''' is a '''palindrome''' or not.

A '''palindromic string''' is a '''string''' that is same as its reverse.

Type, '''s1 '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' dad'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Textbox '''<nowiki>s1[::-1]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we need to compare this '''string''' with its reverse.

For reversing '''s1''', we '''stride''' the '''string''' from the first to last '''character.'''

It is done''' '''by keeping the '''start''' and '''stop''' values as empty and '''step''' as -1.

That is '''s1 '''''inside square brackets colon colon''''' -1'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>s1 == s1[::-1]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we will check if the string '''s1''' is a '''palindrome''' or not.

Type, '''s1''''' is double equal to''''' s1 '''''inside square brackets colon colon '''''-1'''

The output '''True '''indicates that it is a '''palindrome'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Textbox''' "Dad"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| If the given '''string''' has capital '''D '''in''' dad''' instead of small '''d''', the comparison would return '''False'''.

So, we have to convert the '''string''' to all '''lowercase''' or '''uppercase''', before comparison.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s2 = "Dad"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Python''' provides the '''string''' '''methods''' '''lower''' and '''upper''' to achieve this.

Let's try it out.

Type, '''s2 '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' '''capital''' D ad'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s2.upper()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''s2.upper '''open and close parentheses

We get all the '''characters''' in '''uppercase'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s2'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''s2'''

As you can see, '''s2''' has not changed.

It is because, '''method upper''' returns a new '''string'''.

It doesn't change the original '''string'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>s2.lower() == s2.lower()[::-1]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us compare the original and reversed '''string''' in '''lowercase.'''

Type as shown.

As expected the output is '''True'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Assignment 2

'''<nowiki>['SATURDAY',</nowiki> 'python', 'Sunday']'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Check if each '''element''' in the following '''list '''is present in the '''list''' '''week_name'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to '''terminal''' for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''for day<nowiki> in ['SATURDAY', 'python', 'S</nowiki>unday']:print (day, day<nowiki>.lower()[:3] in week_name)</nowiki>'''

Highlight '''python False'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

It returns '''False''' for '''python '''as it is not there in the '''list week_name.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>email = "info[at]fossee[dot]in"</nowiki>'''

Highlight '''at''' and '''dot'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to use '''replace method'''.

Type, '''email '''''is equal to inside double quotes '''''<nowiki>info[at]fossee[dot]in</nowiki>'''

We often encounter '''email addresses''' which have '''@''' '''symbol '''and '''periods''' replaced with text as shown.

Let us learn how to get back proper '''email''' '''addresses'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''email_at<nowiki> = email.replace("[at]", "@")</nowiki>'''

'''print (email_at)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we will first replace the '''<nowiki>[at]</nowiki>''' with the '''@ symbol''', using the '''replace method'''.

Type as shown.

You can see that the '''@ symbol '''is properly replaced now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Assignment 3

'''<nowiki>info@fossee[dot]in</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Replace the '''<nowiki>[dot] </nowiki>'''with ''''.'''' symbol in the given '''email.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to '''terminal''' for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''email_proper = email_at<nowiki>.replace("[dot]", ".")</nowiki>'''

'''print (email_proper)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

Now the variable '''email_proper''' has the '''email '''in the proper form.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>email_list = ["info@fossee.in", "enquiries@fossee.in", "help@fossee.in"]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we will look at another interesting problem.

Let us say, we have a list of '''email addresses''' in the variable '''email_list''' as shown.

We will obtain one long '''string''' of '''email addresses,''' separated by '''commas''' or '''semicolons'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''email_str = ", ".join(email_list)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will use the '''string method join '''for joining the '''list items '''into a single '''string.'''

Type as shown.

'''Comma''' followed by a '''space''' will give the '''string''' with the same '''formatting'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''print (email_str)'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''print '''''inside parentheses''''' email_str'''

You can see that all the email addresses joined into a single '''string'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Assignment 4
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| From the '''email_str''', change the separator to '''semicolon''' instead of '''comma'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to '''terminal''' for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''email_str = email_str.replace(",", ";")'''

'''print (email_str)'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type as shown.

We see that the email addresses are joined by a semicolon followed by a space.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial. Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

* Obtain '''substrings'''
* Reverse '''strings''' by using the index numbers
* Use the following methods
** '''upper()'''
** '''lower()'''
** '''replace() '''and
** '''join()'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Self assessment questions

'''s = "this was a string"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# Given a string '''s = "this was a string”''', how will you change it to "'''this wasn't a list'''"?
# The string '''s''' is assigned as shown, change the string to "'''friends'''"

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions of self assessment questions

'''s = s.replace("string", "list")'''

'''s = s.replace("was", "wasn't")'''

'''print(s)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,

1. We will use the '''replace''' '''method''' to accomplish this.

Here '''string''' and '''was''' in the statement will be replaced by '''list''' and '''wasn't '''respectively.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solution of self assessment questions

'''<nowiki>s[::2].lower()</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 2. In order to remove dots and to get '''substring '''we '''stride '''the '''string s.'''To change the '''string''' to '''lowercase''', we use the '''string''' '''method lower().'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project. (16.45)

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Acknowledgment

http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for joining.

|}

Joomla/C2/Menus-in-Joomla/Tamil

2018-08-02T11:31:13Z

Priyacst:

{| border=1
|| '''Time'''
|| '''Narration'''

|-
|| 00:01
|| Joomla ல் menu களை புரிந்துகொள்வது குறித்த Spoken Tutorial க்கு நல்வரவு.

|-
|| 00:06
|| இந்த tutorial ல் நாம் கற்கப்போவது :'''Joomla''' ல் '''Menu''' கள் மற்றும் அதன் முக்கியத்துவம்.
'''Menu Manager''' மற்றும் '''menu item''' களை எப்படி உருவாக்குவது.

|-
|| 00:16
|| மேலும் '''sub-menu''' களை உருவாக்குவது. முன்னிருப்பான '''Homepage''' ஐ மாற்றுவது '''menu item''' களை Unpublish செய்வது.

|-
|| 00:25
|| இந்த tutorial க்கு நாம் பயன்படுத்தப்போவது:
''Ubuntu Linux OS''' 14.04,
'''Joomla''' 3.4.1,
'''XAMPP''' 5.5.19.மூலம் பெற்ற '''Apache''', '''MySQL'''மற்றும் '''PHP'''

|-
|| 00:41
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ பின்பற்ற: உங்களுக்கு '''Joomla''' ல் '''article''' களை எப்படி உருவாக்குவது என்று தெரிந்திருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|| 00:46
|| இல்லையெனில் , தொடர்புடைய '''Joomla''' tutorial களை '''Spoken Tutorial''' website ல் காணவும்.

|-
|| 00:52
||'''menu''' களை பற்றி மேலும் புரிந்துகொள்ள '''Digital India''' webpage க்கு செல்லலாம்.

|-
|| 00:57
||'''Homepage''' ன் வலதுபுறம், '''"Main Menu"''' என்று கூறும் ஒரு box இருக்கும்.

|-
|| 01:01
|| இது தற்சமயம் "Home"''' என்ற menu ஐ கொண்டுள்ளது. முன்னிருப்பாக இதுவே '''Joomla''' ல் உள்ள ஒரே ஒரு '''menu''' ஆகும்.

|-
|| 01:10
||'''Menu''' கள் website க்கு செல்ல உதவும் ஒரு வழியாகும். ஒவ்வொரு '''menu''' வும் '''menu item''' களின் தொகுப்பை கொண்டுள்ளது.

|-
|| 01:16
|| இங்கு '''"Home"'''என்பது அனைத்து '''Featured article'''களையும் குறிக்கும் '''menu item''' ஆகும் .

|-
|| 01:22
|| ஆகவேதான் '''"Featured"''' என்று குறிக்கப்பட்ட எந்த '''article''' ம் நமது '''Homepage''' ல் தோன்றுகிறது.

|-
|| 01:29
|| ஒவ்வொரு '''menu item''' மும் '''webpage'''க்கு '''URL''' ஐ விளக்கும்.

|-
|| 01:33
||'''Vitamin A''' ஐ போன்ற '''article''' ஐ சுட்டிக்காட்ட ஒரு '''menu item''' ஐ set செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 01:39
|| அல்லது '''Vitamins''' போன்ற '''category''' ன் கீழ் உள்ள அனைத்து '''article''' களுக்கும் அதை set செய்யலாம்

|-
|| 01:45
||'''Joomla control panel''' க்கு செல்லலாம்.

|-
|| 01:49
|| இடது menu ல் '''Menu Manager''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 01:53
|| மாற்றாக , webpage ல் மேலே உள்ள menu-bar ல் '''Menus''' ஐ click செய்து பிறகு '''Menu Manager''' ஐ click செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 02:01
|| முன்னிருப்பாக, நாம் '''Main Menu''' என்ற ஒரு menu ஐ கொண்டுள்ளோம்.

|-
|| 02:05
||'''Main Menu'''என்ற தலைப்பை click செய்க.

|-
|| 02:08
|| இந்த menu உடன் தொடர்புடைய menu item களை நாம் காணலாம்.

|-
|| 02:12
||'''Menu Manager: Menu Items''' ன் layout ம் '''Article Manager''' ன் layout ம் ஒரேமாதிரியானவை என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 02:18
|| Article "Benefits of Nutrients" ஐ குறிக்க நாம் ஒரு '''menu item''' ஐ உருவாக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 02:24
|| Toolbar ல் '''New''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:27
|| அந்த '''menu item''' ஐ click செய்யும்போது காட்டப்படவேண்டிய பக்கத்தை ''Menu Item Type''' field தீர்மானிக்கிறது.

|-
|| 02:33
||'''Single Article, List of articles in a category''' போன்ற பல option கள் உள்ளன.

|-
|| 02:40
||'''Menu Item Type''' க்கு அடுத்து உள்ள '''Select''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:44
|| ஒரு புதிய window திறக்கும். புதிய window ல் '''Articles''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:48
||'''Articles''' ன் கீழ் உள்ளoption களின் பட்டியலை நாம் காணலாம்.

|-
|| 02:52
||'''Single Article''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:55
||'''Menu Item Type''' ஐ பொறுத்து சில புதிய parameter கள் தேவைப்படலாம்.

|-
|| 03:00
||'''Single Article''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்ததால் , '''Select Article''' என்ற புதிய field தோன்றியுள்ளது.

|-
|| 03:06
|| இது கட்டாயமான field ஆகும். இந்த field க்கு அடுத்து உள்ள '''Select''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 03:11
||'''article''' களின் முழுமையான பட்டியலை கொண்ட புதிய window திறக்கும்.

|-
|| 03:15
|| இந்த window '''article''' ன் தலைப்பில் வேலை செய்யும் search text box ஐ கொண்டுள்ளது.

|-
|| 03:20
|| Window ல் தெரியும் '''article''' களின் பட்டியலை சுருக்க filter களையும் கொண்டுள்ளது.

|-
|| 03:25
||'''article Benefits of Nutrients''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்யலாம்.

|-
||03:28
|| இந்த window ல் உள்ள மற்ற field களில் முன்னிருப்பான setting களை வைக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 03:34
|| மேலே வலதுபுறம், '''Menu Title''' field ஐ நாம் கொண்டுள்ளோம். இது கட்டாயமான field ஆகும்.

|-
|| 03:39
||'''Single Article - Nutrients''' ஐ '''title''' ஆக நாம் type செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 03:44
||'''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 03:46
||'''Digital India''' webpage க்கு சென்று அதை refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 03:50
|| புதிய '''menu item''' ஐ கவனிக்கவும். அதை click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 03:54
||'''article Benefits of Nutrients''' இங்கே காட்டப்பட்டுள்ளதை நீங்கள் காணலாம்.

|-
|| 03:58
||'''Homepage''' க்கு திரும்பிச்செல்ல மேலே இடதுபுறம் '''Digital India''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 04:02
||'''Menu Manager''' webpage க்கு செல்லவும்.

|-
||04:05
||'''Single Article-Nutrients menu item''' ஐ '''List of categories''' க்கு மாற்றலாம்.

|-
|| 04:11
|| ஆகவே, '''title Single Article-Nutrients''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 04:16
||'''Menu Item Type''' க்கு அடுத்து உள்ள '''Select''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 04:19
|| புதிய pop-up window ல், '''Articles''' ஐ click செய்க பிறகு '''List All Categories''' ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 04:25
||'''Menu manager''' window க்கு நாம் திரும்பியுள்ளோம்.

|-
|| 04:28
|| புதிய field தோன்றியுள்ளதை கவனிக்கவும். '''Top Level Category''' தேர்வுசெய்யப்படவேண்டும்.

|-
|| 04:34
|| இந்த '''category''' ன் '''subcategory''' கள் இந்த '''menu item''' ன் கீழ் பட்டியலிடப்படும்.

|-
|| 04:39
|| முன்னிருப்பாக, அது '''Root''' ஆகும்.

|-
|| 04:41
|| மற்ற அனைத்து field களையும் அப்படியே விட்டுவிடலாம்.

|-
||04:45
|| ஆனால் '''menu title''' ஐ '''Multiple Categories''' என மாற்றுவோம்.

|-
|| 04:50
||'''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 04:52
||'''Digital India''' webpage க்கு சென்று அதை refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 04:56
||'''Main Menu''' ல் , '''Multiple Categories''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:00
|| நமது இரண்டு category கள் '''Nutrients''' மற்றும் '''Food Sources''' ஆகியவை மேலே webpage ன் இடதுபுறம் காட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது.

|-
|| 05:08
||'''category''' க்கு அடுத்து உள்ள எண்கள் அந்த '''category''' ன் '''article''' களின் எண்ணிக்கையை குறிக்கிறது.

|-
|| 05:14
||'''category Uncategorized''' இங்கு காட்டப்படவில்லை என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 05:18
|| இது ஏனெனில் அதற்கு எந்த '''article''' ஓ '''subcategory''' ஓ ஒதுக்கப்படவில்லை.

|-
|| 05:24
||'''Nutrients''' இணைப்பை click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:26
||'''article Benefits of Nutrients''' மற்றும் subcategory கள் Vitamins மற்றும் Minerals ஆகியவை காட்டப்பட்டுள்ளன.

|-
|| 05:32
||'''Homepage''' க்கு திரும்பிச்செல்ல மேலே இடதுபுறம் '''Digital India''' இணைப்பை click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:37
||'''category''', '''sub-category''' களை கொண்டுள்ளதுபோல் '''menu item''', '''sub-menu''' களை கொண்டிருக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 05:43
||'''Menu Manager''' webpage க்கு செல்லலாம்.

|-
|| 05:46
||'''Multiple Categories''' ன் கீழ் '''submenu''' ஐ நாம் உருவாக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 05:50
||'''Menu Items''' page ல், '''New''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:54
||'''Menu Item Type''' க்கு அடுத்து உள்ள '''Select''' button ஐ click செய்த பிறகு '''Articles''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:59
||'''Category List''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:03
|| அது '''category''' ல் உள்ள '''article''' களின் பட்டியலை காட்டும்.

|-
|| 06:06
||'''Choose a Category''' என்ற புதிய field தோன்றும்.

|-
|| 06:10
|| முன்னிருப்பாக, தேர்வு செய்யப்பட்ட '''category''', '''Uncategorised'''ஆகும்.

|-
|| 06:14
|| Drop-down list ல் '''Nutrients''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:18
|| வலதுபுறம் , '''parent item''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்யும் field உள்ளது. அதை click செய்யவும். பிறகு '''Multiple Categories''' option ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:27
|| இறுதியாக இந்த '''menu''' க்கு தலைப்பிடலாம் - நாம் அதை '''Nutrient Articles''' எனலாம்.

|-
|| 06:33
||'''Save''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
||06:37
||''Digital India webpage'' ல் செய்த அனைத்து மாற்றங்களையும் நாம் காணலாம்.

|-
|| 06:41
||'''webpage''' ஐ refresh செய்து பிறகு '''Multiple categories menu item''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:48
|| உடனே, அதற்கு கீழ் '''sub-menu item Nutrient Articles''' ஐ நாம் காணலாம். அதை click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:56
|| இந்த '''category''' ன் கீழ் உள்ள அனைத்து '''article''' களையும் இந்த page, tabular format ல் பட்டியலிடும்.

|-
|| 07:01
||'''sub-category''' கள்- '''Vitamins''' மற்றும் '''Minerals''' தனித்தனியே பட்டியலிடப்பட்டுள்ளன.

|-
|| 07:06
|| இப்போது, இந்த '''web-page''' க்கு கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள தலைப்பை நாம் காணலாம்.

|-
|| 07:11
|| நீங்கள் இங்கு காண்பதுபோல் ,அது '''Nutrient Articles''' என உள்ளது.

|-
|| 07:15
|| இந்த தலைப்பை வேறுவிதமாக எப்படி மாற்றுவது.

|-
|| 07:18
|| இதை '''Menu settings''' ன் மூலம் செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 07:21
||'''Menu Manager''' webpageக்கு செல்லலாம்.

|-
|| 07:24
||'''tab Page Display''' ஐ நாம் click செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 07:27
|| இங்கு அனைத்து page setting களும் நமது விருப்பம் போல் என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 07:31
||'''Browser Page Title''' ல் type செய்க '''Nutrient Category'''.

|-
|| 07:36
||பிறகு '''Save and Close''' button ஐ click செய்க.

|-
||07:39
||'''Digital India webpage''' க்கு சென்று அதை refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 07:43
|| Browser '''title''' ஐ இப்போது கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 07:46
|| அது '''Nutrient Category''' என கூறும்.

|-
|| 07:49
||'''Homepage''' க்கு திரும்பிச்செல்ல '''Digital India''' இணைப்பை click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 07:53
||'''Menu Manager''' க்கு திரும்பலாம்.

|-
|| 07:56
|| மேலே toolbar ல் '''Home''' button ஐ கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 07:59
|| இது தேர்வு செய்யப்பட்ட '''menu''' உடன் தொடர்புடைய '''page''' ஐ website '''Homepage''' ஆக்கும்.

|-
|| 08:04
|| முன்னிருப்பாக, '''menu item Home''' என்பது முன்னிருப்பு '''Homepage''' ஆக set செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கும்.

|-
|| 08:10
|| Cursor ஐ '''Home''' column button ன் மீது வைப்பதன் மூலம் நாம் இதை சரிபார்க்கலாம்.

|-
|| 08:15
|| Tool tip'''“Default”''' என கூறும்.

|-
|| 08:18
|| முன்னிருப்பான '''Homepage''' ஆக '''Nutrient Articles submenu''' ஐ நாம் வைக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 08:23
|| தலைப்பிற்கு இடதுபுறம் check-box ஐ click செய்க. பிறகு toolbar ல் '''Home''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:29
|| இந்த '''submenu''' க்கு அடுத்து மஞ்சள் நிற star தோன்றுவதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 08:33
||'''Digital India''' webpage க்கு சென்று அதை refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:37
||'''Homepage''' மாறியுள்ளதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 08:41
||'''Joomla''' ல் menu கள் முக்கியமானவை ஏனெனில் Content, '''menu''' களின் மூலம் மட்டுமே காட்டப்படும் மற்றும் ஒவ்வொரு website ம் குறைந்தது ஒரு published '''menu''' ஐ கொண்டிருத்தல் வேண்டும்.

|-
|| 08:51
||'''Menu Manager''' webpage க்கு செல்லலாம்.

|-
|| 08:54
||'''Nutrient Articles submenu''' ன் இடதுபுறம் உள்ள check-box ஐ தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:58
|| மேலே toolbar ல் '''Unpublish''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 09:02
|| கணினி '''Can't unpublish default home''' என்ற error ஐ காண்பிக்கும்.

|-
|| 09:07
|| இது '''Homepage''' உடன் தொடர்புடைய '''menu''' ஐ unpublish செய்ய முடியாது என்பதை குறிக்கிறது.

|-
|| 09:13
|| எனினும், '''parent menu''' ஐ நாம் unpublish செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 09:17
|| '''Multiple Categories''' க்கு இடதுபுறம் உள்ள check-box ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 09:21
|| Toolbar ல் '''Unpublish''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 09:25
||'''menu''' ஐ Unpublish செய்வது, அதன் அனைத்து '''submenu''' களையும் un-publish செய்யும்.

|-
|| 09:30
||'''Digital India''' webpage க்கு சென்று நாம் என்ன செய்துள்ளோம் என்பதை சரிபார்க்கவும். '''Homepage''' ஐ refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 09:35
|| '''Homepage''', '''The requested page cannot be found''' என்று பிழை காண்பிக்கும்.

|-
|| 09:42
|| இது ஏனெனில் முன்னிருப்பான '''Home menu - Nutrient Articles''' ம் unpublish செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கும்.

|-
|| 09:48
||'''Menu Manager''' க்கு திரும்பிச்செல்லலாம்.

|-
|| 09:51
||'''Status''' icon ஐ click செய்வதன் மூலம் '''Multiple Categories''' ஐ Publish செய்க.

|-
|| 09:56
||'''Digital India webpage''' க்கு சென்று அதை refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 10:00
||'''Homepage''' உள்ள பிழை நீங்கியிருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும். '''Nutrient Articles''' காட்டப்படுவதை நீங்கள் காணலாம்.

|-
|| 10:07
|| நாம் கற்றதை நினைவுகூருவோம் இந்த tutorial ல் நாம் கற்றது : '''Joomla''' ல் ''Menus''' மற்றும் அதன் முக்கியத்துவம், '''Menu Manager''', மற்றும் '''menu item''' களை எப்படி உருவாக்குவது.

|-
|| 10:18
||'''sub-menu''' களை எப்படி உருவாக்குவது. முன்னிருப்பான '''Homepage''' ஐ மாற்றுவது மற்றும் '''menu item''' களை Unpublish செய்வது.

|-
|| 10:26
|| இங்கே உங்களுக்கான 2 பயிற்சிகள் உள்ளன.
'''Main Menu''' ன் கீழ் புதிய '''menu item - Category Blogs and Lists''' ஐ உருவாக்குக.
இந்த '''menu item''' ன் கீழ் 2 '''submenu''' களை உருவாக்குக.

|-
|| 10:37
|| குறிப்பு: இந்த டுடோரியலில்வழங்கப்பட்ட '''assignment-text''' file ல் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள guideline களை பயன்படுத்த வேண்டும்.

|-
|| 10:43
||'''Homepage''' ஐ refresh செய்யவும்.
புதிதாக உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ள '''menu item''' களை click செய்யவும்.
2 menu type களுக்கு இடையே உள்ள வேறுபாட்டை புரிந்துகொள்ளவும்.

|-
|| 10:51
|| Menu item '''Nutrient Articles''' ஐ நீக்கவும். அதை மீண்டும் restore செய்ய இயலுமா என்று பாருங்கள்.
குறிப்பு Search Tools filter ஐ பயன்படுத்தவும்.

|-
|| 11:00
|| கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள இணைப்பில் உள்ள video, '''Spoken Tutorial''' project ஐ சுருங்க சொல்கிறது. அதை தரவிறக்கி காணவும்.

|-
|| 11:07
|| ஸ்போகன் டுடொரியல் திட்டக்குழு செய்முறை வகுப்புகள் நடத்துகிறது மற்றும் இணையத்தில் பிரிட்ச்சை எழுதி தேர்வோருக்கு சான்றிதழ்கள் தருகிறது.
மேலும் விவரங்களுக்கு எங்களுக்கு மின்னஞ்சல் செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 11:17
|| '''Spoken Tutorial Project''' க்கு NMEICT, MHRD, இந்திய அரசாங்கம் நிதிஉதவு அளிக்கிறது .இந்த mission பற்றிய மேலதிக தகவல்கள் காட்டப்பட்டுள்ள இணைப்பில் உள்ளன.

|-
|| 11:28
|| இந்த டுடோரிலை தமிழாக்கம் செய்து குரல்கொடுத்தது '''IIT Bombay'''இல் இருந்து சண்முகப் பிரியா , நன்றி .
|-
|}

Joomla/C2/Categories-in-Joomla/Tamil

2018-08-02T06:41:49Z

Priyacst:

{| border=1
|| '''Time'''
|| '''Narration'''

|-
|| 00:01
|| Joomla ல் '''Categories''' குறித்த Spoken Tutorial க்கு நல்வரவு.

|-
|| 00:06
|| இந்த tutorial ல் நாம் கற்கப்போவது :'''Joomla''' ல் '''Category Manager''', '''category''' களை உருவாக்குவது மற்றும் editing செய்வது மற்றும் '''sub-category''' களை உருவாக்குவது.

|-
|| 00:16
|| மேலும் '''category''' களுக்கு '''article''' களை ஒதுக்குவது. '''article''' களை பல்வேறு '''category''' களுக்கு நகர்த்துவது அல்லது copy செய்வது மற்றும் '''category''' ஐ நீக்குவது அல்லது unpublish செய்வது.

|-
|| 00:27
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ பதிவு செய்ய நான் பயன்படுத்துவது :'''Ubuntu Linux OS''' 14.04

'''Joomla''' 3.4.1, '''XAMPP''' 5.5.19 மூலம் பெற்ற '''Apache''' '''MySQL'' மற்றும் '''PHP'''

|-
|| 00:43
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ கற்பவருக்கு '''Joomla''' ல் '''article''' ஐ எப்படி உருவாக்குவது என்று தெரிந்திருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|| 00:48
|| இல்லையெனில் , '''spoken tutorial ''' website ல் , அதற்கான tutorial களை பார்க்கவும்.

|-
|| 00:55
||'''Joomla control panel''' க்கு செல்லலாம்.

|-
|| 00:58
|| இடதுபக்க menu ல் '''Article Manager''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 01:01
|| தற்சமயம் நம்மிடம் 2 '''article''' கள் உள்ளன ''' Vitamin A''' மற்றும் '''Benefits of Sodium.'''

|-
|| 01:08
|| '''Joomla''' ல் '''categories''' ஐ புரிந்துகொள்ள , மேலும் சில '''article''' களை நாம் உருவாக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 01:14
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ இடைநிறுத்தி இந்த பயிற்சியை செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 01:17
|| இந்த tutorial ல் வழங்கப்பட்ட'''assignment-text''' file ஐ திறக்கவும் .

|-
|| 01:21
|| 4 புதிய '''article''' கள் : '''Vitamin B''', :'''Benefits of Nutrients''', :'''Fish''' மற்றும் :'''Green Vegetables''' ஐ உருவாக்க வழிமுறைகளைப் பின்பற்றவும்

|-
|| 01:31
|| இப்போது '''Article Manager ல் நாம் 6 '''article''' களை கொண்டுள்ளோம் : '''Vitamin A''', :'''Vitamin B''', :'''Benefits of Sodium''', :'''Benefits of Nutrients ''', :'''Fish''' மற்றும் , :'''Green Vegetables'''.

|-
|| 01:43
|| '''Vitamin''' கள் மீதான இரண்டு '''article''' களின் content களும் ஒத்திருக்கின்றன.

|-
|| 01:47
|| ஆகவே , அவற்றை நாம் ஒருங்கிணைக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|| 01:50
|| '''article''' களை முறையான வரிசையில் ஏற்பாடு செய்ய, '''Joomla''' ன் '''Category''' கள் உதவுகின்றன

|-
|| 01:55
|| இடது பக்க menu ல் '''Categories''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 01:59
|| மாற்றாக , மேலே '''Content Menu''' ஐ click செய்து பிறகு '''Category Manager''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:06
|| '''Category Manager''' மற்றும் '''Article Manager''' ன் layout ஒரேமாதிரியானவை என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 02:11
|| அது '''Category''' களை filter செய்ய '''Search''' box மற்றும் '''Search Tools''' button ஐ கொண்டுள்ளது.

|-
|| 02:17
|| முன்னிருப்பாக , நாம் '''Uncategorized''' எனும் ஒரு '''category''' ஐ கொண்டுள்ளோம்.

|-
|| 02:21
|| எல்லா '''article''' களும் '''Uncategorized''' ஆக தோன்றியுள்ளதை நினைவுகூறவும்.

|-
|| 02:26
|| புதிய '''category''' ஐ உருவாக்க , மேலே இடதுபுறம் '''New''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:31
|| '''category''' ஐ உருவாக்க ஒரே கட்டாயமான field '''Category Title''' ஆகும்.

|-
|| 02:36
|| Title textbox ல் தலைப்பாக '''Vitamin''' ஐ நான் எழுதுகிறேன்.

|-
|| 02:40
|| '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 02:43
|| இப்போது ஒரு புதிய '''category''' உருவாக்கப்பட்டிருப்பதை நீங்கள் காணலாம்.

|-
|| 02:47
|| '''category''' ஐ edit அல்லது rename செய்ய , '''category''' ன் title ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:52
|| நான் title ஐ '''Vitamins''' என பெயர்மாற்றம் செய்கிறேன்.

|-
|| 02:56
|| இம்முறை '''Save and New''' button ஐ click செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 03:00
|| ஒரு புதிய '''category''' ஐ சேர்க்கலாம்.

|-
|| 03:03
|| '''Minerals''' ஐ title ஆக நாம் type செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 03:06
|| பிறகு '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 03:09
|| இப்போது , '''Mineral''' கள் மற்றும் '''Vitamin''' கள் நமது உடலுக்குத் தேவையான ஊட்டச்சத்துக்கள் ஆகும்.

|-
|| 03:13
|| அவற்றை ஒரு பெரிய category ஆன '''Nutrients''' ல் வைப்போம்.

|-
|| 03:17
|| New ஐ click செய்து '''Nutrients''' ஐ title ஆக type செய்க.

|-
|| 03:23
|| பிறகு '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 03:26
||'''Vitamins''' மற்றும் '''Minerals''' ஐ '''Nutrients''' category ன் கீழ் வைக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 03:31
|| மற்ற '''category''' ன் கீழ் உள்ள '''category''' , '''subcategory''' ஆகும் .

|-
|| 03:36
|| '''status''' column ன் இடதுபுறம் உள்ள check-box ஐ click செய்வதன் மூலம் இரண்டு '''category''' களை தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 03:42
|| இந்த இரண்டு '''category''' களையும் நாம் batch process செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 03:45
|| Batch processing என்பது குழுக்களாக வேலைகளை செய்வது.

|-
|| 03:48
|| மேலே toolbar ல் '''Batch''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 03:52
|| '''Batch Process the Selected Categories''' என்ற தலைப்பை கொண்ட புதிய window திறக்கும்.

|-
|| 03:58
||அது பல option களை கொண்டிருக்கும்.

|-
|| 04:00
||இப்போது இந்த '''category''' களின் '''parent category''' களை மட்டுமே நாம் மாற்ற போகிறோம்.

|-
|| 04:05
|| ஆகவே , '''Select Category for Move/ Copy''' drop-down ல் '''Nutrients''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்க.

|-
|| 04:11
|| Drop-down ன் கீழ் '''Copy''', '''Move''' என்ற இரண்டு '''radio button''' கள் உள்ளன.

|-
|| 04:17
|| '''Copy''' button , தேர்வு செய்யப்பட்ட '''category''' ன் கீழ் தேர்வு செய்யப்பட்ட '''category''' களை copy செய்யும்.

|-
|| 04:22
|| '''Move''' button, முந்தைய '''category''' ல் இருந்து தேர்வு செய்யப்பட்ட '''category''' க்கு '''category''' ஐ நகர்த்தும்.

|-
|| 04:27
|| '''Move''' ஐ click செய்து பிறகு '''Process''' ஐ click செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 04:31
|| '''Vitamins''' மற்றும் '''Minerals category''' களின் முன்னர் hyphen இருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 04:35
|| அவை main category, '''Nutrients''' ன் உடைய '''subcategory''' கள் என்பதை குறிக்கிறது.

|-
|| 04:41
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ இங்கே இடைநிறுத்தி இந்த பயிற்ச்சியை செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 04:44
|| புதிய category '''Carbohydrates''' ஐ உருவாக்கவும், வலதுபுறம் '''Parent''' drop-down ஐ click செய்து '''Nutrients''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்யவும்.'''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 04:54
|| இது '''category''' கள் மற்றும் '''subcategory''' களுக்கு '''parent category''' ஐ ஒதுக்க மற்றொரு வழி என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
||05:01
|| நாம் '''Category tree''' ஐ கொண்டுள்ளோம்.

|-
|| 05:03
|| இரண்டு main'''category''' கள் உள்ளன : '''Uncategorized''', மற்றும் '''Nutrients'''.

|-
|| 05:09
|| '''Nutrients''' ன் கீழ் நாம் 3 '''sub-category''' களை கொண்டுள்ளோம் :'''Vitamins,''' '''Minerals''' மற்றும் '''Carbohydrates'''

|-
|| 05:16
|| வெவ்வேறு '''category''' களின் கீழ் பல '''article'''களை எப்படி ஒழுங்குபடுத்துவது என்பதை கற்கலாம்.

|-
|| 05:22
|| '''Category Manager''' ல் இருந்து , இடதுபுற menu ல் '''Articles''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:27
|| '''Status''' column ன் இடதுபுறம் உள்ள check-box ஐ click செய்வதன் மூலம் இரண்டு '''vitamin article''' களை தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:34
|| மேலே toolbar ல் '''Batch''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:38
||'''Batch Process the Selected Articles''' எனும் தலைப்பை கொண்ட புதிய window திறக்கும்.

|-
|| 05:44
|| '''Select Category for Move/ Copy''' drop-down ல் '''Vitamins''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்க.

|-
|| 05:49
||'''Move''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்து பிறகு '''Process''' button ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 05:53
|| Article கள் '''Vitamin A''' மற்றும் '''Vitamin B''' ன் '''category''' மாற்றப்பட்டிருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
||06:00
||'''Benefits of Sodium''' ன் '''category''' ஐ '''Minerals''' க்கு மாற்றலாம்.

|-
|| 06:05
|| '''Benefits of Sodium''' எனும் தலைப்பின் மீது click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:09
|| வலதுபுறம் '''Category''' drop-down ல் '''Minerals''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்து, பிறகு '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 06:17
|| '''Benefits of Sodium''' ன் '''category''' '''Minerals''' க்கு மாற்றப்பட்டிருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 06:23
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ இங்கே இடைநிறுத்தி இந்த பயிற்சியை செய்யவும். '''Benefits of Nutrients article''' ஐ click செய்யவும். '''category''' ஐ '''Nutrients''' க்கு மாற்றவும். '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:35
|| இந்த அனைத்து மாற்றங்களையும் '''Digital India''' webpage ல் சரிபார்க்கவும்.

|-
|| 06:40
|| அதற்குமுன், '''articles''' க்கு '''Show Category''', '''Show''' க்கு set செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளதா என்று உறுதிசெய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:45
|| மேலே toolbar ன் வலது மூலையில் '''Options''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:50
|| '''Show Category''' ஐ '''Show''' க்கும் '''Link Category''' ஐ '''Yes''' க்கும் set செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:57
|| '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 07:00
|| இப்போது, மேலே வலதுபுறம் '''Digital India'''இணைப்பை click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 07:05
|| '''article''' கள் அவற்றின் '''header''' ல் வெவ்வேறு '''Category''' பெயர்களை கொண்டிருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.
|-
|| 07:10
|| '''article''' , '''Benefits of Nutrients''' ல் '''Category Nutrients''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 07:16
|| அது ஒரு '''article''' மற்றும் இரண்டு '''subcategory''' கள் -'''Vitamins''' மற்றும் '''Minerals''' ஐ பட்டியலிடுவதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 07:23
|| இவ்வாறே நாம் '''category''' களை ஏற்பாடு செய்துள்ளோம்.

|-
|| 07:27
|| Category '''Carbohydrates''' ஐ இங்கு காணமுடியாது என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 07:31
|| '''article''' களும் '''subcategory'''களும் அற்ற '''category''' empty '''Category''' ஆகும். அதனால் அது web page ல் காட்டப்படவில்லை.

|-
|| 07:40
|| இந்த கட்டுப்பாட்டை சிறிது தளர்த்தலாமா ?

|-
|| 07:42
|| Empty '''category''' கள் display ல் தெரிய setting களை எப்படி மாற்றுவது என்பதை காணலாம்.

|-
|| 07:48
|| '''Article Manager''' webpage க்கு செல்லவும்.

|-
|| 07:51
|| '''Category Manager''' க்கு செல்ல இடது menu ல் '''Categories''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 07:56
|| Toolbar ல் வலதுபுறம் '''Options''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:00
|| '''Category Manager Options''' பக்கம் '''Article Manager Options''' ஐ போலவே உள்ளது என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.
|-
|| 08:06
|| தலைப்பும் கூட '''Article Manager Options''' ஆக உள்ளது.

|-
||08:10
||'''articles , categories , menus ''' போன்றவற்றின் setting களை control செய்ய இந்த பக்கத்தில் tab கள் இருக்கின்றன.

|-
|| 08:17
|| Tab '''Category''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:20
|| குறிப்பிட்ட '''category''' ன் கீழ் உள்ள அனைத்து '''article''' களையும் காட்டும் page setting களை இந்த tab காட்டும்.

|-
|| 08:26
|| '''Empty Categories'''option ஐ காண Scroll down செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:30
|| இதை '''Show''' என set செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:32
||'''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:35
|| '''‘Digital India’''' webpage க்கு சென்று அதை refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:40
|| '''Carbohydrates subcategory''' ஐ இப்போது காணமுடிகிறது.

|-
|| 08:44
|| '''Category Manager''' webpage க்கு திரும்பவும்.

|-
|| 08:47
||'''subcategory Carbohydrates''' அவற்றின் கீழ் எந்த '''article''' களையும் கொண்டிருக்கவில்லை.

|-
|| 08:52
|| நாம் அதை '''Unpublish''' செய்யலாம் அல்லது நீக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 08:57
|| இரு option களுக்கிடையிலான வேறுபாட்டை நாம் புரிந்துகொள்வோம்.

|-
|| 09:01
|| நாம் '''category''' ஐ '''unpublish''' செய்தால் : அந்த '''category''' க்கு எந்த புதிய '''article''' ம் ஒதுக்கப்படாது.

|-
|| 09:07
|| எல்லா '''subcategory''' களும் தானாகவே unpublish செய்யப்பட்டுவிட்டது பிறகு '''category''' ன் கீழ் உள்ள '''Article''' கள் publish செய்யப்பட்டாலும் website ல் அவற்றை காணமுடியாது.

|-
|| 09:18
||'''category''' ஐ நீக்கினால் : அது அதன் கீழ் உள்ள அனைத்து '''article''' களுடன் '''Trash''' க்கு சென்றுவிடும்.

|-
|| 09:24
|| நீக்கப்பட்ட '''category''' ஐ திரும்ப பெறமுடியும் அல்லது நிரந்தரமாக trash செய்யப்படவும் முடியும்.

|-
|| 09:31
|| '''Category Manager''' webpage க்கு திரும்பவும்.

|-
|| 09:34
||'''Carbohydrates''' category ஐ நாம் பயன்படுத்துவதில்லை ஆதலால் ,அதை unpublish செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 09:40
||'''Categories Manager''' page ல் இருந்து '''Carbohydrates''' category ஐ கண்டறியவும்.

|-
|| 09:45
||'''Status''' column ன் இடதுபுறம் உள்ள check-box ஐ click செய்வதன் மூலம் அதை தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 09:50
|| மேலே toolbar ல் '''Unpublish''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 09:54
|| உடனே, success message தோன்றும்.

|-
|| 09:58
||'''Carbohydrates''' category ன் status '''Unpublished''' க்கு மாற்றப்பட்டிருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
||10:04
||'''Digital India''' webpage க்கு திரும்பி சென்று அதை சரிப்பார்கலாம்.

|-
|| 10:08
||'''Digital India''' webpage க்கு சென்று அதை refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
||10:12
||'''category Carbohydrates''' இனி தெரியாது என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 10:16
|| இது ஏனெனில் அது '''unpublish ''' செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கும்.

|-
|| 10:20
|| கற்றதை நினைவுகூருவோம்.

|-
|| 10:22
|| இந்த tutorial ல் நாம் கற்றது :'''Joomla''' ல் '''Category Manager''', '''category''' களை create மற்றும் edit செய்வது '''sub-category''' களை create செய்வது.

|-
|| 10:32
|| மேலும் ,'''category''' களுக்கு '''article''' களை ஒதுக்குவது.
வெவ்வேறு '''category''' களுக்கு '''article''' களை நகர்த்துவது அல்லது copy செய்வது.
பிறகு '''category''' ஐ நீக்குவது அல்லது unpublish செய்வது.

|-
|| 10:43
|| இங்கே உங்களுக்கான வேலை உள்ளது : ''' Food Sources''' எனும் புதிய category ஐ உருவாக்கவும்.

|-
|| 10:48
||''' Food Sources''' category ன் கீழ் Veg Sources மற்றும் Non-veg Sources என்ற 2 புதிய subcategory களை உருவாக்கவும்.

|-
|| 10:55
|| '''Non-Veg''' sources க்கு '''article Fish''' ஐ ஒதுக்கவும்.

|-
|| 10:59
|| '''Veg Sources''' க்கு '''article Green Vegetables''' ஐ ஒதுக்கவும்.

|-
|| 11:03
|| '''Homepage''' ஐ refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 11:05
|| மாற்றங்களைக் கவனித்து, என்ன நடந்தது என்பதைப் புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்.

|-
||11:09
||'''category Veg Sources''' ஐ நீக்கவும்.

|-
|| 11:11
|| அதை மீண்டும் restore செய்ய முயற்சி செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 11:14
|| குறிப்பு: '''Trashed category''' களை காண filter ஐ பயன்படுத்தவேண்டும்.

|-
|| 11:18
|| விளக்கம் சேர்க்க '''category Vitamins''' ஐ edit செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 11:22
||'''category''' ல் உள்ள '''article''' களின் எண்ணிக்கை மற்றும் விளக்கத்தை காட்ட setting களை மாற்றவும்.

|-
|| 11:27
||'''Homepage''' ஐ refresh செய்யவும். மாற்றங்களைக் கவனித்து, என்ன நடந்தது என்பதைப் புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்.

|-
|| 11:33
|| கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள இணைப்பில் உள்ள video, '''Spoken Tutorial''' project ஐ சுருங்க சொல்கிறது. அதை தரவிறக்கி காணவும்.

|-
|| 11:40
|| ஸ்போகன் டுடொரியல் திட்டக்குழு செய்முறை வகுப்புகள் நடத்துகிறது மற்றும் இணையத்தில் பிரிட்ச்சை எழுதி தேர்வோருக்கு சான்றிதழ்கள் தருகிறது. மேலும் விவரங்களுக்கு எங்களுக்கு மின்னஞ்சல் செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 11:50
||'''Spoken Tutorial Project''' க்கு NMEICT, MHRD, இந்திய அரசாங்கம் நிதிஉதவு அளிக்கிறது இந்த mission பற்றிய மேலதிக தகவல்கள் காட்டப்பட்டுள்ள இணைப்பில் உள்ளன.

|-
||12:01
||இந்த டுடோரிலை தமிழாக்கம் செய்து குரல்கொடுத்தது '''IIT Bombay'''இல் இருந்து சண்முகப் பிரியா , நன்றி .
|-
|}

Joomla/C2/Categories-in-Joomla/Tamil

2018-08-02T06:40:51Z

Priyacst:

{| border=1
|| '''Time'''
|| '''Narration'''

|-
|| 00:01
|| Joomla ல் '''Categories''' குறித்த Spoken Tutorial க்கு நல்வரவு.

|-
|| 00:06
|| இந்த tutorial ல் நாம் கற்கப்போவது :'''Joomla''' ல் '''Category Manager''', '''category''' களை உருவாக்குவது மற்றும் editing செய்வது மற்றும் '''sub-category''' களை உருவாக்குவது.

|-
|| 00:16
|| மேலும் '''category''' களுக்கு '''article''' களை ஒதுக்குவது. '''article''' களை பல்வேறு '''category''' களுக்கு நகர்த்துவது அல்லது copy செய்வது மற்றும் '''category''' ஐ நீக்குவது அல்லது unpublish செய்வது.

|-
|| 00:27
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ பதிவு செய்ய நான் பயன்படுத்துவது :'''Ubuntu Linux OS''' 14.04

'''Joomla''' 3.4.1, '''XAMPP''' 5.5.19 மூலம் பெற்ற '''Apache''' '''MySQL'' மற்றும் '''PHP'''

|-
|| 00:43
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ கற்பவருக்கு '''Joomla''' ல் '''article''' ஐ எப்படி உருவாக்குவது என்று தெரிந்திருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|| 00:48
|| இல்லையெனில் , '''spoken tutorial ''' website ல் , அதற்கான tutorial களை பார்க்கவும்.

|-
|| 00:55
||'''Joomla control panel''' க்கு செல்லலாம்.

|-
|| 00:58
|| இடதுபக்க menu ல் '''Article Manager''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 01:01
|| தற்சமயம் நம்மிடம் 2 '''article''' கள் உள்ளன ''' Vitamin A''' மற்றும் '''Benefits of Sodium.'''

|-
|| 01:08
|| '''Joomla''' ல் '''categories''' ஐ புரிந்துகொள்ள , மேலும் சில '''article''' களை நாம் உருவாக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 01:14
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ இடைநிறுத்தி இந்த பயிற்சியை செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 01:17
|| இந்த tutorial ல் வழங்கப்பட்ட'''assignment-text''' file ஐ திறக்கவும் .

|-
|| 01:21
|| 4 புதிய '''article''' கள் : '''Vitamin B''', :'''Benefits of Nutrients''', :'''Fish''' மற்றும் :'''Green Vegetables''' ஐ உருவாக்க வழிமுறைகளைப் பின்பற்றவும்

|-
|| 01:31
|| இப்போது '''Article Manager ல் நாம் 6 '''article''' களை கொண்டுள்ளோம் : '''Vitamin A''', :'''Vitamin B''', :'''Benefits of Sodium''', :'''Benefits of Nutrients ''', :'''Fish''' மற்றும் , :'''Green Vegetables'''.

|-
|| 01:43
|| '''Vitamin''' கள் மீதான இரண்டு '''article''' களின் content களும் ஒத்திருக்கின்றன.

|-
|| 01:47
|| ஆகவே , அவற்றை நாம் ஒருங்கிணைக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|| 01:50
|| '''article''' களை முறையான வரிசையில் ஏற்பாடு செய்ய, '''Joomla''' ன் '''Category''' கள் உதவுகின்றன

|-
|| 01:55
|| இடது பக்க menu ல் '''Categories''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 01:59
|| மாற்றாக , மேலே '''Content Menu''' ஐ click செய்து பிறகு '''Category Manager''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:06
|| '''Category Manager''' மற்றும் '''Article Manager''' ன் layout ஒரேமாதிரியானவை என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 02:11
|| அது '''Category''' களை filter செய்ய '''Search''' box மற்றும் '''Search Tools''' button ஐ கொண்டுள்ளது.

|-
|| 02:17
|| முன்னிருப்பாக , நாம் '''Uncategorized''' எனும் ஒரு '''category''' ஐ கொண்டுள்ளோம்.

|-
|| 02:21
|| எல்லா '''article''' களும் '''Uncategorized''' ஆக தோன்றியுள்ளதை நினைவுகூறவும்.

|-
|| 02:26
|| புதிய '''category''' ஐ உருவாக்க , மேலே இடதுபுறம் '''New''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:31
|| '''category''' ஐ உருவாக்க ஒரே கட்டாயமான field '''Category Title''' ஆகும்.

|-
|| 02:36
|| Title textbox ல் தலைப்பாக '''Vitamin''' ஐ நான் எழுதுகிறேன்.

|-
|| 02:40
|| '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 02:43
|| இப்போது ஒரு புதிய '''category''' உருவாக்கப்பட்டிருப்பதை நீங்கள் காணலாம்.

|-
|| 02:47
|| '''category''' ஐ edit அல்லது rename செய்ய , '''category''' ன் title ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:52
|| நான் title ஐ '''Vitamins''' என பெயர்மாற்றம் செய்கிறேன்.

|-
|| 02:56
|| இம்முறை '''Save and New''' button ஐ click செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 03:00
|| ஒரு புதிய '''category''' ஐ சேர்க்கலாம்.

|-
|| 03:03
|| '''Minerals''' ஐ title ஆக நாம் type செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 03:06
|| பிறகு '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 03:09
|| இப்போது , '''Mineral''' கள் மற்றும் '''Vitamin''' கள் நமது உடலுக்குத் தேவையான ஊட்டச்சத்துக்கள் ஆகும்.

|-
|| 03:13
|| அவற்றை ஒரு பெரிய category ஆன '''Nutrients''' ல் வைப்போம்.

|-
|| 03:17
|| New ஐ click செய்து '''Nutrients''' ஐ title ஆக type செய்க.

|-
|| 03:23
|| பிறகு '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 03:26
||'''Vitamins''' மற்றும் '''Minerals''' ஐ '''Nutrients''' category ன் கீழ் வைக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 03:31
|| மற்ற '''category''' ன் கீழ் உள்ள '''category''' , '''subcategory''' ஆகும் .

|-
|| 03:36
|| '''status''' column ன் இடதுபுறம் உள்ள check-box ஐ click செய்வதன் மூலம் இரண்டு '''category''' களை தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 03:42
|| இந்த இரண்டு '''category''' களையும் நாம் batch process செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 03:45
|| Batch processing என்பது குழுக்களாக வேலைகளை செய்வது.

|-
|| 03:48
|| மேலே toolbar ல் '''Batch''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 03:52
|| '''Batch Process the Selected Categories''' என்ற தலைப்பை கொண்ட புதிய window திறக்கும்.

|-
|| 03:58
||அது பல option களை கொண்டிருக்கும்.

|-
|| 04:00
||இப்போது இந்த '''category''' களின் '''parent category''' களை மட்டுமே நாம் மாற்ற போகிறோம்.

|-
|| 04:05
|| ஆகவே , '''Select Category for Move/ Copy''' drop-down ல் '''Nutrients''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்க.

|-
|| 04:11
|| Drop-down ன் கீழ் '''Copy''', '''Move''' என்ற இரண்டு '''radio button''' கள் உள்ளன.

|-
|| 04:17
|| '''Copy''' button , தேர்வு செய்யப்பட்ட '''category''' ன் கீழ் தேர்வு செய்யப்பட்ட '''category''' களை copy செய்யும்.

|-
|| 04:22
|| '''Move''' button, முந்தைய '''category''' ல் இருந்து தேர்வு செய்யப்பட்ட '''category''' க்கு '''category''' ஐ நகர்த்தும்.

|-
|| 04:27
|| '''Move''' ஐ click செய்து பிறகு '''Process''' ஐ click செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 04:31
|| '''Vitamins''' மற்றும் '''Minerals category''' களின் முன்னர் hyphen இருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 04:35
|| அவை main category, '''Nutrients''' ன் உடைய '''subcategory''' கள் என்பதை குறிக்கிறது.

|-
|| 04:41
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ இங்கே இடைநிறுத்தி இந்த பயிற்ச்சியை செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 04:44
|| புதிய category '''Carbohydrates''' ஐ உருவாக்கவும், வலதுபுறம் '''Parent''' drop-down ஐ click செய்து '''Nutrients''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்யவும்.'''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 04:54
|| இது '''category''' கள் மற்றும் '''subcategory''' களுக்கு '''parent category''' ஐ ஒதுக்க மற்றொரு வழி என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
||05:01
|| நாம் '''Category tree''' ஐ கொண்டுள்ளோம்.

|-
|| 05:03
|| இரண்டு main'''category''' கள் உள்ளன : '''Uncategorized''', மற்றும் '''Nutrients'''.

|-
|| 05:09
|| '''Nutrients''' ன் கீழ் நாம் 3 '''sub-category''' களை கொண்டுள்ளோம் :'''Vitamins,''' '''Minerals''' மற்றும் '''Carbohydrates'''

|-
|| 05:16
|| வெவ்வேறு '''category''' களின் கீழ் பல '''article'''களை எப்படி ஒழுங்குபடுத்துவது என்பதை கற்கலாம்.

|-
|| 05:22
|| '''Category Manager''' ல் இருந்து , இடதுபுற menu ல் '''Articles''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:27
|| '''Status''' column ன் இடதுபுறம் உள்ள check-box ஐ click செய்வதன் மூலம் இரண்டு '''vitamin article''' களை தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:34
|| மேலே toolbar ல் '''Batch''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:38
||'''Batch Process the Selected Articles''' எனும் தலைப்பை கொண்ட புதிய window திறக்கும்.

|-
|| 05:44
|| '''Select Category for Move/ Copy''' drop-down ல் '''Vitamins''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்க.

|-
|| 05:49
||'''Move''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்து பிறகு '''Process''' button ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 05:53
|| Article கள் '''Vitamin A''' மற்றும் '''Vitamin B''' ன் '''category''' மாற்றப்பட்டிருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
||06:00
||'''Benefits of Sodium''' ன் '''category''' ஐ '''Minerals''' க்கு மாற்றலாம்.

|-
|| 06:05
|| '''Benefits of Sodium''' எனும் தலைப்பின் மீது click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:09
|| வலதுபுறம் '''Category''' drop-down ல் '''Minerals''' ஐ தேர்வு செய்து, பிறகு '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 06:17
|| '''Benefits of Sodium''' ன் '''category''' '''Minerals''' க்கு மாற்றப்பட்டிருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 06:23
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ இங்கே இடைநிறுத்தி இந்த பயிற்சியை செய்யவும். '''Benefits of Nutrients article''' ஐ click செய்யவும். '''category''' ஐ '''Nutrients''' க்கு மாற்றவும். '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:35
|| இந்த அனைத்து மாற்றங்களையும் '''Digital India''' webpage ல் சரிபார்க்கவும்.

|-
|| 06:40
|| அதற்குமுன், '''articles''' க்கு '''Show Category''', '''Show''' க்கு set செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளதா என்று உறுதிசெய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:45
|| மேலே toolbar ன் வலது மூலையில் '''Options''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:50
|| '''Show Category''' ஐ '''Show''' க்கும் '''Link Category''' ஐ '''Yes''' க்கும் set செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:57
|| '''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 07:00
|| இப்போது, மேலே வலதுபுறம் '''Digital India'''இணைப்பை click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 07:05
|| '''article''' கள் அவற்றின் '''header''' ல் வெவ்வேறு '''Category''' பெயர்களை கொண்டிருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.
|-
|| 07:10
|| '''article''' , '''Benefits of Nutrients''' ல் '''Category Nutrients''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 07:16
|| அது ஒரு '''article''' மற்றும் இரண்டு '''subcategory''' கள் -'''Vitamins''' மற்றும் '''Minerals''' ஐ பட்டியலிடுவதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 07:23
|| இவ்வாறே நாம் '''category''' களை ஏற்பாடு செய்துள்ளோம்.

|-
|| 07:27
|| Category '''Carbohydrates''' ஐ இங்கு காணமுடியாது என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 07:31
|| '''article''' களும் '''subcategory'''களும் அற்ற '''category''' empty '''Category''' ஆகும். அதனால் அது web page ல் காட்டப்படவில்லை.

|-
|| 07:40
|| இந்த கட்டுப்பாட்டை சிறிது தளர்த்தலாமா ?

|-
|| 07:42
|| Empty '''category''' கள் display ல் தெரிய setting களை எப்படி மாற்றுவது என்பதை காணலாம்.

|-
|| 07:48
|| '''Article Manager''' webpage க்கு செல்லவும்.

|-
|| 07:51
|| '''Category Manager''' க்கு செல்ல இடது menu ல் '''Categories''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 07:56
|| Toolbar ல் வலதுபுறம் '''Options''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:00
|| '''Category Manager Options''' பக்கம் '''Article Manager Options''' ஐ போலவே உள்ளது என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.
|-
|| 08:06
|| தலைப்பும் கூட '''Article Manager Options''' ஆக உள்ளது.

|-
||08:10
||'''articles , categories , menus ''' போன்றவற்றின் setting களை control செய்ய இந்த பக்கத்தில் tab கள் இருக்கின்றன.

|-
|| 08:17
|| Tab '''Category''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:20
|| குறிப்பிட்ட '''category''' ன் கீழ் உள்ள அனைத்து '''article''' களையும் காட்டும் page setting களை இந்த tab காட்டும்.

|-
|| 08:26
|| '''Empty Categories'''option ஐ காண Scroll down செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:30
|| இதை '''Show''' என set செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:32
||'''Save and Close''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:35
|| '''‘Digital India’''' webpage க்கு சென்று அதை refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:40
|| '''Carbohydrates subcategory''' ஐ இப்போது காணமுடிகிறது.

|-
|| 08:44
|| '''Category Manager''' webpage க்கு திரும்பவும்.

|-
|| 08:47
||'''subcategory Carbohydrates''' அவற்றின் கீழ் எந்த '''article''' களையும் கொண்டிருக்கவில்லை.

|-
|| 08:52
|| நாம் அதை '''Unpublish''' செய்யலாம் அல்லது நீக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 08:57
|| இரு option களுக்கிடையிலான வேறுபாட்டை நாம் புரிந்துகொள்வோம்.

|-
|| 09:01
|| நாம் '''category''' ஐ '''unpublish''' செய்தால் : அந்த '''category''' க்கு எந்த புதிய '''article''' ம் ஒதுக்கப்படாது.

|-
|| 09:07
|| எல்லா '''subcategory''' களும் தானாகவே unpublish செய்யப்பட்டுவிட்டது பிறகு '''category''' ன் கீழ் உள்ள '''Article''' கள் publish செய்யப்பட்டாலும் website ல் அவற்றை காணமுடியாது.

|-
|| 09:18
||'''category''' ஐ நீக்கினால் : அது அதன் கீழ் உள்ள அனைத்து '''article''' களுடன் '''Trash''' க்கு சென்றுவிடும்.

|-
|| 09:24
|| நீக்கப்பட்ட '''category''' ஐ திரும்ப பெறமுடியும் அல்லது நிரந்தரமாக trash செய்யப்படவும் முடியும்.

|-
|| 09:31
|| '''Category Manager''' webpage க்கு திரும்பவும்.

|-
|| 09:34
||'''Carbohydrates''' category ஐ நாம் பயன்படுத்துவதில்லை ஆதலால் ,அதை unpublish செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 09:40
||'''Categories Manager''' page ல் இருந்து '''Carbohydrates''' category ஐ கண்டறியவும்.

|-
|| 09:45
||'''Status''' column ன் இடதுபுறம் உள்ள check-box ஐ click செய்வதன் மூலம் அதை தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 09:50
|| மேலே toolbar ல் '''Unpublish''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 09:54
|| உடனே, success message தோன்றும்.

|-
|| 09:58
||'''Carbohydrates''' category ன் status '''Unpublished''' க்கு மாற்றப்பட்டிருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
||10:04
||'''Digital India''' webpage க்கு திரும்பி சென்று அதை சரிப்பார்கலாம்.

|-
|| 10:08
||'''Digital India''' webpage க்கு சென்று அதை refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
||10:12
||'''category Carbohydrates''' இனி தெரியாது என்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 10:16
|| இது ஏனெனில் அது '''unpublish ''' செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கும்.

|-
|| 10:20
|| கற்றதை நினைவுகூருவோம்.

|-
|| 10:22
|| இந்த tutorial ல் நாம் கற்றது :'''Joomla''' ல் '''Category Manager''', '''category''' களை creat மற்றும் edit செய்வது '''sub-category''' களை creat செய்வது.

|-
|| 10:32
|| மேலும் ,'''category''' களுக்கு '''article''' களை ஒதுக்குவது.
வெவ்வேறு '''category''' களுக்கு '''article''' களை நகர்த்துவது அல்லது copy செய்வது.
பிறகு '''category''' ஐ நீக்குவது அல்லது unpublish செய்வது.

|-
|| 10:43
|| இங்கே உங்களுக்கான வேலை உள்ளது : ''' Food Sources''' எனும் புதிய category ஐ உருவாக்கவும்.

|-
|| 10:48
||''' Food Sources''' category ன் கீழ் Veg Sources மற்றும் Non-veg Sources என்ற 2 புதிய subcategory களை உருவாக்கவும்.

|-
|| 10:55
|| '''Non-Veg''' sources க்கு '''article Fish''' ஐ ஒதுக்கவும்.

|-
|| 10:59
|| '''Veg Sources''' க்கு '''article Green Vegetables''' ஐ ஒதுக்கவும்.

|-
|| 11:03
|| '''Homepage''' ஐ refresh செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 11:05
|| மாற்றங்களைக் கவனித்து, என்ன நடந்தது என்பதைப் புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்.

|-
||11:09
||'''category Veg Sources''' ஐ நீக்கவும்.

|-
|| 11:11
|| அதை மீண்டும் restore செய்ய முயற்சி செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 11:14
|| குறிப்பு: '''Trashed category''' களை காண filter ஐ பயன்படுத்தவேண்டும்.

|-
|| 11:18
|| விளக்கம் சேர்க்க '''category Vitamins''' ஐ edit செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 11:22
||'''category''' ல் உள்ள '''article''' களின் எண்ணிக்கை மற்றும் விளக்கத்தை காட்ட setting களை மாற்றவும்.

|-
|| 11:27
||'''Homepage''' ஐ refresh செய்யவும். மாற்றங்களைக் கவனித்து, என்ன நடந்தது என்பதைப் புரிந்து கொள்ளுங்கள்.

|-
|| 11:33
|| கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள இணைப்பில் உள்ள video, '''Spoken Tutorial''' project ஐ சுருங்க சொல்கிறது. அதை தரவிறக்கி காணவும்.

|-
|| 11:40
|| ஸ்போகன் டுடொரியல் திட்டக்குழு செய்முறை வகுப்புகள் நடத்துகிறது மற்றும் இணையத்தில் பிரிட்ச்சை எழுதி தேர்வோருக்கு சான்றிதழ்கள் தருகிறது. மேலும் விவரங்களுக்கு எங்களுக்கு மின்னஞ்சல் செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 11:50
||'''Spoken Tutorial Project''' க்கு NMEICT, MHRD, இந்திய அரசாங்கம் நிதிஉதவு அளிக்கிறது இந்த mission பற்றிய மேலதிக தகவல்கள் காட்டப்பட்டுள்ள இணைப்பில் உள்ளன.

|-
||12:01
||இந்த டுடோரிலை தமிழாக்கம் செய்து குரல்கொடுத்தது '''IIT Bombay'''இல் இருந்து சண்முகப் பிரியா , நன்றி .
|-
|}

Joomla/C2/Creating-Articles-in-Joomla/Tamil

2018-08-02T05:37:10Z

Priyacst:

{| border=1
|| '''Time'''
|| '''Narration'''

|-
|| 00:01
|| Joomla ல் article களை உருவாக்குவது குறித்த Spoken Tutorial க்கு நல்வரவு.

|-
|| 00:07
|| இந்த tutorial நாம் கற்கப்போவது :'''Article Manager, '''புதிய '''article''' ஐ உருவாக்குவது,'''article''' ஐ edit செய்வது,'''article''' ஐ copy செய்வது மற்றும் '''article''' ஐ நீக்குவது.

|-
||00:22
|| இந்த tutorial க்கு நாம் பயன்படுத்தப்போவது
'''Ubuntu ''' 14.04,'''Joomla''' 3.4.1, '''XAMPP''' 5.5.19.மூலம் பெற்ற '''Apache''', '''MySQL'''மற்றும் '''PHP'''

|-
|| 00:40
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ தொடர , உங்கள் கணினியில் '''Joomla 3.4.1''' நிறுவப்பட்டுள்ளதா என உறுதிபடுத்திக்கொள்ளவும்.

|-
|| 00:49
|| முதலில் '''Joomla''' administrative panel ஐ திறக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 00:54
|| ஆகவே browser க்கு சென்று type செய்க ''' http:dubble slash localhost slash joomla slash administrator'''.

|-
|| 01:08
|| Enter ஐ அழுத்தவும்.

|-
|| 01:10
|| உங்கள் '''User Name''' மற்றும் '''password''' ஐ enter செய்து '''Log in''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 01:16
|| நான் எனது '''username''' ஐ '''admin ''' எனவும் மற்றும் '''password ''' ஐ '''admin123''' எனவும் enter செய்கிறேன்.

|-
|| 01:25
|| '''Log in''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 01:28
|| நாம் இப்போது '''Joomla Control Panel''' ல் இருக்கின்றோம்.

|-
||01:32
|| திரையின் இடது பக்கத்தில் '''Control Panel''' menu ஐ நாம் காணலாம்.

|-
|| 01:39
|| '''Article Manager''' பக்கத்திற்கு செல்லலாம்.

|-
|| 01:43
|| '''Article Manager ''' பக்கத்தை அடைய இரண்டு வழிகள் உள்ளன.

|-
|| 01:47
|| ''' Joomla Control Panel''' ல் ''' Article Manager ''' menu ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 01:53
|| அல்லது top menu ல் ''' Content''' ஐ click செய்து பிறகு ''' Article Manager''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:02
|| Toolbar ல் சில button கள் இருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 02:07
|| அவற்றை நீங்கள் '''article''' களை உருவாக்குதல், மாற்றுதல் மற்றும் நீக்குதலுக்கு பயன்படுத்தலாம்.

|-
|| 02:13
|| நீங்கள் அவற்றை archive, publish மற்றும் unpublishசெய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 02:19
|| '''article''' ஐ எப்படி உருவாக்குவது பற்றி கற்கலாம்.

|-
|| 02:23
|| '''Joomla ''' ல் '''Article Manager ''' page ல் இருந்து '''article''' ஐ உருவாக்க, இரண்டு வழிகள் உள்ளன.

|-
|| 02:30
|| '''Article Manager page''' ன் toolbar ல் '''New''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:36
|| அல்லது top menu ல் '''Content''' ஐ click செய்து, பிறகு '''Article Manager''' மற்றும் '''Add New Article''' sub-menu ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 02:47
|| நான் மேலே இடதுபுறம் உள்ள toolbar ல் '''New '''button ஐ click செய்கிறேன்.

|-
|| 02:53
|| நாம் இப்போது புதிய '''article''' creation பக்கத்தில் உள்ளோம்.

|-
|| 02:58
|| இந்த பக்கம் toolbar ல் சில buttonகளை கொண்டுள்ளது.

|-
||03:03
|| Page title ன் கீழ் உள்ள panel ல் சில field களுக்கான மதிப்புகள் கொடுக்கப்பட வேண்டும்.

|-
|| 03:10
|| '''article''' ஐ உருவாக்கும் பொது ''' Title''' மற்றும் '''Category''' ஆகியவை கட்டாயமான field களாகும்.

|-
|| 03:17
|| இவை மிகவும் பிரபலமான கருப்பு asterix மூலம் குறிக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும்.

|-
|| 03:24
|| நாம் இப்போது '''article ''' ஐ உருவாக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 03:27
|| '''article''' ன் தலைப்பாக '''Sodium''' ஐ type செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 03:32
|| '''Article Text''' ஆக text box உள் நாம் சில text களை வைக்கலாம் .

|-
|| 03:37
|| நீங்கள் விரும்பும் எந்த text ஐயும் நீங்கள் வைக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 03:41
|| நான் எனது '''Gedit''' text editor ல் உள்ள text ஐ copy செய்து அதை '''Article text''' ல் paste செய்கிறேன்.

|-
||03:51
||அடுத்து, திரையின் வலது பக்கம் உள்ள category field ஐ தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
||03:57
|| Field ன் முன்னிருப்பான மதிப்பு '''Uncategorised''' ஆகும்

|-
|| 04:00
|| அதை அப்படியே விட்டுவிடலாம் .

|-
|| 04:04
|| ''' Featured''' எனும் field உள்ளது . அது '''Yes''' மற்றும் '''No''' என்ற option களை கொண்ட toggle button ஆகும்

|-
|| 04:12
|| '''featured article''' என்பது இணையதளத்தின் '''homepage''' ல் காட்டப்படும் ஒன்றாகும்.

|-
|| 04:19
||நான் '''Featured''' menu ல் '''Yes ''' ஐ click செய்கிறேன்.

|-
|| 04:24
|| இப்போது நாம் article ஐ சேமித்து மூடலாம்.

|-
|| 04:28
|| page ன் மேல் இடது மூலையிலுள்ள toolbar க்கு செல்லவும்.

|-
|| 04:33
|| இங்கே பல '''save '''option கள் உள்ளன.

|-
|| 04:37
|| கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள option களில் , நான் '''Save & Close''' ஐ click செய்கிறேன்.

|-
|| 04:43
|| ''' Save & Close''' option '''article''' ஐ சேமித்து பிறகு நம்மை திரும்பவும் ''' Article Manager''' க்கு அழைத்து செல்லும்.

|-
|| 04:51
|| நாம் நமது இணையதளத்தை திறந்து நாம் உருவாக்கிய '''article''' ஐ காணலாம்.

|-
|| 04:57
|| Administrative panel ன் மேல் வலதுபுறம் , ''' Digital India''' என்ற இணைப்பு இருக்கும். அதை click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:06
|| இதுவே '''Joomla''' நிறுவுதலின்போது website க்கு நாம் கொடுத்த பெயர் ஆகும்.

|-
|| 05:14
|| நாம் நமது homepage ல் உள்ளோம் பிறகு '''homepage''' ல் நாம் உருவாக்கிய article '''Sodium''' ஐ காணலாம்.

|-
|| 05:24
|| Browser window ஐ மூடிவிட்டு administrative panel க்கு செல்லலாம்.

|-
|| 05:30
|| இப்போது '''article''' ஐ edit செய்ய கற்போம்.

|-
|| 05:34
|| நாம் உருவாக்கிய '''article''' ஐ edit செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 05:40
||'''Article Manager''' ல் '''article''' ஐ பார்த்து அதன் title ல் click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 05:47
|| தற்சமயம் , நாம் ஒரே ஒரு '''article''' ஐ கொண்டுள்ளோம் . ஆகவே நாம் ''' article Sodium''' ஐ click செய்யலாம்.

|-
|| 05:54
|| '''Article Manager: Edit Article ''' என்ற தலைப்பை கொண்ட பக்கத்தை இது திறக்கும்.

|-
|| 06:01
|| Text ன் தொடக்கத்தில் நான் ஒரு வரியை சேர்க்கிறேன் :

|-
|| 06:06
|| '''Sodium is one of the essential minerals required by our body.'''

|-
|| 06:12
|| இம்முறை '''article''' ல் உள்ள மாற்றங்களை சேமிக்க நாம் வேறு option ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 06:19
|| Toolbar ல் '''Save''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:24
|| அது '''article''' ஐ சேமித்து பிறகு பக்கத்தை '''Edit Article''' உடன் load செய்யும்.

|-
|| 06:30
|| அது '''article''', editing செய்ய இன்னும் திறந்திருக்கிறது என்பதைக் குறிக்கிறது.

|-
|| 06:35
|| Website க்கு சென்று, நமது மாற்றங்களை சரிபார்க்கலாம்.

|-
|| 06:40
|| பக்கத்தின் மேல் வலதுபுறம் '''Digital India''' இணைப்பை click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:45
||'''article''' edit செய்யப்பட்டதை காண scroll down செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 06:50
|| Browser window ஐ மூடி administrative panel க்கு திரும்பி செல்லவும்.

|-
|| 06:57
|| ஏற்கனவே உள்ள '''article''' ஐ copy செய்ய , toolbar ல் '''Save as Copy ''' option இருக்கும்.

|-
|| 07:06
|| அதை முயற்சிக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 07:08
||''' Save as Copy''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 07:11
|| அது ஒரு புதிய '''article''' ஐ உருவாக்கும். அது original article '''Sodium''' ன் copy ஆகும்.

|-
|| 07:19
|| கணினியானது copy செய்யப்பட்ட '''article''' க்காக '''Sodium (2) என்ற புதிய தலைப்பை உருவாக்கியிருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|| 07:29
|| Copy செய்யப்பட்ட '''article''' க்கு நமது விருப்பப்படி ஒரு தலைப்பை கொடுக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 07:35
||''' Title ''' textbox ல் type செய்க ''' Benefits of Sodium'''.

|-
|| 07:43
|| இப்போது status ஐ '''Published''' என தேர்வு செய்யவும். பிறகு toolbar ல் ''' Save & Close''' option ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 07:56
|| நாம் '''Article Manager ''' பக்கத்திற்கு திரும்பியுள்ளோம்.

|-
|| 08:00
|| நமது பட்டியலில் '''Benefits of Sodium''' என்ற பெயரை கொண்ட ஒரு புதிய '''article ''' உள்ளதை காணலாம்.

|-
|| 08:09
|| webpage க்கு சென்று '''homepage''' ல் நம்மிடம் இரண்டு '''article''' கள் உள்ளனவா என்று சரிபார்க்கவும்.

|-
|| 08:16
|| மேலே வலதுபுறம் '''Digital India''' இணைப்பை click செய்க.

|-
|| 08:21
||''' Sodium ''' மற்றும் '''Benefits of Sodium''' என்ற இரண்டு '''article''' களை காண scroll down செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:29
|| இங்கே உங்களுக்கான ஒரு சிறிய பயிற்சி உள்ளது.

|-
|| 08:32
|| இந்த tutorial ஐ இடைநிறுத்தி அதை செய்யுங்கள்.

|-
|| 08:35
|| '''Benefits of Sodium''' என்ற தலைப்பை click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 08:39
|| Text ன் முடிவில் '''XYZ''' ஐ சேர்க்கவும்.

|-
|| 08:44
|| இம்முறை toolbar ல் கடைசி icon ஆன '''Close''' ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுக்கவும்.

|-
|| 08:50
||'''Article Manager''' ல் ,'''Benefits of Sodium''' ஐ மீண்டும் திறக்கவும் .

|-
|| 08:56
|| இம்முறை மாற்றங்கள் சேமிக்கப்படவில்லை என்பதை சரிபார்க்கவும்.

|-
|| 09:01
|| மீண்டும் '''Close ''' ஐ click செய்வதன் மூலம் '''article''' ஐ மூடலாம்.

|-
|| 09:06
|| இப்போது administrative panel க்கு திரும்பி செல்லலாம்.

|-
|| 09:10
|| நாம் இப்போது '''Joomla''' ல் '''article''' ஐ எப்படி நீக்குவது என காணலாம்.

|-
|| 09:15
|| நம்மிடம் ''' Benefits of Sodium''' மற்றும் '''Sodium''' என்ற இரண்டு '''article''' கள் இருப்பதால் அவற்றில் ஒன்றை நாம் நீக்கலாம்.

|-
|| 09:24
|| முதலில், '''article''', '''Sodium'''ன் இடது பக்கம் உள்ள check box ல் click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 09:31
|| Toolbar ல் ''' Trash''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 09:36
||'''Article Manager''' ல் '''article Sodium''' இனி இல்லை என்பதை பார்க்கவும்.

|-
|| 09:44
||'''article''' நிரந்தரமாக நீக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

|-
|| 09:48
|| webpage க்கு சென்று '''article''' உள்ளதா என்று மீண்டும் சரிபார்க்கவும்.

|-
|| 09:54
|| மேலே வலதுபுறம் '''Digital India''' இணைப்பை click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 09:59
|| இங்கே நம்மிடம் '''Benefits of Sodium''' என்ற ஒரே artice மட்டும் உள்ளதை காணலாம்.

|-
|| 10:07
|| கற்றதை நினைவு கூருவோம் . இங்கே நாம் கற்றது ''' Article Manager''','''article''' ஐ உருவாக்குவது,'''article''' ஐ edit செய்வது,'''article''' ன் copy ஐ சேமிப்பது மற்றும் '''article''' ஐ நீக்குவது.

|-
|| 10:23
|| இங்கே உங்களுக்கான இரண்டு சிறிய பயிற்சிகள் உள்ளன.

|-
|| 10:27
|| கீழே கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள இரண்டு புதிய '''article''' களை உருவாக்கவும்.

|-
|| 10:32
||'''Content ''' , '''Article Manager''' பிறகு'''Add New Article''' என்ற sub-menu ஐ click செய்வதன் மூலம் '''Create New Article''' பக்கத்திற்கு செல்லவும்.

|-
|| 10:44
|| புதிய '''article''' க்கு '''Vitamin A ''' என்று தலைப்பிடவும்.

|-
|| 10:48
|| '''Uncategorised''' ஐ '''category''' ஆக தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 10:53
|| இந்த tutorial ல் உள்ள '''assignment-text''' file ன் text ல் முதல் block ஐ '''Article Text''' ல் copy-paste செய்க.

|-
|| 11:03
||'''Save and New ''' option ஐ click செய்க.

|-
|| 11:06
|| என்ன நடக்கிறது என்பதைக் கவனிக்கவும்.
|-
|| 11:09
|| புதிதாக பெறப்பட்ட '''article''' க்கு '''Iron''' என தலைப்பிடவும்.

|-
|| 11:14
||'''Uncategorised''' ஐ '''category''' ஆக தேர்வு செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 11:18
|| இந்த tutorial ல் உள்ள '''assignment-text''' file ன் text ல் இரண்டாவது block ஐ '''Article Text''' ல் copy-paste செய்க.

|-
|| 11:28
||'''Cancel ''' icon ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 11:31
|| இப்போது '''Article Manager''' ல் '''Iron''' ஐ நீங்கள் காண்கிறீர்களா?

|-
|| 11:36
|| ஏன் அல்லது ஏன் இல்லை என்பதை புரிந்து கொள்ளவும்.

|-
|| 11:40
|| கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள இணைப்பில் உள்ள video, '''Spoken Tutorial''' project ஐ சுருங்க சொல்கிறது. உங்களிடம் நல்ல bandwidth இல்லையெனில் , அதை தரவிறக்கி காணலாம்

|-
|| 11:50
|| ஸ்போகன் டுடொரியல் திட்டக்குழு செய்முறை வகுப்புகள் நடத்துகிறது மற்றும் இணையத்தில் பிரிட்ச்சை எழுதி தேர்வோருக்கு சான்றிதழ்கள் தருகிறது.
மேலும் விவரங்களுக்கு எங்களுக்கு மின்னஞ்சல் செய்யவும்.

|-
|| 12:05
||'''Spoken Tutorial Project''' க்கு ஆதரவு NMEICT, MHRD, இந்திய அரசாங்கத்தின் மூலம் கிடைக்கிறது.

|-
|| 12:13
|| இந்த டுடோரிலை தமிழாக்கம் செய்து குரல்கொடுத்தது '''IIT Bombay'''இல் இருந்து சண்முகப் பிரியா , நன்றி .

|-
|}

Drupal/C4/RESTful-API-with-a-REST-Client/English

2018-06-11T11:18:59Z

Priyacst:

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Visual cue</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Narration</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 1:

RESTful API with a REST Client
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on''' RESTful API with a REST Client'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 2:Learning Objectives

* What is REST client
* Retrieve data - GET method
* Create a new '''node''' - POST method
* Modify an existing '''node''' - PATCH method
* Delete an existing '''node''' - DELETE method

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn about '''REST client. '''

We also learn to use the '''REST client '''to

* Retrieve data using '''GET method'''
* Create a new node using '''POST method'''
* Modify an existing node using '''PATCH method''' and
* Delete an existing node using '''DELETE method'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 3:

System requirement

To record this tutorial, I am using

* Ubuntu Linux 16.04 OS
* Drupal 8
* Postman as a REST Client
* Firefox web browser
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04'''
* '''Drupal 8 '''
* '''Postman '''as a''' REST client '''and
* '''Firefox web browser'''

You can use any '''REST client''' and web browser as per your choice.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 4:

Pre-requisites

* You should have basic knowledge of '''Drupal'''
* '''RESTful API''' implemented in your Drupal website
* If not, for relevant''' Drupal''' tutorials please visit [http://spoken-tutorial.org/ http://spoken-tutorial.org]
* A working''' Internet connection'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should have basic knowledge of''' Drupal'''.

The '''RESTful API''' should have been implemented in your '''Drupal '''website.

If not, please go through the previous '''Drupal''' tutorials on this website.

You should also have a working '''Internet''' connection.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''Drupa8''' site
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we will confirm whether '''RESTful API''' is implemented in our '''Drupal8''' site.

To do so, open our '''Drupa8''' site.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Go to '''Structure''' and '''Views'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then go to '''Structure''' and '''Views'''.

Here you can see that '''RESTful API''' is implemented in the '''Events content type'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Postman Client'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Note that we have already learnt to implement the '''RESTful API '''earlier.

Now we will learnt to check our '''RESTful API''' using a '''REST client'''.

I will use '''Postman '''as a''' REST client'''.

You can use any '''REST client''' as per your choice.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 6: '''Postman Client'''

* It is a powerful '''HTTP client''' for testing '''web services'''
* For installing '''Postman client, '''see''' Additional reading material''' link

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Postman''' is a powerful '''HTTP client '''for testing '''web services.'''

To install the '''Postman client''', refer to the '''Additional reading material''' link of this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Bitnami Drupal Stack'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The following steps are applicable to '''Bitnami Drupal Stack'''.

But most of the steps are applicable to any other '''Drupal installation''', as well.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''Postman Client'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us open the '''Postman client'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''GET'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we will learn to retrieve data for '''Anonymous users''' using '''GET method'''.

Choose '''GET''' from the drop-down list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type [http://localhost:8080/drupal/events http://localhost/drupal/events]

Highlight '''localhost:8080'''

Highlight '''drupal'''

Highlight events
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Recall that earlier we had implemented the '''RESTful API '''on our '''Events content type'''.

We will now enter the path of our '''RESTful API'''.

Here '''localhost:8080''' is my '''server '''name.

If you are not using '''Bitnami Drupal stack''', please use '''localhost '''instead of '''localhost:8080.'''

'''drupal''' is the folder of my '''Drupal '''instance.

'''events '''is the '''content type''' on which we have configured the '''RESTful API'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Send'''

Point to the result
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now click on the '''Send''' button at the top right corner.

You can see here the contents of our '''events content type '''in''' json format'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click plus button

Type the path
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to retrieve a single '''node'''.

Click on the plus button at the top panel to add a new tab.

Choose '''GET''' from the dropdown list.

We have to give the exact path of the particular '''node'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Send'''

Point to the result

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Send''' button.

You can see here the content of that particular '''node''' is retrieved.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click plus button

Choose '''POST'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to create a new '''node''' for '''Authenticated users''' using '''POST method'''.

Click on the plus button at the top panel to add a new tab.

Choose '''POST''' from the drop-down list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''http://localhost:8080/drupal/entity/node?_format=hal+json'''

Highlight '''localhost:8080'''

Highlight '''drupal'''

Highlight '''/node?_format=hal+json'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type the path as shown.

Here '''localhost:8080''' is my '''server''' name.

'''drupal''' is the folder of my '''Drupal''' instance.

We have to hard-code the rest of the things.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change '''Type''' as '''Basic Auth'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''Authorization''', we will change the '''Type''' as '''Basic Authentication'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type username and password
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will give the '''username''' and '''password''' of our '''Drupal''' website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Preview Request '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Preview Request''' button at the left hand side to update our '''request'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Headers''' tab

Point to '''Authentication'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Headers''' tab.

Here you can see the '''token''' for the '''basic authentication'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' Content-Type''' as '''application/hal+json'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will set the '''Content-Type''' to '''application/hal+json'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Body''' tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will go to the '''Body''' tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''raw'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us change the '''data format''' as '''raw.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| {

"_links": {

"type": {

"href": "http://localhost:8080:8080/drupal/rest/type/node/events"

}

},

<nowiki>"title":[</nowiki>

{

"value": "Created by an authenticated user!!!"

}

],

<nowiki>"body": [</nowiki>

{

"value": " This is an event!!!"

}

]

}
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here we must declare the required '''title''' and '''type fields.'''

So type the following code.

This '''json''' code is used to create a new node of the type '''events'''.

For that we specify the values for title and body fields.

The same code is given in the '''Code files''' link of this tutorial.

Please download and use it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Send'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Send''' button at the top right corner.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to the '''json''' code
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| If the content is successfully posted, you can see the '''json '''code of this content at the bottom.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to Drupal site

Point to the first event
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can also check the content in our '''Drupal''' website.

Switch back to our '''Drupal''' site.

Here you can see the '''event''' which is posted from the '''Postman client'''.

Note that the '''UID''' of this post is '''100'''.

We will use this '''UID''' in the postman client to modify this '''node'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to '''Postman Client'''

Click plus button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to modify a '''node''' for '''Authenticated users''' using '''PATCH method.'''

Let us switch back to the '''Postman client.'''

Click on the plus button at the top panel to add a new tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''PATCH'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''PATCH''' from the drop-down list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type [http://localhost:8080/drupal/node/102 http://][http://localhost:8080/drupal/node/102 localhost:8080][http://localhost:8080/drupal/node/102 /drupal/node/10]0

Highlight 100
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will enter the '''URL''' of the '''node''' which we want to modify.

For example, we will modify the '''node''' which we created using '''POST method'''.

The '''UID''' of this '''post''' is '''100'''.

We will enter the URL of the '''node 100'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change '''Type''' as '''Basic Auth'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''Authorization''', we will change the '''Type''' as '''Basic Authentication'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type username and password
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will give the '''username''' and '''password '''of our '''Drupal''' website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Preview Request '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Preview Request''' button at the left hand side.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Headers''' tab

Point to '''Authentication'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Headers''' tab.

Here you can see the '''token''' for the '''basic authentication'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' Content-Type''' as '''application/hal+json'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will set the '''Content-Type''' to '''application/hal+json'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Body''' tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will go to the '''Body''' tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''raw'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change the '''data format '''as '''raw.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

{

"_links": {

"type": {

"href": "http://localhost:8080/drupal/rest/type/node/events"

}

},

<nowiki>"title":[</nowiki>

{

"value": "Changed by PATCH!!!"

}

],

<nowiki>"body": [</nowiki>

{

"value": " The value is changed by patch method!!!"

}

]

}
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And type the following code here.

In this code we modify the values for both the '''title''' and the '''body fields'''.

The same code is given in the '''Code files''' link of this tutorial.

Please download and use it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Send'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then click on the '''Send''' button at the top right corner.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to '''Status OK'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| You can see the '''Status '''as '''200 OK''' which means the content is modified.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to Drupal site

Refresh the page

Point to the first event
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us check the content in our '''Drupal '''website.

Switch back to our '''Drupal''' website.

Let us refresh the page.

Here you can see that the '''event''' is successfully modified using the '''PATCH method'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose node 8

Point to node 8 in the URL
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to delete an existing '''node''' for '''Authenticated users''' using '''DELETE method.'''

I will choose '''node 100''' which was created by me as an '''authenticated user'''.

Remember that we have permitted the '''authenticated users''' to delete their own content only.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to '''Postman Client'''

Click plus button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the '''Postman client'''.

Click on the plus button to add a new tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''DELETE'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''DELETE''' from the drop-down list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type [http://localhost:8080/drupal/node/102 http://localhost:8080/drupal/node/]8'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will enter the '''URL''' of the '''node''' which we want to delete.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change '''Type''' as '''Basic Auth'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''Authorization''', we will change the '''Type''' as '''Basic Authentication'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type username and password
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will give the '''username''' and '''password''' of our '''Drupal''' website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Preview Request '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Preview Request''' button at the left hand side.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Headers''' tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then click on the '''Headers''' tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' Content-Type''' as '''application/hal+json'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will set the '''Content-Type''' to '''application/hal+json'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Send'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Send''' button at the top right corner.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to '''Status 204 No content'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| You can see the '''Status '''as''' 204 No content''' which means the content is deleted.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to Drupal site
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to our '''Drupal''' site.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Refresh the page
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us refresh the page.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to '''Page not found'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see that the '''node''' is successfully deleted.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is all about managing content through '''Postman client'''.

With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 7:

Summary

In this tutorial, we have learnt about-

* '''Postman client '''as a REST client
* Managing content through '''Postman client '''using '''GET, POST, PATCH '''and''' DELETE '''methods

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt about-

* '''Postman client '''as a '''REST client''' and
* Managing content through '''Postman client''' using '''GET, POST, PATCH '''and''' DELETE methods'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 8:

Assignment

* Create some new '''articles''' through '''REST Client'''
* Modify the '''articles''' using '''PATCH method'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| As an assignment

* Create some new '''articles''' through '''REST client '''and
* Modify the '''articles''' using '''PATCH method'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 9:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 10:

Spoken Tutorial Workshops

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team conducts workshops and gives certificates to those who pass online tests.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.078cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Slide 11:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.078cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by

* NMEICT, Ministry of Human Resource Development and
* NVLI, Ministry of Culture

Government of India.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This tutorial is contributed by Vishal Jindal.

This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for joining.

|}

Drupal/C4/RESTful-API-Implementation/English

2018-06-11T08:25:47Z

Priyacst:

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Visual cue</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Narration</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 1:

RESTful API Implementation
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on''' RESTful API Implementation'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 2:Learning Objectives

* Understand what is '''RESTful API'''
* Learn to implement '''RESTful API '''using '''Views'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will

* Understand what is '''RESTful API'''
* Learn to implement '''RESTful API '''using '''Views'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 3:

System requirement

To record this tutorial, I am using

* Ubuntu Linux 16.04 OS
* Drupal 8
* Firefox web browser
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04'''
* '''Drupal 8 '''and
* '''Firefox web browser'''

You can use any web browser as per your choice.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 4:

Pre-requisites

* You should have basic knowledge of '''Drupal'''
* If not, for relevant''' Drupal''' tutorials please visit [http://spoken-tutorial.org/ http://spoken-tutorial.org]
* A working''' Internet connection'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should have basic knowledge of''' Drupal'''.

If not, for relevant''' Drupal''' tutorials, please visit the link shown.

You should also have a working '''Internet''' connection.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 5:

What is RESTful API

* It is based on '''RE'''presentational '''S'''tate '''T'''ransfer ('''REST''') technology
* It is also referred to as a '''RESTful web service'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| What is '''RESTful API? '''

* '''RESTful API '''is based on''' REpresentational State Transfer (i.e REST) '''technology.
* It is also referred to as a '''RESTful web service'''.
* '''RESTful API''' provides methods to external '''clients''' to fetch, add or modify data on the '''server'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 5: (cont.)
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| For example:

* Using the same '''server''', we can do a bank transaction either using a mobile app or desktop website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| image

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''RESTful API''' is a general purpose '''API'''.

So any application, such as
* another website,
* native '''mobile apps''' and
* '''IoT devices'''

can exchange data with your '''server'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''RESTful API implementation process'''

Show text '''Bitnami Drupal Stack'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us learn the '''RESTful API implementation process''' step by step.

The following steps are applicable to '''Bitnami Drupal Stack'''.

But most of the steps are applicable to any other '''Drupal''' installation, as well.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 1'''

Open Drupal8 site
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 1'''

First we will open our '''Drupal8 site''' and install the required '''core modules.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click''' Extend '''tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To do so, go to the '''Extend''' tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down to WEB SERVICES
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down and go to the '''WEB SERVICES '''section.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Put a check mark on '''HAL, HTTP Basic Authentication, RESTful Web Services '''

and''' Serialization'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Put a check mark on the following modules:

'''HAL, HTTP Basic Authentication, RESTful Web Services '''and''' Serialization.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Install''' button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then click on the '''Install''' button at the bottom, to enable them.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''REST UI'''

Show text '''Creating Dummy Content'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will also need to install the '''REST UI module''' manually.

I have already installed and enabled it in my machine.

To know how to install a '''module''', go through the '''Creating Dummy Content''' tutorial in this series.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 2'''

Go to '''Configuration''' tab -> '''WEB SERVICES → REST'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 2'''

Next we will configure the '''REST resources''' to accept the requests from a '''REST client'''.

To do so, go to the '''Configuration''' tab.

Click on '''REST '''under '''WEB SERVICES'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to '''REST resources'''

Click on''' Edit '''of''' Content'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''REST resources''' page appears now.

We will restrict the '''formats''' by clicking on the '''Edit''' button of '''Content'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down

Check '''json'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down.

Under '''Accepted request formats, '''put a check mark on the '''json.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save configuration'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Save configuration''' button at the bottom to save it.

Now our '''Drupal site''' will accept the '''json format requests''' from a '''REST client'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 3'''

Next we need to set the proper permissions for '''authenticated users'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 6

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In general, there are three kind of '''users''' that can use '''RESTful API'''.

1. '''anonymous user'''

2. '''authenticated user''' and

3. '''authenticated users''' with permission to modify content

Now, we will setup our '''Drupal''' for an '''authenticated user''' who can create, edit, and delete their own contents.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Go to '''People '''tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To do so, go to '''People''' tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Permissions '''tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Permissions '''tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down

For''' AUTHENTICATED USER''', check

* Basic Page: Create new content
* Basic Page: Delete own content
* Basic Page: Edit own content

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down and for '''AUTHENTICATED USER''', put a checkmark on

* '''Basic Page: Create new content'''
* '''Basic Page: Delete own content '''
* '''Basic Page: Edit own content '''

Click on the '''Save permissions''' button at the bottom.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| I have enabled the '''authenticated users''' to create, edit and delete their own content.

You can give '''permissions''' based on your requirements.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 4'''

Go to '''Structure ->''' '''Content types'''

Point to '''Events'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 4'''

Now we need a '''content type''' on which we want to implement the '''RESTful API'''.

Go to '''Structure''' tab and click on the '''Content types'''.

I will use the '''Events content type''' to implement the '''RESTful API'''.

You can use any '''content type''' as per your requirement.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 5'''

Show text '''Displaying Contents using Views'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 5'''

Now we need a '''View''' for our '''Events content type'''.

To know about '''Views''', go through the tutorial '''Displaying Contents using Views '''of this series.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Structure → Views'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To create a new '''view, '''go to '''Structure '''and '''Views'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Add new view'''

Type '''Events_view'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Add view''' and let’s name it as '''Events underscore view.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change '''type''' as '''Events'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change the '''content of type''' from '''All''' to '''Events.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''REST EXPORT SETTINGS, '''check '''Provide a REST export'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''REST EXPORT SETTINGS''', check '''Provide a REST export'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' REST export path '''as''' events'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will type the '''REST export path''' as '''events'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save and edit'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save and edit''' button at the bottom.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Go to '''FORMAT → Show → Entity'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will set up the display of our events.

Under '''FORMAT '''section, in the '''Show '''option, click on the '''Entity'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''Fields'''

Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''REST export''' dialog box that appears, choose '''Fields''' option.

Click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Row style options''' dialog box, keep the settings as it is.

Then click on the '''Apply''' button.

This will enable us to add '''fields''' to our '''view'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click''' Add'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we can add all the '''fields''' of our '''Events content type.'''

Click on the '''Add''' button.

This brings up the list of available '''fields'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Search''' box, type '''body'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Search''' box, type '''body'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''Body''', click '''Add and configure fields'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''Body''' from the list, then click on the''' Add and configure fields''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Add'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Again click on the '''Add''' button to add another field.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' id '''and choose''' ID'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Search for '''id''' and choose '''ID''' from the list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Add and configure fields'''

Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Add and configure fields '''button.

Then click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to the path '''/events'''

Click '''Save'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''PATH SETTINGS''', we can see the path of our '''events view'''.

We will click on the '''Save''' button to save this '''view'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 6'''

Click '''Add'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 6'''

Next we will create a new '''view''' to retrieve the data.

Click on the '''Add''' button in the '''Displays''' panel.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Select '''REST export'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Select '''REST export''' option.

Now let us configure this new '''view'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Entity'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''FORMAT '''section, click on the '''Entity'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''Fields,''' click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''Fields''' option and click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Put check mark to all the fields

Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Check all the '''fields''' that we want in our '''content type.'''

And click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to '''FIELDS'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here you can see that our required '''fields''' are added now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click''' No path is set'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''PATH SETTINGS''', we will set the path by clicking on the '''No path is set''' link.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In '''Path''' field, type '''events/%'''

Highlight the hint under the field.
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Path''' field, type '''events slash percentage sign.'''

'''Percentage''' sign is used to represent values that will be used for the '''contextual filter.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Apply''' button at the bottom.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click''' ADVANCED'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, in the right hand side, click on the '''ADVANCED '''option.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''CONTEXTUAL FILTERS''', click '''Add'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''CONTEXTUAL FILTERS''', click on the '''Add''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' id '''in the search box

Choose''' ID'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will add an '''ID''' for the '''contextual filter '''to refer our '''node'''.

Search for '''id''' and choose the '''ID''' from the list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Keep the other settings as it is.

Then click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Save''' button to save this configuration.

With this, we have successfully implemented the '''RESTful API''' in our '''Drupal''' site using '''Views'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Later in the series, we will learn how to check our '''RESTful API''' using a '''REST Client'''.

With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 7:

Summary

* '''RESTful API'''
* Implementation of '''RESTful API''' using '''Views'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt about-
* '''RESTful API '''and
* Implementation of '''RESTful API''' using '''Views'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 8:

Assignment

* Implement the '''RESTful API '''on the '''Article content type'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| As an assignment

* Implement the '''RESTful API '''on the '''Article content type'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 9:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 10:

Spoken Tutorial Workshops

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team conducts workshops and gives certificates to those who pass online tests.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Slide 11:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by

* NMEICT, Ministry of Human Resource Development and
* NVLI, Ministry of Culture

Government of India.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This tutorial is contributed by Vishal Jindal.

This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for joining.

|}

Drupal/C4/RESTful-API-with-a-REST-Client/English

2018-06-08T05:28:50Z

Priyacst: Created page with " {| style="border-spacing:0;" | style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <cent..."

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Visual cue</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Narration</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 1:

RESTful API with a REST Client
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on''' RESTful API with a REST Client'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 2:Learning Objectives

* What is REST client
* Retrieve data - GET method
* Create a new node - POST method
* Modify an existing node - PATCH method
* Delete an existing node - DELETE method

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn about '''REST client. '''

We also learn to use the '''REST client '''to

* Retrieve data using '''GET method'''
* Create a new node using '''POST method'''
* Modify an existing node using '''PATCH method''' and
* Delete an existing node using '''DELETE method'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 3:

System requirement

To record this tutorial, I am using

* Ubuntu Linux 16.04 OS
* Drupal 8
* Postman as a REST Client
* Firefox web browser

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04'''
* '''Drupal 8 '''
* '''Postman '''as a''' REST client '''and
* '''Firefox web browser'''

You can use any '''REST client''' and web browser as per your choice.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 4:

Pre-requisites

* You should have basic knowledge of '''Drupal'''
* '''RESTful API''' implemented in your Drupal website
* If not, for relevant''' Drupal''' tutorials please visit [http://spoken-tutorial.org/ http://spoken-tutorial.org]
* A working''' Internet connection'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should have basic knowledge of''' Drupal'''.

The '''RESTful API''' should have been implemented in your '''Drupal '''website.

If not, please go through the previous '''Drupal''' tutorials on this website.

You should also have a working '''Internet''' connection.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''Drupa8''' site
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we will confirm whether RESTful API is implemented in our '''Drupal8''' site.

To do so, open our '''Drupa8''' site.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Go to '''Structure''' and '''Views'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then go to '''Structure''' and '''Views'''.

Here you can see that '''RESTful API''' is implemented in the '''Events''' content type.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Postman Client'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Note that we have already learnt to implement the '''RESTful API '''earlier.''' '''

Now we will learnt to check our '''RESTful API''' using a '''REST client'''.

I will use '''Postman '''as a''' REST client'''.

You can use any '''REST client''' as per your choice.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 6: '''Postman Client'''

* It is a powerful HTTP client for testing web services
* For installing '''Postman client, '''see''' Additional reading material''' link

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Postman''' is a powerful '''HTTP client '''for testing '''web services.'''

To install the '''Postman client''', refer to the '''Additional reading material''' link of this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Bitnami Drupal Stack'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The following steps are applicable to '''Bitnami Drupal Stack'''.

But most of the steps are applicable to any other '''Drupal''' installation, as well.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open '''Postman Client'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us open the '''Postman client'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''GET'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we will learn to retrieve data for '''Anonymous users''' using '''GET''' method.

Choose '''GET''' from the drop-down list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type [http://localhost:8080/drupal/events http://localhost/drupal/events]

Highlight '''localhost:8080'''

Highlight '''drupal'''

Highlight events
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Recall that earlier we had implemented the '''RESTful API '''on our '''Events content type'''.

We will now enter the path of our '''RESTful API'''.

Here '''localhost:8080''' is my '''server '''name.

If you are not using '''Bitnami Drupal stack''', please use '''localhost '''instead of '''localhost:8080.'''

'''drupal''' is the folder of my '''Drupal '''instance.

'''events '''is the '''content type''' on which we have configured the '''RESTful API'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Send'''

Point to the result
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now click on the '''Send''' button at the top right corner.

You can see here the contents of our '''events content type '''in''' json format'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click plus button

Type the path
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to retrieve a single '''node'''.

Click on the plus button at the top panel to add a new tab.

Choose '''GET''' from the dropdown list.

We have to give the exact path of the particular '''node'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Send'''

Point to the result

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Send''' button.

You can see here the content of that particular node is retrieved.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click plus button

Choose '''POST'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to create a new '''node''' for '''Authenticated users''' using '''POST''' method.

Click on the plus button at the top panel to add a new tab.

Choose '''POST''' from the drop-down list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''http://localhost:8080/drupal/entity/node?_format=hal+json'''

Highlight '''localhost:8080'''

Highlight '''drupal'''

Highlight '''/node?_format=hal+json'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type the path as shown.

Here '''localhost:8080''' is my '''server''' name.

'''drupal''' is the folder of my '''Drupal''' instance.

We have to hard-code the rest of the things.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change '''Type''' as '''Basic Auth'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''Authorization''', we will change the '''Type''' as '''Basic Authentication'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type username and password
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will give the '''username''' and '''password''' of our '''Drupal''' website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Preview Request '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Preview Request''' button at the left hand side to update our '''request'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Headers''' tab

Point to '''Authentication'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Headers''' tab.

Here you can see the '''token''' for the '''basic authentication'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' Content-Type''' as '''application/hal+json'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will set the '''Content-Type''' to '''application/hal+json'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Body''' tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will go to the '''Body''' tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''raw'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us change the '''data format''' as '''raw.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| {

"_links": {

"type": {

"href": "http://localhost:8080:8080/drupal/rest/type/node/events"

}

},

<nowiki>"title":[</nowiki>

{

"value": "Created by an authenticated user!!!"

}

],

<nowiki>"body": [</nowiki>

{

"value": " This is an event!!!"

}

]

}
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here we must declare the required '''title''' and '''type fields.'''

So type the following code.

This '''json''' code is used to create a new node of the type '''events'''.

For that we specify the values for title and body fields.

The same code is given in the '''Code files''' link of this tutorial.

Please download and use it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Send'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Send''' button at the top right corner.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to the '''json''' code
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| If the content is successfully posted, you can see the '''json '''code of this content at the bottom.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to Drupal site

Point to the first event
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can also check the content in our '''Drupal''' website.

Switch back to our '''Drupal''' site.

Here you can see the '''event''' which is posted from the '''Postman client'''.

Note that the '''UID''' of this post is '''100'''.

We will use this '''UID''' in the postman client to modify this node.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to '''Postman Client'''

Click plus button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to modify a node for '''Authenticated users''' using '''PATCH method.'''

Let us switch back to the '''Postman client.'''

Click on the plus button at the top panel to add a new tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''PATCH'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''PATCH''' from the drop-down list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type [http://localhost:8080/drupal/node/102 http://][http://localhost:8080/drupal/node/102 localhost:8080][http://localhost:8080/drupal/node/102 /drupal/node/10]0

Highlight 100
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will enter the '''URL''' of the '''node''' which we want to modify.

For example, we will modify the '''node''' which we created using '''POST method'''.

The '''UID''' of this '''node''' is '''100'''.

We will enter the URL of the node 100.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change '''Type''' as '''Basic Auth'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''Authorization''', we will change the '''Type''' as '''Basic Authentication'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type username and password
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will give the '''username''' and '''password '''of our '''Drupal''' website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Preview Request '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Preview Request''' button at the left hand side.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Headers''' tab

Point to '''Authentication'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Headers''' tab.

Here you can see the '''token''' for the '''basic authentication'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' Content-Type''' as '''application/hal+json'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will set the '''Content-Type''' to '''application/hal+json'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Body''' tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will go to the '''Body''' tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''raw'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change the '''data format '''as '''raw.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

{

"_links": {

"type": {

"href": "http://localhost:8080/drupal/rest/type/node/events"

}

},

<nowiki>"title":[</nowiki>

{

"value": "Changed by PATCH!!!"

}

],

<nowiki>"body": [</nowiki>

{

"value": " The value is changed by patch method!!!"

}

]

}
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And type the following code here.

In this code we modify the values for both the title and the body fields.

The same code is given in the '''Code files''' link of this tutorial.

Please download and use it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Send'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then click on the '''Send''' button at the top right corner.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to '''Status OK'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| You can see the '''Status '''as '''200 OK''' which means the content is modified.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to Drupal site

Refresh the page

Point to the first event
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us check the content in our '''Drupal '''website'''.'''

Switch back to our '''Drupal''' website.

Let us refresh the page.

Here you can see that the '''event''' is successfully modified using the '''PATCH method'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose node 8

Point to node 8 in the URL
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to delete an existing '''node''' for '''Authenticated users''' using '''DELETE method.'''

I will choose node 100 which was created by me as an authenticated user.

Remember that we have permitted the '''authenticated users''' to delete their own content only.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to '''Postman Client'''

Click plus button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the '''Postman client'''.

Click on the plus button to add a new tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''DELETE'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''DELETE''' from the drop-down list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type [http://localhost:8080/drupal/node/102 http://localhost:8080/drupal/node/]8'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will enter the '''URL''' of the '''node''' which we want to delete.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change '''Type''' as '''Basic Auth'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''Authorization''', we will change the '''Type''' as '''Basic Authentication'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type username and password
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will give the '''username''' and '''password''' of our '''Drupal''' website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Preview Request '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Preview Request''' button at the left hand side.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Headers''' tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then click on the '''Headers''' tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' Content-Type''' as '''application/hal+json'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will set the '''Content-Type''' to '''application/hal+json'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Send'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Send''' button at the top right corner.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to '''Status 204 No content'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| You can see the '''Status '''as''' 204 No content''' which means the content is deleted.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to Drupal site
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to our '''Drupal''' site.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Refresh the page
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us refresh the page.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to '''Page not found'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see that the '''node''' is successfully deleted.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is all about the managing content through '''Postman client'''.

With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 7:

Summary

In this tutorial, we have learnt about-

* '''Postman client '''as a REST client
* Managing content through '''Postman client '''using '''GET, POST, PATCH '''and''' DELETE '''methods

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt about-

* '''Postman client '''as a REST client and
* Managing content through '''Postman client''' using '''GET, POST, PATCH '''and''' DELETE '''methods

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 8:

Assignment

* Create some new '''articles''' through '''REST Client'''
* Modify the '''articles''' using '''PATCH method'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| As an assignment

* Create some new '''articles''' through '''REST client '''and
* Modify the '''articles''' using '''PATCH method'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 9:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 10:

Spoken Tutorial Workshops

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team conducts workshops and gives certificates to those who pass online tests.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.078cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Slide 11:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.078cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by

* NMEICT, Ministry of Human Resource Development and
* NVLI, Ministry of Culture

Government of India.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.062cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This tutorial is contributed by Vishal Jindal.

This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for joining.

|}

Drupal/C4/RESTful-API-Implementation/English

2018-06-07T11:56:54Z

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Visual cue</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Narration</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 1:

RESTful API Implementation
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on''' RESTful API Implementation'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 2:Learning Objectives

* Understand what is '''RESTful API'''
* Learn to implement '''RESTful API '''using '''Views'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will

* Understand what is '''RESTful API'''
* Learn to implement '''RESTful API '''using '''Views'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 3:

System requirement

To record this tutorial, I am using

* Ubuntu Linux 16.04 OS
* Drupal 8
* Firefox web browser

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04'''
* '''Drupal 8 '''and
* '''Firefox web browser'''

You can use any web browser as per your choice.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 4:

Pre-requisites

* You should have basic knowledge of '''Drupal'''
* If not, for relevant''' Drupal''' tutorials please visit [http://spoken-tutorial.org/ http://spoken-tutorial.org]
* A working''' Internet connection'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should have basic knowledge of''' Drupal'''.

If not, for relevant''' Drupal''' tutorials, please visit the link shown.

You should also have a working '''Internet''' connection.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 5:

What is RESTful API

* It is based on '''RE'''presentational '''S'''tate '''T'''ransfer ('''REST''') technology
* It is also referred to as a RESTful web service

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| What is '''RESTful API? '''

* '''RESTful API '''is based on''' REpresentational State Transfer (i.e REST) '''technology.
* It is also referred to as a RESTful web service.
* '''RESTful API''' provides methods to external clients to fetch, add or modify data on the server.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 5: (cont.)
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| For example:

* Using the same server, we can do a bank transaction either using a mobile app or desktop website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| image

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| RESTful API is a general purpose API.

So any application, such as

* another website,
* native mobile apps and
* IoT devices

can exchange data with your server.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''RESTful API implementation process'''

Show text '''Bitnami Drupal Stack'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us learn the '''RESTful API implementation process''' step by step.

The following steps are applicable to '''Bitnami Drupal Stack'''.

But most of the steps are applicable to any other '''Drupal''' installation, as well.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 1'''

Open Drupal8 site
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 1'''

First we will open our '''Drupal8 site''' and install the required '''core modules.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click''' Extend '''tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To do so, go to the '''Extend''' tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down to WEB SERVICES
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down and go to the '''WEB SERVICES '''section.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Put a check mark on '''HAL, HTTP Basic Authentication, RESTful Web Services '''and''' Serialization'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Put a check mark on the following modules:

'''HAL, HTTP Basic Authentication, RESTful Web Services '''and''' Serialization.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Install''' button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then click on the '''Install''' button at the bottom, to enable them.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''REST UI'''

Show text '''Creating Dummy Content'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will also need to install the '''REST UI module''' manually.

I have already installed and enabled it in my machine.

To know how to install a '''module''', go through the '''Creating Dummy Content''' tutorial in this series.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 2'''

Go to '''Configuration''' tab -> '''WEB SERVICES → REST'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 2'''

Next we will configure the '''REST resources''' to accept the requests from a '''REST client'''.

To do so, go to the '''Configuration''' tab.

Click on '''REST '''under '''WEB SERVICES'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to '''REST resources'''

Click on''' Edit '''of''' Content'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''REST resources''' page appears now.

We will restrict the '''formats''' by clicking on the '''Edit''' button of '''Content'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down

Check '''json'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down.

Under '''Accepted request formats, '''put a check mark on the '''json.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save configuration'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Save configuration''' button at the bottom to save it.

Now our '''Drupal site''' will accept the '''json format requests''' from a '''REST client'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 3'''

Next we need to set the proper permissions for '''authenticated users'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 6

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In general, there are three kind of users that can use '''RESTful API'''.

1. anonymous user

2. authenticated user and

3. authenticated users with permission to modify content

Now, we will setup our '''Drupal''' for an authenticated user who can create, edit, and delete their own contents.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Go to '''People '''tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To do so, go to '''People''' tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Permissions '''tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Permissions '''tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down

For''' AUTHENTICATED USER''', check

* Basic Page: Create new content
* Basic Page: Delete own content
* Basic Page: Edit own content

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down and for '''AUTHENTICATED USER''', put a checkmark on

* '''Basic Page: Create new content'''
* '''Basic Page: Delete own content '''
* '''Basic Page: Edit own content '''

Click on the '''Save permissions''' button at the bottom.

I have enabled the '''authenticated users''' to create, edit and delete their own content.

You can give '''permissions''' based on your requirements.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 4'''

Go to '''Structure ->''' '''Content types'''

Point to '''Events'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 4'''

Now we need a '''content type''' on which we want to implement the '''RESTful API'''.

Go to '''Structure''' tab and click on the '''Content types'''.

I will use the '''Events content type''' to implement the '''RESTful API'''.

You can use any '''content type''' as per your requirement.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 5'''

Show text '''Displaying Contents using Views'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 5'''

Now we need a '''View''' for our '''Events content type'''.

To know about '''Views''', go through the tutorial '''Displaying Contents using Views '''of this series.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Structure → Views'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To create a new '''view, '''go to '''Structure '''and '''Views'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Add new view'''

Type '''Events_view'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Add view''' and let’s name it as '''Events underscore view.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change '''type''' as '''Events'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Change the '''content of type''' from '''All''' to '''Events.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''REST EXPORT SETTINGS, '''check '''Provide a REST export'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''REST EXPORT SETTINGS''', check '''Provide a REST export'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' REST export path '''as''' events'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will type the '''REST export path''' as '''events'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save and edit'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save and edit''' button at the bottom.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Go to '''FORMAT → Show → Entity'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will set up the display of our events.

Under '''FORMAT '''section, in the '''Show '''option, click on the '''Entity'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''Fields'''

Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''REST export''' dialog box that appears, choose '''Fields''' option.

Click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Row style options''' dialog box, keep the settings as it is.

Then click on the '''Apply''' button.

This will enable us to add '''fields''' to our '''view'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click''' Add'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we can add all the '''fields''' of our '''Events content type.'''

Click on the '''Add''' button.

This brings up the list of available '''fields'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Search''' box, type '''body'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Search''' box, type '''body'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''Body''', click '''Add and configure fields'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''Body''' from the list, then click on the''' Add and configure fields''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Add'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Again click on the '''Add''' button to add another field.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' id '''and choose''' ID'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Search for '''id''' and choose '''ID''' from the list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Add and configure fields'''

Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Add and configure fields '''button.

Then click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to the path '''/events'''

Click '''Save'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''PATH SETTINGS''', we can see the path of our '''events view'''.

We will click on the '''Save''' button at the bottom to save this '''view'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 6'''

Click '''Add'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 6'''

Next we will create a new '''view''' to retrieve the data.

Click on the '''Add''' button in the '''Displays''' panel.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Select '''REST export'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Select '''REST export''' option.

Now let us configure this new '''view'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Entity'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''FORMAT '''section, click on the '''Entity'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''Fields,''' click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Choose '''Fields''' option and click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Put check mark to all the fields

Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Check all the '''fields''' that we want in our '''content type.'''

And click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to '''FIELDS'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here you can see that our required '''fields''' are added now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click''' No path is set'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''PATH SETTINGS''', we will set the path by clicking on the '''No path is set''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In '''Path''' field, type '''events/%'''

Highlight the hint under the field.
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Path''' field, type '''events slash percentage sign.'''

'''Percentage''' sign is used to represent values that will be used for the '''contextual filter.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Apply''' button at the bottom.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click''' ADVANCED'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, in the right hand side, click on the '''ADVANCED '''option.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''CONTEXTUAL FILTERS''', click '''Add'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''CONTEXTUAL FILTERS''', click on the '''Add''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' id '''in the search box

Choose''' ID'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will add an '''ID''' for the '''contextual filter '''to refer our '''node'''.

Search for '''id''' and choose the '''ID''' from the list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Apply'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Keep the other settings as it is.

Then click on the '''Apply''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Save''' button to save this configuration.

With this, we have successfully implemented the '''RESTful API''' in our '''Drupal''' site using '''Views'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Later in the series, we will learn how to check our '''RESTful API''' using a '''REST Client'''.

With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 7:

Summary

* '''RESTful API'''
* Implementation of '''RESTful API''' using '''Views'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt about-

* '''RESTful API '''and
* Implementation of '''RESTful API''' using '''Views'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 8:

Assignment

* Implement the '''RESTful API '''on the '''Article content type'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| As an assignment

* Implement the '''RESTful API '''on the '''Article content type'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 9:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 10:

Spoken Tutorial Workshops

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team conducts workshops and gives certificates to those who pass online tests.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Slide 11:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by

* NMEICT, Ministry of Human Resource Development and
* NVLI, Ministry of Culture

Government of India.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This tutorial is contributed by Vishal Jindal.

This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for joining.

|}

Drupal/C4/Solr-Search-and-Facets-Implementation/English

2018-06-07T11:37:42Z

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Visual cue</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Narration</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 1:

Solr Search and Facets Implementation in Drupal8
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on''' Solr Search and Facets Implementation'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 2:Learning Objectives

* Introduction to Solr search
* Salient features of Solr search
* Installation of Solr search
* Creation of Facets

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn about-

* Introduction to '''Solr search'''
* Salient features of '''Solr search'''
* Installation of '''Solr search''' and
* Creation of '''Facets'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 3:

System requirement

To record this tutorial, I am using

* Ubuntu Linux 16.04 OS
* Drupal 8
* Firefox web browser

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04'''
* '''Drupal 8 '''and
* '''Firefox web browser'''

You can use any web browser as per your choice.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 4:

Pre-requisites

* You should have basic knowledge of '''Drupal'''
* If not, for relevant''' Drupal''' tutorials please visit [http://spoken-tutorial.org/ http://spoken-tutorial.org]
* A working''' Internet connection'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should have basic knowledge of''' Drupal'''.

If not, for relevant''' Drupal''' tutorials, please visit the link shown.

You should also have a working '''Internet''' connection.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 5:

API

* Application Programming Interface
* Set of rules to interact to each other
* For more details, see the “Additional Material” link

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First let us learn what is an '''API'''.

'''API''' stands for '''Application Programming Interface.'''

It has a set of rules that software programs can follow to interact with each other.

More information on '''API''' is given in the '''Additional Material''' link of this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 6:

What is Solr

* Open source search platform used to build '''Search Application'''
* Create custom search engine

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| What is '''Solr Search API?'''

* '''Solr''' is an open source '''search platform''' used to build a '''Search Application.'''
* It enables us to create custom '''search engines''' that index databases, files and websites.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 7:

Solr Search API

* The default search does database search
* It leads to slower process and extra load on MySQL
* Solr provides a different server for searching
* It will speed up the '''search '''operation.

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Why do we need '''Solr Search API'''?

* The default '''search''' that comes with '''Drupal''' does '''database search.'''
* It leads to slower process and extra load on '''MySQL'''.
* But '''Solr''' provides a different '''server''' for searching. It will speed up the '''search '''operation.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 8:

Salient Features of Solr

* Scalable
* Full text search capabilities
* Flexible and extensible
* Friendly user interface
* Fault tolerance

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Some of the features of '''Solr''' are listed here.

* It is scalable.
* It has full text search capabilities.
* It is flexible and extensible.
* It has a friendly user interface.
* It has fault tolerance.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 9:

What is Solr core?
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn about '''Solr core'''.

* '''Solr core''' is used to perform operations like indexing and analyzing
* It is a single index and associated configuration files
* We can index data with different structures
* A '''Solr server''' may contain one or multiple cores
* Multiple '''cores''' are used when we need multiple versions, languages, or configurations

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this example there is one core each for '''Articles''' and '''Weblogs''' in a single '''Solr Server''' Instance.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Solr implementation process'''

Show text '''Bitnami Drupal Stack'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn the '''Solr implementation process''' step by step.

The following steps are applicable to '''Bitnami Drupal Stack'''.

But most of the steps are applicable to any other '''Drupal''' installation, as well.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 1'''

Type

''sudo apt-get update && apt-get upgrade -y''

Highlight '''root'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 1'''

Open your '''terminal '''and run the following '''commands '''to '''update''' and '''upgrade''' the machine.

Note that you should run this '''command '''as a '''root user'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 2'''

Show text '''JRE or JDK'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 2'''

Since '''Solr''' is based on '''Java''', we need to have '''JRE '''or '''JDK''' installed in our system.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

''sudo apt-get install python-software-properties''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| For that, first we need to install '''python software properties'''.

So run the following '''command'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will run this '''command '''for setting up the '''Java Runtime Environment.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''sudo add-apt update''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then to update the system with the unsupported '''packages''',

type '''sudo space add hyphen apt space update'''

Press '''Enter.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''sudo apt install oracle-java8-installer''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Finally run the following '''command '''to install the latest version of '''oracle Java8'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''java -version''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we can check the installed '''Java''' version by typing '''java space hyphen version.'''

Press '''Enter.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''sudo apt install oracle-java8-set-default''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we have to set-up the default '''Java environment variable'''.

So, run the following '''command.'''

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 3'''

Next we will learn to install '''Solr''' in our local machine.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''cd /tmp''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First we have to change the directory to '''/tmp'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''wget http://www-us.apache.org/dist/lucene/Solr/6.6.2/solr-6.6.2.tgz''

Show text

''www-us.apache.org/dist/lucene/solr''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will download the '''Solr version 6.6.2''' from their web page.

Type the following command.

Note that you can download any latest version from their website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''tar xzf solr-6.6.2.tgz solr-6.6.2/bin/install_solr_service.sh --strip-components=2''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will extract the downloaded '''tar''' file using the following '''command'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''sudo ./install_Solr_service.sh solr-6.6.2.tgz''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we should install '''Solr''' as a service in our system.

So type the following command.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''service Solr status''

Highlight the status
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then we will check the status of '''Solr''' by typing

'''service space Solr space status'''

Press '''Enter.'''

We can see that the '''service Solr''' is installed in our system and activated as well.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 4'''

Type ''sudo su - solr -c "/opt/solr/bin/solr create -c testcollection -n data_driven_schema_configs"''

Highlight '''testcollection'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 4'''

We will now create a new '''solr core''' in '''Solr''' to index our '''Drupal''' content.

Type the following command carefully.

Here I have named the newly created '''core''' as '''testcollection'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type in the URL bar - ''http://localhost:8983/Solr/''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| By default solr application listens on TCP port 8983.

We can access the '''Solr admin user interface''' through the '''port 8983'''.

In the '''URL bar''', type '''http://localhost:8983/Solr/'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Core Selector''' field
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Core Selector''' field, we can see the list of all the available '''core'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click the core '''testcollection'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Clicking on any particular '''core''', will give us the associated details.

That is all about '''Solr''' installation in our local system.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 5'''

Show text '''mbstring extension of PHP & Composer'''

Show text '''Additional Material'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 5'''

Next we will implement the '''Solr search API''' in '''Drupal8'''.

For this, '''mbstring extension''' of '''PHP '''and '''composer''' should be installed in our machine.

The steps to install the above software are given in the '''Additional Material''' link of this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''cd /home/spoken/drupal-8.4.4-0/apps/drupal/htdocs''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Once the required installation is done, change the directory to '''/home/spoken/drupal-8.4.4-0/apps/drupal/htdocs.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''composer config repositories.drupal composer ''[https://packagist.org/ https://packagist.org]

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| After this, we need to install '''solarium library''' in '''Drupal8'''.

'''Solarium''' is a '''Solr client library''' for '''PHP'''.

Execute the following '''command '''to install it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''composer require “drupal/search_API_solr”''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will install '''search API Solr module''' to '''Drupal8''' via '''composer.'''

Type the following '''command'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''composer require “drupal/facets:^1.0”''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will also download '''Facets module''' to '''Drupal8''' to be used later on.

Type the following '''command'''.

At this point, we have downloaded all the required '''modules.'''

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 6'''

Go to Drupal8 site
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 6'''

Next go to the '''Drupal8 site''' and enable the '''modules '''that we have installed.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click''' Extend '''tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Go to '''Extend''' tab.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Facets, Search API, Solr search, Solr Search Defaults'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Put a check mark on the '''modules Facets, Search API, Solr search '''and '''Solr Search Defaults'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Install''' button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Install''' button at the end, to enable them.

We can see that all the four '''modules '''have been enabled.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Uninstall''' tab
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we have to disable the default '''Search module '''of '''Drupal8''' named '''Search'''.

To do so, click on the '''Uninstall''' tab in the '''Extend''' page.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Search '''

Click '''Uninstall''' button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Put a check mark on the '''Search module '''and click on the '''Uninstall''' button at the bottom.

You can see that the default '''Search module '''is disabled now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 6'''

Switch to terminal

Type ''cp /home/spoken/drupal-8.4.4-0/apps/drupal/htdocs/modules/contrib/search_api_solr/solr-conf/6.x/* /var/solr/data/testcollection/conf''

Highlight source and destination
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 6'''

Next we have to allow our '''Drupal''' to communicate with '''Solr'''.

For that, switch back to '''terminal '''and run the following '''command '''carefully.

This will copy the '''configuration files '''from '''modules''' folder of '''Drupal8''' to the '''core''' of '''Solr'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type ''sudo service solr restart''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| After copying the '''configuration files''', to restart the '''Solr''' '''service''', typing '''sudo space service space solr space restart'''

Press '''Enter.'''

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 7'''

Go to Configuration tab -> SEARCH AND METADATA → Search API
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 7'''

Next we will configure the '''Solr server''' and index the available content in the default '''search index'''.

To do so, go to '''Configuration''' tab.

Click on the '''Search API '''under '''SEARCH AND METADATA'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight '''Solr server could not be reached'''

Click on''' Edit '''of''' Solr Server'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Right now we can see that the '''Solr server''' could not be reached.

Click on '''Edit''' of '''Solr Server'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down

Show '''Solr core '''field

Type '''testcollection'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down.

In the '''Solr core '''field, type your core name.

I will type '''testcollection.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save'''

Highlight '''Status: enabled'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Leave the other settings as default and click on the '''Save''' button at the bottom, for saving the configuration.

Now we can see that the '''server connection '''could be reached and the core connection could be accessed.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 8'''

Click '''Edit''' of '''Default Solr content index'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 8'''

Next we will index the available content in the '''Solr server'''.

Click on the '''Edit''' button of '''Default Solr content index'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can change the settings as per our requirements.

For now, I will keep them as it is and click on the '''Save''' button at the bottom.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight '''Index Status'''

Click '''Index now''' at the bottom

Highlight '''Index Status'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see, right now 0 items are indexed in the '''Solr server'''.

To index all the content, click on the '''Index now''' button at the bottom.

Now we can see all the 100 content are indexed in the '''Solr server'''.

With this we have successfully enabled both the '''Solr server '''and''' server index.'''

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 9'''

Go to Structure → Views

Highlight '''Solr search content'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 9'''

Next let us learn to search our content using the '''Solr search'''.

For that, first go to '''Structure''', then '''Views.'''

We can see the '''Solr search content view''' here.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Edit'''

Highlight '''Path /solr-search/content'''

Hover the cursor on preview
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Edit''' button of '''Solr search content'''.

Note that '''Solr search content''' is a page which can be accessed on the '''path /Solr-search/content.'''

We can also see the preview of the view.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the URL, type [http://localhost:8080/drupal/solr-search/content http://localhost:8080/drupal/solr-search/content]

Highlight '''localhost:8080'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will access the '''Solr search content''' page.

In the URL bar, type [http://localhost:8080/drupal/solr-search/content http://localhost:8080/drupal/solr-search/content]

If you are not using '''Bitnami Drupal Stack''', please use '''localhost''' instead of '''localhost:8080'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the search field, type''' Drupal.'''

Show the results
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''Solr''' search content page appears now.

In the '''Search''' field, type '''Drupal'''.

It displays few results which are having the word “'''Drupal'''” in their content.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 10'''

Go to '''Configuration → SEARCH AND METADATA → Facets'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 10'''

Next we will learn to create '''Facets''' for categorizing the search results.

For doing so, go to '''Configuration''' tab.

Click on the '''Facets''' under '''SEARCH AND METADATA'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Add facet'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Add facet '''button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In '''Facet source''', select source
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Facet source '''drop down, select the source.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In '''Field''', select '''Title'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Field '''drop down, we will select the '''Title''' as '''facet''' field.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In '''Name''', type '''Title'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the '''Name''' field, I will type '''Title''' as a name of this '''Facet'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Finally click on the '''Save''' button to save the configuration.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Select '''List of links'''

Click '''Save'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here you can select the '''widget''' from the available types.

I am selecting '''List of links''' for now.

Leave the remaining settings on default and click on the '''Save''' button to save the configuration.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 11'''

Go to''' Structure → Block layout'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 11'''

Next we will learn to place the '''Facet''' which we configured now.

For that go to '''Structure → Block layout'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the Sidebar second, click '''Place block'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To place the block in the '''Sidebar second region''', click on the '''Place block''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Select '''Filter by Title facets'''.

Click '''Save block''' button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the dialog box that appears, select the '''Facet''' named '''Title'''.

Configure the block as per your need.

Click '''Save block''' button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Save blocks '''button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now click '''Save blocks''' button at the bottom.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text '''Step No. 12'''

In the''' search field, '''type''' Drupal'''

Point to the results
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Step No. 12'''

Next we will go back to our '''Solr search content''' page and see how '''Facet''' works.

In the '''Search''' field, type '''Drupal'''.

It displays few results which have the word “'''Drupal'''” in their content.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point the Facets
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can also see '''Facet''' displaying the titles which have '''Drupal''' as a word in their content.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is all about the implementation of '''Solr search''' and '''Facets''' in '''Drupal8'''.

With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 10:

Summary

* Install Solr application
* Install essential modules via composer
* Configure Solr search API
* Configure Facets

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to-

* install '''Solr''' application
* install essential '''modules''' via '''composer'''
* configure '''Solr search API''' and
* configure '''Facets'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 11:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 12:

Spoken Tutorial Workshops

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team conducts workshops and gives certificates to those who pass online tests.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Slide 13:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by

* NMEICT, Ministry of Human Resource Development and
* NVLI, Ministry of Culture

Government of India.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This tutorial is contributed by Prachi Sharma.

This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for joining.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C3/Manipulating-lists/English

2018-06-07T10:53:59Z

Health-and-Nutrition/C2/Breastfeeding-latching/Tamil

2018-06-05T12:39:34Z

Priyacst:

{| border =1
| <center>''' Time '''</center>
| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| 00:01
| வணக்கம், பாலூட்ட மார்பகத்தை குழந்தையின் வாயினுள் செலுத்துவதற்கான டுடோரியலுக்கு நல்வரவு.

|-
| 00:07
| இந்த டுடோரியலில் நாம் கற்க போது, குழந்தையை தாயின் மார்பகத்துடன் நன்றாக இணைத்து மார்பத்தை அதன் வாயுனுள் செலுத்துவதற்கான சரியான முறை மற்றும் பாலூட்டும் காலஇடைவெளி.

|-
| 00:20
| நன்றாக பாலூட்டுதற்கு, மார்பத்தை குழந்தையின் வாயினுள் சரியாக செலுத்துவது மிக அவசியம் என்பதை குறித்துக்கொள்க .

|-
| 00:29
| குழந்தையின் வாயினுள் மார்பகத்தை சரியாக செலுத்தவில்லையெனில் மார்பக காம்பில் மட்டுமே குழந்தை பால் குடிக்கும்.

|-
| 00:36
| அது குழந்தைக்கு மிகச்சிறிதளவுதான் பால் கொடுக்கும்.

|-
| 00:40
| ஆனால் மார்பகத்தின் areola ன் கீழ் பகுதியுடன் குழந்தை நன்றாக இணைவது குழந்தைக்கு தேவையான பாலைக் கொடுக்கும்.

|-
| 00:50
| Areola என்பது மார்பக காம்பை சுற்றியுள்ள கருப்புநிறப் பகுதி என்பதை நினைவுக்கொள்ளவும்.

|-
| 00:56
| இப்போது ஆரம்பிக்கலாம். முதலில் தாய், பொருத்தமான பாலூட்டும் பிடிப்பு முறையில் குழந்தையை பிடிக்க வேண்டும

|-
| 01:05
| இந்த பிடிப்பு முறைகள், இந்த டுடோரியல் வரிசையில் வேறொரு வீடியோவில் விளக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.

|-
| 01:11
| இந்த டுடோரியல் cross cradle பிடிப்பு முறையை பயன்படுத்தி விளக்கப்படுகிறது.

|-
| 01:16
| குழந்தையை சரியாக வைப்பது, அதன் வாயினுள் சரியாக மார்பகத்தை செலுத்துவதற்கும் சரியாக பாலூட்டுவதற்கும் மிகவும் முக்கியம்

|-
| 01:24
| இந்த படத்தில் தாய் குழந்தையை சரியாக cross cradle பிடிப்பு முறையில் பிடித்துள்ளார்.

|-
| 01:31
| மார்பத்தை வாயினுள் செலுத்துவற்கு குழந்தையும் தயாராக உள்ளது.

|-
| 01:35
| மார்பகத்தை வாயினுள் செலுத்துவதற்கு முன் குழந்தை கொட்டாவி விடுவது போல் வாயை அகலமாக திறக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 01:42
| ஏன்? இதை ஒருவர் vada pav அல்லது burgerஐ சாப்பிடுவதை பார்த்து புரிந்து கொள்வோம்.

|-
| 01:49
| நாம் vada pav அல்லது burgerஐ பெரியதாக கடிக்க வாயை அகலமாக திறக்கிறோம்.

|-
| 01:56
| அதேபோல- குழந்தை வாயை அகலமாக திறப்பது அதன் வாயினுள் மார்பகத்தின் அதிக பகுதியை செலுத்த உதவும்.

|-
| 02:04
| குழந்தையின் வாயை அகலமாக திறக்க வைக்க, தாய், குழந்தையின் மேல் உதட்டில் தன் மார்பக காம்பை, குழந்தை அகலமாக வாயை திறக்கும் வரை மெதுவாக தேய்க்க வேண்டும்

|-
| 02:16
| சில நேரங்களில் குழந்தை வாயை அகலமாக திறக்க 2 நொடி முதல் 2 நிமிடங்களை வரை எடுக்கலாம், பொறுமையாக இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 02:25
| எந்த பாலூட்டும் முறைக்கும், மார்பத்தை பிடித்திருக்கும் தாயின் விரல்கள் மற்றும் பெருவிரல், குழந்தையின் உதடுகளுக்கு நேரே இணையாக இருக்கவேண்டும் என்பதை நினைவுக்கொள்க

|-
| 02:36
| குழந்தை வாயை அகலமாக திறக்கும்போது குழந்தையின் கீழ் உதடு areola க்கு அடியில் இருக்க வேண்டும்

|-
| 02:43
| மார்பக காம்பானது குழந்தையின் வாய்க்கு மேல்நோக்கி இருக்க வேண்டும். வாய்க்கு நடுவில் அல்ல.

|-
| 02:50
| இப்போது தாய் உடனே தன் மார்பகத்தை குழந்தையின் வாயினுள் வைக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 02:55
| குழந்தையின் தலையை சற்று வெளிப்புறம் சாய்ப்பதன் மூலம் குழந்தையின் தாடையை முதலில் மார்பகத்துடன் அழுத்த வேண்டும்.

|-
| 03:02
| குழந்தையின் வாயை அடைவதற்கு, தாய் தன் முதுகை வளைக்கவோ தன் மார்பகத்தை தள்ளவோ கூடாது.

|-
| 03:08
| குழந்தையின் தோள்களை மெதுவாக சற்று தள்ளி குழந்தையை மார்புக்கு கொண்டுவர வேண்டும்.

|-
| 03:15
| தாயின் aerolaன் கீழ் பகுதி, குழந்தையின் வாயினுள் இருப்பது இதில் மிக முக்கியம்.

|-
| 03:25
| இது குழந்தையின் வாயினுள் வசதியான இடத்திற்கு மார்பக காம்பு அடைய உதவும்.

|-
| 03:31
| குழந்தை தன் நாக்கை, அதன் கீழ் உதட்டுக்கு அருகே இருக்கும் areola ஐ அழுத்தியவாறு இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 03:37
| இது அதிகமான பால் நாளங்களை அழுத்தி அதிக பாலைக் கொடுக்கும்.

|-
| 03:42
| அடுத்த படி, குழந்தை மார்பகத்துடன் நன்றாக இணைந்துள்ளதா என சோதிப்பது

|-
| 03:48
| அதை சரிபார்க்க, தாய், பின்வரும் அறிகுறிகளை பார்க்க வேண்டும்:

|-
| 03:54
| குழந்தையின் வாய் அகலாக திறந்துள்ளதா

|-
| 03:57
| areolaன் பகுதி, குழந்தையின் கீழ் உதட்டு பக்கத்தை விட மேல் உதட்டு பக்கம் அதிகமாக தெரிகிறதா.

|-
| 04:06
| குழந்தையின் கீழ் தாடை முழுவதுமாக தாயின் மார்பகத்துடன் பொதிந்துள்ளதா.

|-
| 04:11
| குழந்தை பாலை விழுங்கும் போது அதன் தாடை முற்றிலும் இறங்குகிறதா.

|-
| 04:16
| குழந்தையின் கீழ் உதடு வெளிப்பக்க திசையில் வளைந்துள்ளதா.

|-
| 04:22
| இருப்பினும், நன்றாக இணைந்திருக்கும் குழந்தைக்கு பெரும்பாலும் இது மார்பகத்தினுள் மறைந்திருக்கும்

|-
| 04:28
| அந்த சமயங்களில், குழந்தையின் கீழ் உதட்டுக்கு அருகில் இருக்கும் மார்பகத்தை சற்று அழுத்தி, குழந்தையின் கீழ் உதடு வெளிநோக்கி வளைந்துள்ளதா என பார்க்கவும்.

|-
| 04:41
| அடுத்து, குழந்தையின் மூக்கை பார்க்கவும். குழந்தையின் மூக்கு தாயின் மார்பகத்துடன் அழுந்தி இருந்தால் -

|-
| 04:49
| குழந்தையின் தலையை சற்று மேல்நோக்கி தாய் வளைக்க வேண்டும் இதனால் குழந்தையின் தாடை மார்பகத்துடன் மேலும் இணையும்,

|-
| 04:58
| மேலும் குழந்தையின் மூக்கு மற்றும் நெற்றி, மார்பகத்தை விட்டு தள்ளி வரும்.

|-
| 05:04
| இவ்வாறு செய்வதன் மூலம் குழந்தை மார்பகத்துடன் மேலும் நன்றாக இணையும்.

|-
| 05:09
| குழந்தையின் முழு முகத்தையும் மார்பகத்தில் இருந்து நகர்த்த கூடாது.

|-
| 05:13
| இதனால் மார்பக காம்பு மட்டும் வாயில் இருக்கும்.

|-
| 05:16
| பாலூட்டும்போது தாய் வசதியாக இருக்க வேண்டும் என்பதை நினைவுக்கொள்க.

|-
| 05:21
| கிள்ளுதல், இழுத்தல் அல்லது தேய்த்தல் போன்ற உணர்வுகள் மார்பக காம்பில் இருக்க கூடாது.

|-
| 05:27
| பாலூட்டும்போது தாய்க்கு வலித்தால் குழந்தை சரியாக மார்பகத்துடன் இணையாமல் இருக்கலாம்.

|-
| 05:35
| குழந்தை சரியாக மார்பகத்துடன் இணையாமல் இருப்பதற்கான பொதுவான ஒரு காரணத்தைக் காணலாம் .

|-
| 05:40
| குழந்தையின் வாயின் நடுவில் மார்பக காம்பை வைக்க, பல தாய்மார்கள் தங்கள் areolaஐ அழுத்துகிறார்கள்

|-
| 05:48
| இங்கு, குழந்தையின் வாய் அகலமாக திறக்கவில்லை.

|-
| 05:52
| குழந்தை மார்பக காம்புடன் மட்டும் இணைகிறது.

|-
| 05:56
| இங்கு, குழந்தையின் மேல் மற்றும் கீழ் உதட்டுக்கு அருகே ஒரே அளவான areola தெரிகிறது.

|-
| 06:04
| குழந்தையின் தாடை மார்பகத்தை விட்டு தள்ளி உள்ளது.

|-
| 06:07
| குழந்தை பாலை குடிக்க தொடர்ந்து வேகமாக உறிஞ்சுகிறது.

|-
| 06:14
| உறிஞ்சும்போது, குழந்தையின் கன்னம் பள்ளமாகிறது

|-
| 06:17
| பாலை விழுங்கும் போது குழந்தையின் தாடை முற்றிலும் கீழே இறங்கவில்லை

|-
| 06:23
| இதனால் மார்பகம் நசுக்கப்பட்டுகுழந்தையின் வாயின் கடினமான பகுதியில் அழுத்தப்படுகிறது.

|-
| 06:31
| இது தாய்க்கு வலியை கொடுக்கும் மார்பக காம்பும் காயமாகும்.

|-
| 06:37
| மேலும் மார்பக காம்பில் பால் குடிக்கும் போது, areola க்கு அடியில் இருக்கும் பெரிய பால் நாளங்களில் இருந்து பால் குழந்தை கிடைக்காது.

|-
| 06:45
| இதனால் குழந்தை போதுமான அளவு பால் பெறுவதில்லை.

|-
| 06:50
| மார்பக காம்பில் மட்டும் குழந்தை பால் குடித்தால்,

|-
| 06:54
|தாய் தன் சுத்தமான சுண்டு விரலை குழந்தையின் வாயின் ஓரத்தில் வைக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 06:59
| குழந்தையின் வாயில் இருந்து மார்பக காம்பை விடுவிக்க விரலை பயன்படுத்த வேண்டும்.

|-
| 07:04
| பிறகு மீணடும் குழந்தையை சரியாக அதே மார்பகத்துடன் இணைத்து மார்பகத்தை வாயினுள் செலுத்த வேண்டும்.

|-
| 07:11
| சரியாக மார்பகத்தை வாயினுள் செலுத்தியபிறகு, குழந்தைக்கு போதுமான foremilk மற்றும் hindmilk கிடைக்கிறதா என தாய் சோதிக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 07:19
| Foremilk என்பது மார்பகத்தின் முன் பகுதியில் சேமிக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும் நீர்த்த பால் ஆகும்.

|-
| 07:25
| இது தண்ணீர் மற்றும் புரதத்தால் ஆனது.

|-
| 07:29
| இது குழந்தையின் வளர்ச்சிக்கும் வலிமைக்கும் அத்தியாவசியமானது.

|-
| 07:36
| Hind milk என்பது மார்பகத்தின் பின் பகுதியில் சேமிக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும் அடர்த்தியான பால் ஆகும்.

|-
| 07:42
| இது குறிப்பாக கொழுப்பால் ஆனது.

|-
| 07:46
| இது குழந்தையின் மூளை வளர்ச்சிக்கும் உடல் எடை அதிகரிப்பதற்கும் அத்தியாவசியமானது.

|-
| 07:53
| குழந்தை foremilk மற்றும் hindmilk இரண்டையும் பெறுவதை உறுதிப்படுத்த- தாய் ஒரு மார்பகத்தில் முழுவதுமாக பால் கொடுத்து விட்டு அடுத்த மார்பகத்தில் கொடுக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 08:05
| ஒரு மார்பகத்தில் முழுவதுமாக பாலுட்டப்பட்டுவிட்டதா என சோதிக்க, தாய் தன் மார்பகத்தை தன் கையால் அழுத்தவேண்டும்.

|-
| 08:15
| மார்பகத்தில் இருந்து நீர்த்த பால் நன்றாக வெளியேறினாளோ,

|-
| 08:19
| அல்லது அடர்ந்த பால் நன்றாக வெளியேறினாளோ

|-
| 08:24
| பிறகு, தாய் அதே மார்பகத்தில் மீண்டும் குழந்தைக்கு பாலூட்ட வேண்டும்.

|-
| 08:29
| கையால் அழுத்தும் போது அடர்ந்த பாலில் சிறு துளிகள் மட்டும் வெளியேறினால்,

|-
| 08:35
| தாய் அந்த மார்பகத்தில் முழுவதுமாக குழந்தைக்கு பாலூட்டிவிட்டாள் என பொருள்.

|-
| 08:41
| ஆனால், அடுத்த மார்பகத்தில் பால் கொடுக்கும் முன், குழந்தை ஏப்பம் விடுமாறு தாய் செய்ய வேண்டும். அதற்கு குழந்தையை தன் மடியில் உட்கார வைத்து குழந்தையின் உடலை சற்று முன்னோக்கி சாய்த்து தன் கையை குழந்தையின் தாடையில் வைத்து வாய் திறக்குமாறு செய்யவேண்டும்.

|-
|09:00
| 2, 3 நிமிடங்களுக்குள் குழந்தை ஏப்பம் விட வேண்டும்.

|-
| 09:04
| அடுத்த 5 நிமிடங்களுக்கு ஏப்பம் விடவில்லை எனில்,

|-
| 09:08
| குழந்தை மார்பகத்துடன் நன்கு இணைந்து பால் குடித்துள்ளது என பொருள்.

|-
| 09:14
| பால் குடிக்கும்போது அதிகமான காற்று குழந்தையின் வாயினுள் செல்லவில்லை.

|-
| 09:21
| இப்போது, தாய் அடுத்த மார்பகத்தில் குழந்தைக்கு பால் கொடுக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 09:26
| குழந்தையின் வயிறு நிறைந்துவிட்டால், அடுத்த மார்பகத்தில் பால் குடிக்கமாட்டாள்.

|-
| 09:32
| ஆனால் தாய் எப்போதும் இரு மார்பகத்தில் இருந்தும் பால் கொடுக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 09:39
|பால் போதுமானது என்பதை குழந்தையே முடிவு எடுக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 09:45
| பால் குடிக்கும்போது குழந்தை தூங்கினால், தாய் குழந்தையை எழுப்ப வேண்டும். அதற்கு குழந்தையின் பாதத்தை மெதுவாக தட்டலாம்

|-
| 09:55
| அல்லது குழந்தையின் முதுகை மெதுவாக வருடலாம்

|-
| 09:59
| அல்லது ஏப்பம் விட உட்கார வைத்தது போல உட்கார வைக்கலாம்.

|-
| 10:04
| சரியான முறையில் பாலூட்டுவதுடன் பாலூட்டும் காலஇடைவெளியும் மிக முக்கியும்.

|-
| 10:12
| 24 மணிநேரத்தில் 12 முறையாவது தாய் குழந்தைக்கு பாலூட்ட வேண்டும்.

|-
| 10:17
| அதில் 2, 3 முறையாவது இரவில் பாலூட்ட வேண்டும்.

|-
| 10:24
| குழந்தைக்கு பாலூட்ட, தாய், குழந்தையின் பசி அறிகுறிகளை பார்க்க வேண்டும். அவை - அசைதல்

|-
| 10:32
| வாயைத் திறத்தல்
தலையை திருப்புதல்
வாயில் விரலை வைத்தல்
|-
| 10:37
| விரல்களை சப்புதல் மற்றும் உடலை நீட்டுதல்

|-
| 10:42
| குழந்தை பாலுக்காக அழுதால், மிகவும் தாமதமாகிவிட்டது என பொருள்.

|-
| 10:49
| 2 வாரங்கள், 6 வாரங்கள் மற்றும் 3 மூன்று மாதங்களில் குழந்தையின் வளர்ச்சி வேகமாக அதிகரிக்கும் என்பதை குறித்துக்கொள்க.

|-
| 10:59
| அப்போது குழந்தைக்கு அதிக பால் தேவைப்படும்.

|-
| 11:05
| மேலும் குழந்தை அடிக்கடி பால் குடித்தால் தாயின் மார்பகத்தில் அதிகமாக பால் உற்பத்தியாகும்.

|-
| 11:12
| எனவே, அந்த வளர்ச்சி காலங்களில் தாய் அதிகமாக அடிக்கடி பால் கொடுக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 11:19
| குழந்தையின் வாழ்நாளில் முதல் 6 மாதங்களுக்கு கொடுக்கப்படும் தாய்ப்பால் சிறந்த ஊட்டச்சத்தாகும் என்பதை நினைவுகொள்க.

|-
| 11:30
| குழந்தையை நன்றாக மார்பகத்துடன் இணைத்து பாலூட்டுவதே வெற்றிகரமாக தாய்ப்பாலூட்டும் முறையாகும். .

|-
| 11:36
| இத்துடன் இந்த டுடோரியல் முடிகிறது.

|-
| 11:41
| நாம் கற்றது, குழந்தையை தாயின் மார்பகத்துடன் நன்றாக இணைத்து மார்பத்தை அதன் வாயுனுள் செலுத்துவதற்கான சரியான முறை மற்றும் பாலூட்டும் காலஇடைவெளி

|-
| 11:54
| இந்த டுடோரியல், Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombayஆல் பங்களிக்கப்பட்டது

|-
| 12:02
| Spoken Tutorial Project க்கு நிதியுதவி, இந்திய அரசாங்கத்தின் NMEICT, MHRD மூலம் கிடைக்கிறது. இந்த திட்டம் பற்றிய மேலும் விவரங்கள் இந்த இணைப்பில் கிடைக்கும்.

|-
| 12:15
|இந்த tutorial ன் ஒருபகுதி நிதி, WHEELS Global Foundationன் பெருந்தன்மையான பங்களிப்பாகும்.

|-
| 12:22
|இந்த tutorial, Maa aur Shishu Poshan projectன் ஒரு பகுதி ஆகும்.

இந்த tutorialக்கான domain reviewer, Dr. Rupal Dalal, MD Pediatrics.

|-
| 12:34
|இந்த tutorial, உணவியலாளர் Tasneem Shaikh மற்றும் animator Shital Joshi ஆல் உருவாக்கப்பட்டது.

இந்த டுடோரியலை தமிழாக்கம் செய்தது பிரியா. குரல் கொடுத்தது சண்முகப்பிரியா, நன்றி.

|}

Health-and-Nutrition/C2/Cross-cradle-hold/Tamil

2018-06-05T12:39:18Z

Priyacst:

{| border =1
| <center>''' Time '''</center>
| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
|00:01
|பாலூட்டுவதற்கான Cross cradle பிடிப்பு முறை குறித்த Spoken Tutorialக்கு நல்வரவு.

|-
|00:07
|இந்த tutorialல் நாம் கற்கபோவது- குழந்தைக்கும் தாய்க்கும் ஏற்ற சரியான பாலூட்டும் பிடிப்பு முறையை தேர்ந்தெடுத்தல்

|-
|00:16
|பாலூட்டும் முன் தாய் செய்யவேண்டியவை

|-
|00:20
| Cross cradle பிடிப்பு முறைக்கான படிப்படியான வழிமுறைகள்.

|-
|00:24
|இதை ஆரம்பிக்கலாம்.

|-
|00:26
|உலகம் முழுவதும் பல்வேறு பிடிப்பு முறைகளை பயன்படுத்தி தாய்மார்கள் குழந்தைக்கு பாலூட்டுக்கிறார்கள்.

|-
|00:32
|தாய்க்கும் சேய்க்கும் பாலூட்டுவதற்கான சிறந்த பிடிப்பு முறையானது பாலூட்டி முடிக்கும் வரை தாயும் சேயும் வசியாக இருப்பதே ஆகும்

|-
|00:43
|குழந்தை தாயின் மார்பகத்துடன் சேர்த்து அணைத்து போதுமான அளவு பால் பெறுமாறு இருக்க வேண்டும்

|-
|00:51
|Cross cradle பிடிப்பு என்ற ஒருவகை பிடிப்பு முறை பற்றி கற்போம்.

|-
|00:56
|Cross cradle பிடிப்பு முறையானது-
குழந்தையின் உடலின் முழுக் கட்டுப்பாட்டுற்கும்

மார்பகத்தை தாங்குவதற்கும்

நன்றாக மார்பகம் குழந்தையின் வாயினுள் செல்வதற்கும் சிறந்த முறை ஆகும்.

|-
|01:06
|பாலூட்டுவதற்கு முன், தாய் தன் கைகளை சுத்தமாக கழுவி உலர வைக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|01:12
|பின்னர் சுடவைத்து குளிர்விக்கப்பட்ட நீரை அருந்த வேண்டும்.

|-
|01:16
|பாலூட்டும் தாய்மார்கள் ஒரு நாளைக்கு சராசரியாக 750 முதல் 850 மில்லி லிட்டர் வரை பாலை உற்பத்தி செய்கிறார்கள்.

|-
|01:24
|அதனால், அவர்கள் தண்ணீர் அதிகமாக அருந்த வேண்டும்.

|-
|01:29
|அடுத்து, தாயின் நிலை பற்றி காண்போம்.

|-
|01:33
|தாய் தரையில் அல்லது கட்டிலில் கால்களை மடித்தவாறு உட்கார வேண்டும்.

|-
|01:38
|அல்லது நாற்காலியில் பாதங்கள் தரையில் படியுமாறு உட்கார வேண்டும்.

|-
|01:43
|நாற்காலி உயரமாக இருந்தால் காலுக்கு சிறிய நாற்காலியோ அல்லது தலையணையோ வைத்து உட்கார வேண்டும்.

|-
|01:54
|உட்காரும் போது, முதுகு நேராக உள்ளதா என கவனிக்கவும் - இத முதுகு வலியை தவிர்க்கும்

|-
|02:03
|தோள்கள் தூக்கியோ அல்லது வளைத்தோ இல்லாமல் தளர்ந்து இருக்கவேண்டும்

|-
|02:08
|பாலூட்டி முடிக்கும் வரை இவ்வாறே தளர்ந்து இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|02:13
|தாய் பாலூட்டவிருக்கும் மார்பகத்தை திறந்து வைக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|02:19
|அதில் உள்ளாடை அல்லது ரவிக்கை கொண்டு அழுத்தம் கொடுக்க கூடாது.

|-
|02:26
|வசதியாக உட்கார்ந்த பிறகு, குழந்தையை தூக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|02:31
|தாய் பாலூட்டவிருக்கும் மார்பகத்திற்கு எதிரான கையால் குழந்தையின் தலையை பிடிக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|02:39
|தாயின் அதே கையின் அக்குளில் குழந்தையின் கால்கள் இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|02:45
|இங்கு காட்டப்படும் தாய், தன் வலது மார்பகத்தில் பாலூட்டுகிறார். அதானால், குழந்தையின் கால்கள் அவரின் இடது அக்குளில் உள்ளது.

|-
|02:57
|குழந்தையின் தலையின் அடிப்பாகத்தை பிடிக்க தாய் தன் கட்டைவிரல் மற்றும் மற்ற விரல்களை பயன்படுத்துகிறார்.

|-
| 03:05
|குழந்தையை தூக்க மேலும் ஆதரவு வேண்டுமெனில் தன் மடிமீது ஒரு தலையணையை வைத்துக்கொள்ளலாம்.

|-
|03:15
|மார்பகத்தை குழந்தைக்கு அருகில் கொண்டுவர தாய் குனியக்கூடாது என்பதை நினைவு கொள்க.

|-
|03:21
|இது வசதியாக இருக்காது. முதுகு வலியும் ஏற்படும்.

|-
|03:26
|எப்போதும் நேராக அமர்ந்து குழந்தையை தூக்கியே மார்பகத்திற்கு கொண்டு வரவேண்டும்.

|-
|03:33
|அடுத்து, தாயின் கட்டைவிரல் மற்றும் மற்ற விரல்களின் நிலையைக் காண்போம்.

|-
|03:39
|தாயின் கட்டைவிரல் குழந்தையின் ஒரு காதின் பின்புறமும், மற்ற விரல்கள் மற்றொரு காதின் பின்புறமும் இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|03:46
| குழந்தையின் காதின் பின்புறத்தில் இருந்து விரல்களை கழுத்திற்கு நகர்த்தக் கூடாது.

|-
|03:52
|தாயின் மணிக்கட்டு குழந்தையின் தோள்களுக்கு இடையே இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|03:56
|குழந்தையின் முதுகில் தாயின் கையால் அழுத்தத்தைக் கொடுக்க கூடாது.

|-
|04:04
|இது குழந்தைக்கு பால் குடிக்கும்போது வசதியாக இருக்கும்.

|-
|04:08
|அடுத்து, குழந்தையின் உடலை எவ்வாறு சரியாக வைப்பது என பார்ப்போம்.

|-
|04:15
|குழந்தையின் வயிறு தாயின் உடலோடு சற்று அழுந்தி இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|04:20
|இதனால் மார்பகத்தை எட்ட குழந்தைக்கு கடினமாக இருக்காது.

|-
|04:26
|மற்றும் குழந்தையின் வாய் நன்றாக மார்பத்துடன் இணையவும் எளிமையாக இருக்கும்.

|-
|04:32
|அடுத்தது குழந்தையின் உடலை ஒழுங்கமைக்க கற்போம்.

|-
|04:37
|நாம் சாப்பிடும் போது, எப்போதும நம் தலை, கழுத்து மற்றும் உடல் ஆகியவை ஒரே நேர்க்கோட்டில் இருக்கும்.

|-
|04:43
|ஆனால், பாலூட்டும் போது, பல தாய்மார்களால் குழந்தையின் தலை ஒருபக்கமாக சாய்க்கப்படுகிறது.

|-
|04:50
|இது குழந்தைக்கு வசதியாக இருக்காது.

|-
|04:55
|பாலூட்டும் போது குழந்தையின் தலை, கழுத்து மற்றும் உடல் எப்போதும் ஒரே நேர்க்கோட்டில் இருக்கவேண்டும்.

|-
|05:01
|இதனால் குழந்தை எளிதாக பாலை விழுங்க முடியும்.

|-
|05:05
|இப்போது குழந்தையின் உடலை வைப்பதற்கான மூன்றாவது விஷயத்தைக் காண்போம்.

|-
|05:10
|தாய் குழந்தையின் முழு உடலையும் தாங்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|05:14
|இல்லையெனில் குழந்தை மார்பகத்துடன் நன்றாக இணைய அதிகமான முயற்சி எடுக்க வேண்டிவரும்.

|-
|05:22
|அடுத்து, குழந்தையின் மூக்கு மற்றும் தாடையின் நிலையைக் காண்போம்.

|-
|05:28
|குழந்தையின் மூக்கு, மார்பக காம்பிற்கு நேராக இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|05:33
| தாடையானது மேல்நோக்கி மார்பகத்திற்கு மிக அருகில் இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|05:38
|இது பாலூட்டும்போது areola ன் கீழ்பெரும்பகுதி குழந்தையின் வாயினுள செல்வதை உறுதிசெய்யும்.

|-
|05:45
|இதனால், குழந்தை திறமையாக அதிகமாக பால் குடிக்க கீழ் தாடையை பயன்படுத்தும்.

|-
|05:51
|குறிப்பு- Areola என்பது மார்பக காம்பை சுற்றி இருக்கும் கருப்பு பகுதி.

|-
| 05:57
|இப்போது குழந்தை சரியான நிலையில் உள்து, அடுத்து மார்பகத்தை எவ்வாறு பிடிப்பது என காண்போம்.

|-
|06:04
|மற்றொரு கையின் விரல்களை பயன்படுத்தி தாய் தன் மார்பகத்தை அடியில் U வடிவத்தில் பிடிக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|06:12
|படத்தில் காட்டப்படும் தாய் தன் வலது மார்பகத்தை பிடிக்க வலது கையை பயன்படுத்துகிறார்.
|-
|06:19
|கட்டைவிரல் மற்றும் மற்ற விரல்களின் சரியான நிலைகளை புரிந்துகொள்ள, தாயின் வலது மார்பகக் காம்பை கடிகாரத்தின் மையமாக கற்பனைசெய்து கொள்க.

|-
|06:31
|தாய் தன் வலது கட்டைவிரலை இந்த கடிகாரத்தில் 9 ல் வைக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|06:38
|வலது ஆட்காட்டி மற்றும் நடு விரல்களை 3 ல் வைக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|06:46
|விரல்களை எப்போதும் குழந்தையின் உதடுகளுக்கு இணையாக வைக்க வேண்டும்.

ஏன்?

|-
|06:51
|இதை ஒரு எளிய உதாரணத்தின் மூலம் புரிந்துகொள்வோம்.

|-
|06:56
|வடாபாவ் அல்லது burgerஐ நாம் சாப்பிடும்போது, நமது வாயும் உதடுகளும் கிடைமட்டமாக திறக்கிறது.

|-
|07:02
|வடாபாவ் அல்லது burgerஐ கடிக்க அதை கிடைமட்டாக பிடிக்கிறோம்.

|-
|07:08
|இங்கே, கட்டைவிரல் மற்று மற்ற விரல்கள் உதடுகளுக்கு இணையாக வைக்கப்படுகிறது.

|-
|07:12
|வடாபாவ் அல்லது burgerஐ செங்குத்தாக வைத்தால், அதை பெரியதாக கடிக்க முடியாது.

|-
|07:19
|அதேபோல, குழந்தையின் உதடுகளின் திசையை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
|07:25
|இங்கு உதடுகள் செங்குத்தாக உள்ளன. எனவே, விரல்கள் மற்றும் கட்டை விரல்களை மார்பத்தின் மீது செங்குத்தாக வைக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|07:34
|இது areola ன் பெரும் பகுதி குழந்தையின் வாயினுள் செல்ல உதவும்.

|-
|07:39
|குழந்தையின் உதடுகளுக்கு இணையாக இருப்பது தவிர, மார்பக காம்பில் இருந்து 3 விரல் இடைவெளியில் தாயின் கட்டைவிரல் மற்றும் மற்ற விரல்கள் இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|07:50
| வடாபாவ் அல்லது burgerஐ சாப்பிடும்போது, அதை மிக அருகில் வைத்தால் பெரிதாக கடிக்க முடியாமல் நமது விரல்கள் தடுத்து விடும்.

|-
|08:00
|மிக தூரத்தில் வைத்தால், வாயில் வைக்க சரியான வடிவில் இருக்காது.

|-
|08:07
|எனவே, பெரிதாக கடிக்க சரியான தூரத்தில் வைக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|08:12
|அதேபோல குழந்தைக்கும், இங்கு காட்டப்படுவது போல மார்பக காம்பில் இருந்து 3 விரல் இடைவெளி சரியானதாக இருக்கும்.

|-
|08:20
|இந்த இடைவெளி, குழந்தையின் வாயில் areolaன் பெரும்பகுதி செல்ல தாயின் விரல்கள் தடுக்காமல் இருப்பதை உறுதி செய்யும்

|-
| 08:29
| மார்பக காம்பை மட்டும் தாய் அழுத்தக்கூடாது, அது குறைந்த அளவு பால் கொடுக்கும்

|-
|08:35
| areola க்கு அடியில் இருக்கும் பால் சுரப்பிகளில் இருந்து பால் வெளிவர அதை அழுத்த வேண்டும்

|-
|08:42
|குழந்தை நன்றாக மார்பகத்துடன் இணைந்திருக்க மார்பகத்தை சரியான அளவில் வைக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|08:49
|குழந்தையின் மூக்கு இருக்கும் மார்பகத்தின் பக்கத்தில் தாயின் கட்டைவிரல் மார்பக காம்பில் இருந்து 3 விரல் அளவு இடைவெளியில் இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|08:59
|மற்றும் குழந்தையின் தாடை இருக்கும் மார்பகத்தின் பக்கத்தில் தாயின் இரண்டு விரல்கள் மார்பக காம்பில் இருந்து 3 விரல் அளவு இடைவெளியில் இருக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|09:09
|மீண்டும் வடாபாவ் அல்லது burger உதாரணத்திற்கு செல்வோம்.

|-
|09:13
|வடாபாவ் அல்லது burger ஐ சரியாக பிடித்த பிறகு, பெரிதாக கடிக்க அதை எப்போதும் அழுத்துகிறோம்.

|-
|09:21
|அதேபோல, தாயும் தன் மார்பகத்தை கீழே சற்று அழுத்தி U வடிவத்தில் பிடிக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|09:28
|இது குழந்தையின் வாயில் மார்பகத்தின் பெரும்பகுதி செல்ல உதவும்.

|-
|09:34
|ஆனால் தாய் தன் மார்பகத்தை V வடிவில் அழுத்தக்கூடாது என்பதை நினைவுகொள்க.

|-
|09:39
|V வடிவ அழுத்தம், மார்பகத்தை குறைத்து மார்பக காம்பை மட்டும் வாயில் செலுத்தும்.

|-
|09:45
|மார்பகத்தின் இருபுறமும் கட்டைவிரல் மற்றும் மற்ற விரல்கள் கொண்டு சமமான அழுத்தம் கொடுக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
|09:52
|இல்லையெனில், மார்பக காம்பு ஏதேனும் ஒரு பக்கம் சாய்ந்து சரியாக வாயினுள் செல்லாது.

|-
|10:00
| மார்பகத்தை ஒருபக்கமாக அழுத்தி குழந்தைக்கு அருகில் கொண்டுவரக்கூடாது என்பதை நினைவு கொள்க.

|-
|10:08
|எப்போதும் குழந்தையைதான் மார்பகத்திற்கு அருகில் கொண்டுசெல்ல வேண்டும்.

|-
|10:12
|இப்போது, குழந்தை, Cross cradle பிடிப்பு முறையில் மார்பகத்தை வாயினுள் செலுத்தி பால் குடிக்க தயாராக உள்ளது.

|-
|10:18
|சரியாக மார்பகத்தை வாயினுள் செலுத்துவதற்கான வழிமுறை இந்த தொடரின் மற்றொரு tutorialல் விளக்கப்படுகிறது.

|-
|10:24
|குழந்தையின் வாயினுள் சரியாக மார்பகத்தை செலுத்தியபின், மார்பகம் கணமாக இல்லையெனில்- தாய் தன் கையில் இருந்து மார்பகத்தை விடுவித்து தன் கையை குழந்தையை தாங்க அடியில் கொண்டுவர வேண்டும்.

|-
|10:40
|இந்த நிலையில், தாய் தன் இருகைகளையும் தன் உடலின் அருகில் கொண்டுவரவேண்டும்.

|-
|10:46
|இது பால் கொடுக்கும்போது தாய்க்கு வசதியாக இருக்கும்.

|-
|10:50
|இத்துடன் இந்த tutorial முடிகிறது.

|-
|10:54
|இந்த tutorialல் நாம் கற்றது, குழந்தைக்கும் தாய்க்கும் ஏற்ற சரியான பாலூட்டும் பிடிப்பு முறையை தேர்ந்தெடுத்தல்

|-
|11:03
|பாலூட்டும் முன் தாய் செய்யவேண்டியவை மற்றும் Cross cradle பிடிப்பு முறைக்கான படிப்படியான வழிமுறைகள்..

|-
|11:09
|இந்த tutorial, Spoken Tutorial Project, IIT Bombay ஆல் பங்களிக்கப்பட்டது

|-
|11:15
|Spoken Tutorial Project க்கு நிதியுதவி, இந்திய அரசாங்கத்தின் NMEICT, MHRD மூலம் கிடைக்கிறது.

|-
|11:23
|இந்த திட்டம் பற்றிய மேலும் விவரங்கள் இந்த இணைப்பில் கிடைக்கும்.

|-
|11:28
|இந்த tutorial ன் ஒருபகுதி நிதி, WHEELS Global Foundationன் பெருந்தன்மையான பங்களிப்பாகும்.

|-
|11:34
|இந்த tutorial, Maa aur Shishu Poshan projectன் ஒரு பகுதி ஆகும்.

|-
|11:39
|இந்த tutorialக்கான domain reviewer, Dr. Rupal Dalal, MD Pediatrics.

|-
|11:45
|இந்த tutorialக்கான animation, Shital Joshiஆல் செய்யப்பட்டது. இந்த tutorial, உணவியலாளர் Tasneem Shaikh ஆல் உருவாக்கப்பட்டது. இந்த டுடோரியலை தமிழாக்கம் செய்தது பிரியா. குரல் கொடுத்தது சண்முகப்பிரியா, நன்றி.
|}

Python-3.4.3/C3/Loops/English

2018-06-05T10:02:25Z

Python-3.4.3/C3/Conditional-Statements/English

2018-06-05T09:11:24Z

Python-3.4.3/C3/Input-output/English

2018-05-28T05:40:04Z

Priyacst:

Python-3.4.3/C3/Sequence-datatypes/English

2018-05-24T11:11:29Z

Priyacst:

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the tutorial on '''Sequence data types'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn about-

* '''Sequence Data types''' such as
** '''List '''
** '''String '''and
** '''Tuple'''
* Accessing the above '''data types''' using '''index'''
* Convert list to '''tuple''' and vice-versa and
* Convert '''string''' to '''list''' and vice-versa.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to

* run basic '''Python '''commands on the '''ipython console'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python '''tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide:

'''Sequence data types'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Sequence data types''' are those in which elements are kept in a sequential order.

The elements are accessed using '''index numbers'''.

The '''sequence data types''' in Python are

* '''list '''
* '''string '''and
* '''tuple '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:

Lists
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First let us understand what is '''list'''.

'''List''' is a container that holds a number of '''objects''' in the given order.

For example: '''num '''''underscore''''' list '''''is equal to inside square brackets''''' 1, 2, 3, 4'''

A''' list''' can store data of any '''type'''.

'''List''' is most useful when storing data of identical '''type'''.

Examples:

* Name of books in a library and
* Passengers on a flight

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open terminal

Type, '''ipython3 --pylab '''

press''' Enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython3 pylab.'''

Open the '''terminal.'''

Type '''ipython3 '''''space hyphen hyphen '''''pylab '''and press '''Enter.'''

From here onwards, remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>num_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will create our first '''list.'''

Type, '''num '''''underscore '''''list '''''is equal to inside square brackets '''''1, 2, 3, 4'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''num_list'''

Highlight '''<nowiki>[1, 2, 3, 4]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''num '''''underscore '''''list'''

Comma-separated items enclosed in '''square brackets''' constitute a '''list'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>var_list = [1, 1.2, [1,2]] </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can have a '''list''' something like this.

Type, '''var '''''underscore '''''list '''''is equal to inside square brackets '''''1, 1.2, '''''inside square brackets '''''1,2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''var_list'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''var '''''underscore '''''list'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''greeting_string = "hello"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us look at another '''sequence data type, strings'''.

Type '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string '''''is equal to inside double quotes '''''hello'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''greeting_string '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string'''

It is now a''' string variable '''with the value''' hello.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''k = 'Single quote' '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Python '''strings''' can actually be defined in three different ways as follows.

'''k '''''is equal to inside single quotes '''''Single quote'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''l = "Let's see how to include a single quote"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''l '''''is equal to inside double quotes '''''Let's see how to include a single quote'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''m = """This is another “example” for string"""'''

Highlight the quotes
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''m '''''is equal to inside triple quotes '''''This is another “example” for string'''

Here single, double and triple quotes are used as''' delimiters.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''person_tuple = (17,"Ram",56.8)'''

Highlight '''(17,"Ram",56.8)'''

Highlight (
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The last in the list of '''sequence data types''' is '''tuple'''.

Type '''person '''''underscore '''''tuple '''''is equal to inside brackets '''''17, '''''inside double quotes''''' Ram, 56.8'''

This tuple contains '''age''','''name''' and '''weight''' of a person.

To create a '''tuple''' we use normal brackets unlike square brackets for '''list'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>num_list[2] </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, let us see how to access the '''list''' using '''index''' numbers.

Type, '''num '''''underscore '''''list''''' inside square brackets '''''2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>num_list[-1]</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''num '''''underscore '''''list''''' inside square brackets '''''-1'''

Recall that, the '''index''' of the '''elements''' starts with 0 instead of 1.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>greeting_string[1]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us access the '''string elements'''.

Type, '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string''''' inside square brackets''''' 1'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>greeting_string[3]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string''''' inside square brackets''''' 3'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>greeting_string[-2]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the outputs
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string''''' inside square brackets''''' -2'''

We can see that the output is displayed as per the '''index''' value.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''person_tuple<nowiki>[2]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us '''access tuple elements'''.

Type '''person '''''underscore '''''tuple '''''inside square brackets''''' 2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>person_tuple[-3]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the outputs
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''person '''''underscore '''''tuple '''''inside square brackets''''' -3'''

The output shows the weight and age of the person as per the '''index''' value.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''num_list+var_list '''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we will see about how to add '''sequences'''.

Type '''num '''''underscore '''''list''''' plus '''''var '''''underscore '''''list '''

Addition gives a new '''sequence''' containing both the '''sequences.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''a_string = " another string"'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Likewise, we will do for '''string data type'''.

Type '''a '''''underscore '''''string''''' is equal to inside double quotes '''''<nowiki><sp</nowiki>ace> another string'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''greeting_string+a_string'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string''''' plus '''''a '''''underscore '''''string'''

We can see that both the '''strings''' are added now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''t2 = (“Student”,)'''

Highlight comma

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see for '''tuple'''.

Type, '''t2''''' is equal to inside brackets inside double quotes '''''Student comma'''

Adding a '''comma''' after '''Student''' is important to make '''t2''' a '''tuple'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''person_tuple+t2'''

Highlight student
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''person '''''underscore '''''tuple''''' plus '''''t2'''

Now we can see that '''Student''' is added to the '''tuple'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''len(num_list) '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us see how to find the length of a variable.

We use '''len function''' for that.

Type, '''len '''''inside brackets '''''num '''''underscore '''''list'''

The output shows the number of '''objects''' of the '''list'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''len(greeting_string)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''len '''''inside brackets '''''greeting '''''underscore '''''string'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''len(person_tuple)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''len '''''inside brackets '''''person '''''underscore '''''tuple'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''3 in num_list'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn to check the presence of an '''element''' using the ''''in'''' '''keyword'''

Type, '''3 in num '''''underscore '''''list'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| ''''H' in greeting_string'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| ''Inside single quotes''''' H in greeting '''''underscore '''''string'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''"Sita" in person_tuple'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| ''Inside double quotes''''' Sita in person '''''underscore '''''tuple'''

We can see that the output displays '''True''' and '''False''' accordingly.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''max(num_list) '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will find the maximum and minimum values.

We use '''max function '''to find the maximum value.

Type, '''max '''''inside brackets '''''num '''''underscore '''''list'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''min(greeting_string)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''min function '''is used to find minimum value.

Type, '''min '''''inside brackets '''''greeting '''''underscore '''''string'''

For '''string''' data type, '''ASCII''' value is used to get the maximum and minimum values.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''sum(num_list) '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will find the sum of a '''list'''.

Type, '''sum '''''inside brackets '''''num '''''underscore '''''list'''

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>num_list[1]=9 </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| So far we have talked about many similar features of '''list''', '''string''' and '''tuple'''.

But there are many important features in '''list''' that differ from '''string''' and '''tuple'''.

Let us see them using some examples.

Type, '''num '''''underscore '''''list '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''''is equal to '''''9 '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''num_list'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''num '''''underscore '''''list'''

Here the value at index 1 is assigned to 9.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>greeting_string[1]='k'</nowiki>'''

Highlight the error
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''''is equal to inside single quotes '''''k'''

The first '''command''' executes without a problem.

But there is an error in the second one.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>person_tuple[0]=23</nowiki>'''

Highlight the error
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us try it in '''tuple'''.

Type '''person '''''underscore '''''tuple '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''''is equal to '''''23'''

We can see the same '''error''' again.

This is because '''strings''' and '''tuples''' cannot change the '''value''' at a particular '''index.'''

But we can convert '''list''' to '''tuple''' and '''tuple''' to '''list.'''

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>list_tuple = [(17, 'Ram', 56.8), (16, 'Sita', 48.9), (22, 'ravan', 63.2)]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First let us learn to convert '''list''' to '''tuple'''.

Type as shown

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''t = tuple(list_tuple)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''t '''''is equal to '''''tuple '''''inside brackets '''''list '''''underscore '''''tuple'''

'''Tuple function''' converts the '''list''' to '''tuple'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''t'''

Highlight the brackets
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''t'''

Now the '''list''' is successfully converted to '''tuple'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>tuple_list = ([2,"two"],[3,"three"],[4,"four"])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to convert '''tuple''' to '''list'''.

Type as shown'''.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''l = list(tuple_list)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''l '''''is equal to '''''list '''''inside brackets '''''tuple '''''underscore '''''list'''

'''List function''' converts the '''tuple''' to '''list'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''l'''

Highlight the square brackets
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''l'''

Now the '''tuple''' is successfully converted to '''list'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''otherstring = "Tim,Amy,Stewy,Boss" '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to convert '''string''' to '''list''' and '''list''' to '''string'''.

Let us say we have the following '''string'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''otherstring.split(',')'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''otherstring''''' dot '''''split''''' inside brackets inside single quotes comma''

This produces a '''list''' with the '''string''' split at '''comma'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>otherlist=['List','joined','on','commas']</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''join''' '''function''' does the opposite.

It joins a '''list''' to make a '''string'''.

Let us say we have the following '''list'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''','.join(otherlist)'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, ''inside single quotes comma dot '''''join '''''inside brackets '''''otherlist'''

Thus we get a '''list''' joined on '''commas'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>spacestring=['Now','on','spaces'] </nowiki>'''

Highlight the string
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Similarly we can do on '''spaces'''.

Type as shown.

Note that the '''list''' has to be a '''list''' of '''strings''' to apply '''join operation'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''' '.join(spacestring)'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, ''inside single quotes space dot '''''join '''''inside brackets '''''spacestring'''

We can see that the '''list''' is joined on '''spaces'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

Check if 3 is an '''element''' of the following '''list'''.

Change the third '''element''' in the '''list''' to 21.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the '''terminal''' for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>l=[1,7,5,3,4]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''l''''' is equal to inside square brackets '''''1,7,5,3,4'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''3 in l'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''3 in l'''

The output is '''True'''. So the element 3 is in the list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>l[3]=21</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''l''''' inside square brackets '''''3''''' is equal to '''''21'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''l'''

Highlight 21
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''l'''

We can see that the element 3 is changed to 21.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 2
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

Convert the string '''"Elizabeth is queen of England'''" to '''"Elizabeth is queen" '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''s="Elizabeth is queen of england"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''s''''' is equal to inside double quotes '''''Elizabeth is queen of england'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''stemp=s.split()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''stemp''''' is equal to '''''s.split''''' open and close brackets''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>s=' '.join(stemp[:3])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''s''''' is equal to inside single quotes space dot '''''join '''''inside brackets '''''stemp '''''inside square brackets colon '''''3'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''s'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s'''

We got the required output.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

* Use the '''sequence data types''' such as '''List, String '''and''' Tuple '''
* Split and join a list using '''split''' and '''join functions '''respectively
* Convert '''list''' to '''tuple''' and vice-versa and
* Convert '''string''' to '''tuple''' and vice-versa

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Evaluation

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# What is the major difference between '''tuple''' and '''list'''?
# Split the below '''string''' on '''whitespaces'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,''' '''

1. The major difference between '''tuple''' and '''list''' is that,

* '''Tuple''' cannot change the value at a particular index
* But '''list''' can change the value
* '''Tuple''' is used to store data related to an item
* But '''list''' is typically used to store items of identical '''type'''

2. To split the '''string''' on '''whitespace''', we use the''' split function''' without any '''argument'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
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|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Acknowledgement
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Thank You
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C3/Input-output/English

2018-05-24T07:27:39Z

Priyacst:

Python-3.4.3/C3/Input-output/English

2018-05-23T10:36:19Z

Python-3.4.3/C3/Sequence-datatypes/English

2018-05-22T06:32:04Z

Priyacst: Created page with "{| style="border-spacing:0;" | style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <cen..."

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide title
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the tutorial on '''Sequence data types'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn about-

* '''Sequence Data types''' such as
** '''List '''
** '''String '''and
** '''Tuple'''
* Accessing the above data types using index
* Convert list to tuple and vice-versa and
* Convert string to list and vice-versa.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to

* run basic '''Python '''commands on the '''ipython console'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python '''tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide:

'''Sequence data types'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Sequence data types''' are those in which elements are kept in a sequential order.

The elements are accessed using '''index numbers'''.

The '''sequence data types''' in Python are

* '''list '''
* '''string '''and
* '''tuple '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:

Lists
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First let us understand what is list.

'''List''' is a container that holds a number of '''objects''' in the given order.

For example: '''num '''''underscore''''' list '''''is equal to inside square brackets''''' 1, 2, 3, 4'''

A''' list''' can store data of any type.

List is most useful when storing data of identical type.

Examples:

* Name of books in a library and
* Passengers on a flight

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open terminal

Type, '''ipython3 --pylab '''

press''' Enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython3 pylab.'''

Open the '''terminal.'''

Type '''ipython3 '''''space hyphen hyphen '''''pylab '''and press '''Enter.'''

From here onwards, remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>num_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will create our first '''list.'''

Type, '''num '''''underscore '''''list '''''is equal to inside square brackets '''''1, 2, 3, 4'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''num_list'''

Highlight '''<nowiki>[1, 2, 3, 4]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''num '''''underscore '''''list'''

Comma-separated items enclosed in '''square brackets''' constitute a '''list'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>var_list = [1, 1.2, [1,2]] </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can have a list something like this.

Type, '''var '''''underscore '''''list '''''is equal to inside square brackets '''''1, 1.2, '''''inside square brackets '''''1,2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''var_list'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''var '''''underscore '''''list'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''greeting_string = "hello"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us look at another sequence data type, '''strings'''.

Type '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string '''''is equal to inside double quotes '''''hello'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''greeting_string '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string'''

It is now a''' string variable '''with the value''' hello.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''k = 'Single quote' '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Python '''strings''' can actually be defined in three different ways as follows.

'''k '''''is equal to inside single quotes '''''Single quote'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''l = "Let's see how to include a single quote"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''l '''''is equal to inside double quotes '''''Let's see how to include a single quote'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''m = """This is another “example” for string"""'''

Highlight the quotes
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''m '''''is equal to inside triple quotes '''''This is another “example” for string'''

Here single, double and triple quotes are used as''' delimiters.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''person_tuple = (17,"Ram",56.8)'''

Highlight '''(17,"Ram",56.8)'''

Highlight (
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The last in the list of '''sequence data types''' is '''tuple'''.

Type '''person '''''underscore '''''tuple '''''is equal to inside brackets '''''17, '''''inside double quotes''''' Ram, 56.8'''

This tuple contains '''age''','''name''' and '''weight''' of a person.

To create a '''tuple''' we use normal brackets unlike square brackets for list.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>num_list[2] </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, let us see how to access the list using index numbers.

Type, '''num '''''underscore '''''list''''' inside square brackets '''''2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>num_list[-1]</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''num '''''underscore '''''list''''' inside square brackets '''''-1'''

Recall''' '''that, the index of the elements starts with 0 instead of 1.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>greeting_string[1]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us access the string elements.

Type, '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string''''' inside square brackets''''' 1'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>greeting_string[3]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string''''' inside square brackets''''' 3'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>greeting_string[-2]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the outputs
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string''''' inside square brackets''''' -2'''

We can see that the output is displayed as per the index value.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''person_tuple<nowiki>[2]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us '''access''' '''tuple''' '''elements'''.

Type '''person '''''underscore '''''tuple '''''inside square brackets''''' 2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>person_tuple[-3]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the outputs
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''person '''''underscore '''''tuple '''''inside square brackets''''' -3'''

The output shows the weight and age of the person as per the index value.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''num_list+var_list '''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we will see about how to add sequences.

Type '''num '''''underscore '''''list''''' plus '''''var '''''underscore '''''list '''

Addition gives a new '''sequence''' containing both the '''sequences.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''a_string = " another string"'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Likewise, we will do for '''string''' data type.

Type '''a '''''underscore '''''string''''' is equal to inside double quotes '''''<nowiki><sp</nowiki>ace> another string'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''greeting_string+a_string'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string''''' plus '''''a '''''underscore '''''string'''

We can see that both the strings are added now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''t2 = (“Student”,)'''

Highlight comma

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see for '''tuple'''.

Type, '''t2''''' is equal to inside brackets inside double quotes '''''Student comma'''

Adding a '''comma''' after '''Student''' is important to make '''t2''' a '''tuple'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''person_tuple+t2'''

Highlight student
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''person '''''underscore '''''tuple''''' plus '''''t2'''

Now we can see that '''Student''' is added to the '''tuple'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''len(num_list) '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us see how to find the length of a variable.

We use '''len''' '''function''' for that'''.'''

Type, '''len '''''inside brackets '''''num '''''underscore '''''list'''

The output shows the number of objects of the list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''len(greeting_string)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''len '''''inside brackets '''''greeting '''''underscore '''''string'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''len(person_tuple)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''len '''''inside brackets '''''person '''''underscore '''''tuple'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''3 in num_list'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn to check the presence of an '''element''' using the ''''in'''' '''keyword'''

Type, '''3 in num '''''underscore '''''list'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| ''''H' in greeting_string'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| ''Inside single quotes''''' H in greeting '''''underscore '''''string'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''"Sita" in person_tuple'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| ''Inside double quotes''''' Sita in person '''''underscore '''''tuple'''

We can see that the output displays '''True''' and '''False''' accordingly.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''max(num_list) '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will find the maximum and minimum values.

We use '''max''' function to find the maximum value.

Type, '''max '''''inside brackets '''''num '''''underscore '''''list'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''min(greeting_string)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''min '''function''' '''is used to find minimum value.

Type, '''min '''''inside brackets '''''greeting '''''underscore '''''string'''

For '''string''' data type, '''ASCII''' value is used to get the maximum and minimum values.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''sum(num_list) '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will find the sum of a list'''.'''

Type, '''sum '''''inside brackets '''''num '''''underscore '''''list'''

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>num_list[1]=9 </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| So far we have talked about many similar features of '''list''', '''string''' and '''tuple'''.

But there are many important features in '''list''' that differ from '''string''' and '''tuple'''.

Let us see them using some examples.

Type, '''num '''''underscore '''''list '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''''is equal to '''''9 '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''num_list'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''num '''''underscore '''''list'''

Here the value at index 1 is assigned to 9.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>greeting_string[1]='k'</nowiki>'''

Highlight the error
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''greeting '''''underscore '''''string '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''''is equal to inside single quotes '''''k'''

The first '''command''' executes without a problem.

But there is an error in the second one.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>person_tuple[0]=23</nowiki>'''

Highlight the error
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us try it in '''tuple'''.

Type '''person '''''underscore '''''tuple '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''''is equal to '''''23'''

We can see the same '''error''' again.

This is because '''strings''' and '''tuples''' share the property of being '''immutable'''.

We cannot change the '''value''' at a particular '''index.'''

But we can convert '''list''' to '''tuple''' and '''tuple''' to '''list.'''

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>list_tuple = [(17, 'Ram', 56.8), (16, 'Sita', 48.9), (22, 'ravan', 63.2)]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First let us learn to convert '''list''' to '''tuple'''.

Type as shown

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''t = tuple(list_tuple)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''t '''''is equal to '''''tuple '''''inside brackets '''''list '''''underscore '''''tuple'''

'''Tuple''' function converts the '''list''' to '''tuple'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''t'''

Highlight the brackets
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''t'''

Now the '''list''' is successfully converted to '''tuple'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>tuple_list = ([2,"two"],[3,"three"],[4,"four"])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to convert '''tuple''' to '''list'''.

Type as shown'''.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''l = list(tuple_list)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''l '''''is equal to '''''list '''''inside brackets '''''tuple '''''underscore '''''list'''

'''List''' function converts the '''tuple''' to '''list'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''l'''

Highlight the square brackets
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''l'''

Now the '''tuple''' is successfully converted to '''list'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''otherstring = "Tim,Amy,Stewy,Boss" '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to convert '''string''' to '''list''' and '''list''' to '''string'''.

Let us say we have the following string.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''otherstring.split(',')'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''otherstring''''' dot '''''split''''' inside brackets inside single quotes comma''

This produces a '''list''' with the '''string''' split at '''comma'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>otherlist=['List','joined','on','commas']</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''join''' '''function''' does the opposite.

It joins a '''list''' to make a '''string'''.

Let us say we have the following list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''','.join(otherlist)'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, ''inside single quotes comma dot '''''join '''''inside brackets '''''otherlist'''

Thus we get a '''list''' joined on '''commas'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>spacestring=['Now','on','spaces'] </nowiki>'''

Highlight the string
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Similarly we can do on spaces.

Type as shown.

Note that the '''list''' has to be a '''list''' of '''strings''' to apply '''join operation'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''' '.join(spacestring)'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, ''inside single quotes space dot '''''join '''''inside brackets '''''spacestring'''

We can see that the '''list''' is joined on '''spaces'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

Check if 3 is an element of the following list.

Change the third element in the list to 21.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>l=[1,7,5,3,4]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''l''''' is equal to inside square brackets '''''1,7,5,3,4'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''3 in l'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''3 in l'''

The output is '''True'''. So the element 3 is in the list.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>l[3]=21</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''l''''' inside square brackets '''''3''''' is equal to '''''21'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''l'''

Highlight 21
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''l'''

We can see that the element 3 is changed to 21.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 2
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

Convert the string '''"Elizabeth is queen of england'''" to '''"Elizabeth is queen" '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''s="Elizabeth is queen of england"'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''s''''' is equal to inside double quotes '''''Elizabeth is queen of england'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''stemp=s.split()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''stemp''''' is equal to '''''s.split''''' open and close brackets''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>s=' '.join(stemp[:3])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''s''''' is equal to inside single quotes space dot '''''join '''''inside brackets '''''stemp '''''inside square brackets colon '''''3'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''s'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''s'''

We got the required output.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial.

In this tutorial, we have learned to,''' '''

* Use the sequence data types such as '''List, String '''and''' Tuple '''
* Split and join a list using '''split''' and '''join''' functions respectively
* Convert '''list''' to '''tuple''' and vice-versa and
* Convert '''string''' to '''tuple''' and vice-versa

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Evaluation

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# What is the major difference between tuple and list?
# Split the below string on whitespaces

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,''' '''

1. The major difference between tuple and list is that,

* Tuple is immutable while list is not
* Tuple is used to store data related to an item
* But list is typically used to store items of identical type

2. To split the string on whitespace, we use the''' split''' function without any argument

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Acknowledgement
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Thank You
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C3/Basic-datatypes-and-operators/English

2018-05-17T09:46:02Z

Drupal/C4/Creating-a-simple-custom-module/English

2018-05-10T06:22:50Z

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Visual cue</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>Narration</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 1:

Creating a simple custom module
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on''' Creating a simple custom module'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 2: Learning Objectives

* Create a basic module
* Add a basic controller
* add a routing file

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn to-

* Create a basic '''module'''
* Add a basic '''controller''' and
* Add a '''routing''' file

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 3:

System requirement

To record this tutorial, I am using

* Ubuntu Linux 16.04 OS
* Drupal 8
* Firefox web browser
* Gedit text editor

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04'''
* '''Drupal 8 '''
* '''Firefox web browser '''and
* '''Gedit text editor'''

You can use any text editor and web browser of your choice.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 4a: Pre-requisites

* You should have basic knowledge of '''Drupal'''
* If not, for relevant''' Drupal''' tutorials please visit http://spoken-tutorial.org

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should have basic knowledge of''' Drupal'''.

If not, for relevant''' Drupal''' tutorials, please visit the link shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 4b: Pre-requisites

* Object oriented programming terminology
* Programming in PHP
* Namespacing in PHP
* Symfony 2

For more details, please see the “'''Additional reading material'''” link
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To create a '''custom module''' in '''Drupal''', you should be familiar with

* '''Object oriented programming terminology'''
* Programming in '''PHP'''
* '''Namespacing''' in '''PHP '''and
* '''Symfony 2'''

For details of pre-requisites, please see the “'''Additional reading material'''” link of this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We have already learnt about '''contributed modules '''earlier.

Now we will learn to create a simple '''custom module'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| show the page
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This '''module '''will create a '''custom page '''showing “'''hello world'''”.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| image
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000001;border-left:1pt solid #000001;border-right:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here is the '''workflow '''of this '''module'''.

The '''Request''' is what we request to the website.

'''Router''' determines what should be done with the '''request'''.

The '''controller''' builds the response for the given '''request'''.

The '''View''' creates the response.

The '''response''' is what the website returns.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here is the file structure of the '''custom module''' which we are going to create.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the '''File browser'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start creating the files required for a '''custom module'''.

Open your '''File browser.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Go to '''drupal-8.4.4-0'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Go to the folder where we have installed '''Drupal''' locally.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Go to '''apps -> drupal -> htdocs -> modules'''

Point to '''modules''' folder
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now go to '''apps -> drupal -> htdocs -> modules '''folder'''.'''

We have to always create our''' custom modules''' inside this '''modules''' folder.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Create a folder custom
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let’s create a folder and name it as '''custom'''.

This will separate our '''custom modules''' from the '''contributed modules'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Create a folder '''hello_world'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Inside this '''custom''' folder, we will create a folder called '''hello_world'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This folder name is the '''machine name. '''

It will be used by '''core''' '''Drupal''' programmatically, to refer to this '''module'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 5: Module Naming Conventions

* It must contain only lower-case letters, underscores and no spaces
* It must be unique and can not have the same short name
* It should not be any reserved terms such as '''src, lib, vendor, templates, includes, fixtures'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| There are some rules to follow when naming a '''custom module'''.

* It must contain only lower-case letters, underscores but no spaces.
* It must be unique and cannot have the same short name as any other module or theme
* It cannot have any reserved terms such as '''src, lib, vendor, templates, includes, fixtures, '''etc.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Create''' hello_world.info.yml''' file in gedit

Highlight the folder name and file name
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We are inside this '''hello_world '''folder.

Here, we will create a file called '''hello_world '''with '''info.yml '''extension'''.'''

The name of the '''info.yml''' file and the name of the '''module''' folder should be the same.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 6: YAML

* '''Yml''' is the file extension of '''YAML'''
* YAML is a unicode based data serialization standard for all programming languages
* It is a human-readable language.

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Yml''' is the file extension of '''YAML'''.

'''YAML''' is a unicode based data serialization standard for all programming languages.

It is a human-readable language.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Copy and paste it

name: Hello World

description: A page displaying "Hello World"

package: Custom

type: module

core: 8.x
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This '''info.yml '''file is to tell '''Drupal''' about our '''module'''.

In this file, we will store the '''metadata''' of our '''module'''.

So type the following '''metadata'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Press ctrl+s to save
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And save the file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight name

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is the title of our '''module''' shown on the '''extend''' page.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight description
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is a small description of our '''module'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight package
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is what category our '''module''' will be listed under on the '''extend''' page.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight type
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is to tell '''Drupal''' that we are making a '''module.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight core
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''core key''' specifies the version of '''Drupal core''' that our '''module''' is compatible with.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight name, type, core
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here '''name''', '''type''' and '''core keys''' are required. Other '''keys''' can be ignored.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Create '''hello_world.module '''in gedit
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we will create a file called '''hello_world''' with '''module''' extension.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Copy and paste it

<nowiki><?php </nowiki>

/**

<nowiki>* @file</nowiki>

<nowiki>* Hello World module.</nowiki>

<nowiki>*/</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| For this demonstration, we are not going to add any functionality in this file.

But we just need to create this file.

In this file, type the following.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Press ctrl+s to save
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us save the file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to hello_world.info.yml and hello_world.module
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| These are the two files '''Drupal''' requires to create a '''module'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open drupal website
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will install this '''module''' in our website.

Open our local '''Drupal''' website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Configuration '''menu
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Before installing the new '''module''', we will clear the '''cache '''first.

To do that, click on the '''Configuration '''menu'''.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Development''' -> '''Performance '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''Development''', click on the '''Performance '''option'''.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Clear all caches'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now click on the '''Clear all caches''' button.

You can see that the '''caches''' are cleared.

It is compulsory to clear the '''caches''' every time we modify our website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Extend '''menu and scroll down
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now to install the '''module''', click on the '''Extend '''menu and scroll down.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to '''Hello World '''under '''Custom'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Under '''Custom''', you can see the '''Hello World module '''which we created just now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on it
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on it to select.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Install''' button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the '''Install''' button at the bottom.

Our''' custom module''' is enabled now.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Slide 7: Router'''

* This is to tell Drupal where the module can be accessed from.
* The router determines what should be done with the request.
* The router also checks if the access is permitted.

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we have to add the''' router file'''.

This is to tell '''Drupal''' where the '''module''' can be accessed from.

The '''router''' determines what should be done with the '''request'''.

The '''router''' also checks if the access is permitted.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch '''File browser '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| For that, switch back to our '''File browser'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Create '''hello_world.routing.yml''' in gedit
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will create the routing file called '''hello_world.routing.yml'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Copy and paste it

hello_world.content:

path: '/hello'

defaults:

_controller: '\Drupal\hello_world\Controller\HelloWorldController::content'

requirements:

_permission: 'access content'
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type the following inside the routing file.

Let us understand the code.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight hello_world.content

Highlight path: '/hello'

Highlight _controller: '\Drupal\hello_world\Controller\HelloController::content'

Highlight _permission: 'access content'
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This line is the '''route'''.

This indicates what path will be used to access our '''module'''.

This is to tell '''Drupal''' where to get the '''content''' from.

Here '''content''' is the '''function '''which we will create in the '''controller '''file.

This is to ensure only users who can access '''content,''' will be able to see our '''Hello World '''page.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we should add the functionality about what this '''module '''is going to do.

This is done by adding a '''controller'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Slide 8: Controller'''

* '''Controller''' is a PHP function
* It takes information from the HTTP request and constructs and returns an HTTP response

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| What is a '''controller'''?

'''Controller''' is a '''PHP function. '''

It takes information from the '''HTTP request '''and constructs and returns an '''HTTP response'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to File browser
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to our '''File browser'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Create '''src '''folder
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To add a '''controller''', we should create a folder named '''src '''here.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Create '''Controller '''folder
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Inside the '''src''' folder, we should create another folder named '''Controller'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Create '''HelloController.php '''file
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Inside this '''Controller''' folder, we will create the controller file called '''HelloController.php'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki><?php</nowiki>

namespace Drupal\hello_world\Controller;

use Drupal\Core\Controller\ControllerBase;

class HelloWorldController extends ControllerBase {

public function content() {

return array (

'#title' => 'Hello World',

'#markup' => 'Welcome to the Drupal Development World!'),

);

}

}
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Inside this file, type the following.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Press ctrl+s to save
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now save the file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight

namespace Drupal\hello_world\Controller;

Highlight use Drupal\Core\Controller\ControllerBase;

Highlight class HelloWorldController

'#title' => 'Hello World',

'#markup' => 'Welcome to the Drupal Development World!'),
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''namespace''' allows to place a bunch of code under a name, to avoid naming conflicts.

This '''use statement''' will import the '''ControllerBase class'''.

We have a '''class HelloWorldController '''with the function '''content.'''

It will return the markup text when the routing system invokes the page.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to web browser.
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now switch to the web browser.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click '''Back to site '''button
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Click on the''' Back to site '''button.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In address bar, type hello

Highlight /hello in the routing.yml file
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Add '''hello '''in the address bar as a '''request''' to the web browser.

This is the path we created in the routing file to access our '''module'''.

Now press''' Enter.'''

We can see our custom page which we created just now. This is the '''response'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Likewise, we can create other simple '''custom modules''' in '''Drupal 8'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| With this, we come to the end of this tutorial.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 9:

Summary

In this tutorial, we have learnt to-

* Create a basic module
* Add a basic controller
* Add a route file

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us summarize.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to-

* Create a basic '''module'''
* Add a basic '''controller'''
* Add a '''routing''' file

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 10:

Assignment

Create a custom module for “About us” page of your website
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| As an assignment, create a''' custom module''' for “'''About us'''” page of your website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 11:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The video at the following link summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide 12:

Spoken Tutorial Workshops

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Slide 13:

Acknowledgement

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.75pt solid #000001;padding-top:0.106cm;padding-bottom:0.106cm;padding-left:0.092cm;padding-right:0.106cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by

* NMEICT, Ministry of Human Resource Development and
* NVLI, Ministry of Culture

Government of India.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.079cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for joining.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C2/Accessing-parts-of-arrays/English

2018-05-04T11:08:50Z

Priyacst:

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on "'''Accessing parts of arrays'''".

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn to access and change:

* Individual '''elements''' of single dimensional and''' '''multi-dimensional '''arrays'''.''' '''
* '''Rows''' and '''columns''' of '''arrays'''.
* Elements of an array, using '''slicing''' and '''striding'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to

* run basic '''Python '''commands on the '''IPython console.'''
* use''' arrays.'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python '''tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Sample Arrays

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us begin with the help of an example.

Consider two '''arrays''', A and C.

We will use these '''arrays''' throughout this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[Terminal]</nowiki>

Open the '''terminal''', type '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython'''.

Open the '''terminal'''.

Type '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''import numpy as np'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create the two arrays in terminal.

For this, we have to import '''numpy''' library.

Type, '''import numpy as np''' and press '''Enter'''.

From here onwards, please remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''A = np.arange(1,6)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''A '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''arange '''''inside parentheses '''''1 '''''comma '''''6 '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C = np.arange(1,26).reshape(5,5)'''

Highlight arange, reshape
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''arange '''''inside parentheses '''''1 '''''comma '''''26 '''''dot '''''reshape '''''inside parentheses''''' 5 '''''comma '''''5 '''

We have already learnt about '''arange''' and''' reshape methods''' in an earlier tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''A'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, let us see the contents of A and C.

Type, '''A '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight

<nowiki>A = array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])</nowiki>

<nowiki>C = array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]</nowiki>

<nowiki>[6, 7, 8, 9, 10],</nowiki>

<nowiki>[11, 12, 13, 14, 15], </nowiki>

<nowiki>[16, 17, 18, 19, 20],</nowiki>

<nowiki>[21, 22, 23, 24, 25]])</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In '''A''', we have only one row with elements from 1 to 6.

'''A''' is a '''one'''-'''dimensional''' '''array.'''

In '''C''', we have 1 to 26 elements in the form of matrix of 5 rows and 5 columns.

So '''C''' is a '''two'''-'''dimensional''' '''array.'''

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>Highlight 3 in A = array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])</nowiki>

Type '''<nowiki>A[2] </nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, let us see about '''accessing''' individual '''elements''' in an array.

To access, the element 3 in array '''A''', we say, A of 2.

Type '''A '''''inside square brackets '''''2'''

In Python, arrays are zero-indexed.

This means, the position of the element starts with 0 instead of 1.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight array C in slide

Type, '''<nowiki>C[2, 3]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, let us access the '''element''' 14 from array '''C'''.

14 is in the third '''row''' and the fourth '''column'''.

To do this, we say, C of 2,3.

Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''2 '''''comma''''' 3'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight array A, C in slide

Type '''<nowiki>A[2] = -3</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn how to change the value of an array.

We shall now change 3 to -3 in A and 14 to -14 in C.

For this we simply assign the new '''value''' after accessing the '''element'''.

Type, '''A '''''inside square brackets '''''2 '''''is equal to minus '''3 '''''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>C[2, 3] = -14</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''2 '''''comma''''' 3 '''''is equal to minus '''''14'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''A'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us check our operations.

Type, '''A'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' C'''

Highlight -3 and -14
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C'''

You can see that the elements are changed now.

Likewise you can change any single element''' '''in an array.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight array C in slide

Type, '''<nowiki>C[2] </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to change more than one '''elements''' at a time.

First with '''rows '''and then with '''columns'''.

Let us access one '''row''' of C, say the third '''row'''.

Type, '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''2'''

We can see that the third row of the array is displayed now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:

Negative Indexing

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Python programming supports negative indexing of arrays.

This means the index value of

* -1 gives the last element and
* -2 gives the second to last element of an array.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[4] </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can access the last '''row''' of C in 2 ways.

Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''4'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[-1]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the outputs
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Or''' '''with negative indexing as''' C '''''inside square brackets minus '''''1'''

Notice that both the outputs are same.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[-1] = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we will learn to change the last '''row''' into all '''zeros.'''

Type '''C '''''inside square brackets minus ''1 is ''equal to''''' '''''inside square brackets 0 comma 0 comma 0 comma 0 comma 0''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' C'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' C'''

Notice that zeroes are displayed in the last row of the array C.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type'''<nowiki> C[-1] = 2</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can also type,''' C '''''inside square brackets minus '''''1 '''''is equal to''''' 2.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type C

Highlight the last row
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type C

And check with the changes made.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slicing slide

<nowiki>[start:stop]</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us learn to slice an array.

Slicing of an array is done to access parts of an array.

Slicing syntax is inside square brackets '''start '''colon '''stop.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Striding slide

syntax '''<nowiki>[start:stop:step]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Striding uses the ‘step’ value to jump between the elements in an array

Striding syntax is inside square brackets '''start '''colon '''stop '''colon''' step.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal.
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[0:3,2] </nowiki>'''

<nowiki>Highlight array([ 3, </nowiki>8, 13])
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''colon '''3 '''comma''' 2'''

0 and 3 corresponds to start and stop values for row slicing and 2 corresponds to column index.

We get the '''elements''' of '''rows indexed from 0 to 2 and column''' '''indexed''' by 2.

Hence we have sliced the array.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>Highlight in C ([11, 12, 13])</nowiki>

Type '''<nowiki>C[2,0:3] </nowiki>'''

Highlight '''2 '''and '''0:3'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will access the '''elements''' of '''row''' with '''index''' 2, and first 2 columns.

Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''2''' comma''' 0 '''colon '''3'''

2 corresponds to row index and 0 and 3 corresponds to start and stop values for column slicing.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

Obtain the following elements one by one from array C.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[1, 1:3]</nowiki>'''

<nowiki>Highlight[7,8]</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''comma''' 1 '''colon '''3'''

We get the elements 7 and 8.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[0:4, 0]</nowiki>'''

<nowiki>Highlight [1, 6, 11, 16]</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''colon '''4 '''comma''' 0 '''

We get the elements 1, 6, 11 and 16

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[1:5, 0] </nowiki>'''

'''Highlight '''<nowiki>[6, 11, 16, 0]</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''colon '''5 '''comma''' 0'''

We get the elements 6, 11, 16 and 2

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[1:, 0]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can also get the same elements by typing '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''colon comma''' 0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 2
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

<nowiki>Obtain the elements [[8, 9], [13, -14]] from array C. </nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[1:3, 2:4]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''colon '''3 '''comma''' 2 '''colon '''4'''

We got the required '''elements'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[0:5:2, 0:5:2] </nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn the idea of '''striding''' using the smaller '''array''' C.

We will try to access only the odd rows and columns i.e first, third and fifth.

Type, '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''colon '''5 '''colon '''2 '''comma''' 0 '''colon '''5 '''colon '''2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[::2, ::2] </nowiki>'''

Highlight the output

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can also type '''C '''''inside square brackets colon colon '''''2 '''comma colon colon''' 2 '''

We can see that only the odd rows and columns are displayed.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight 2 in '''<nowiki>C[::2, ::2] </nowiki>'''

Type '''<nowiki>C[1::2, ::2] </nowiki>'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The step 2 specifies the jump between the elements.

This is called '''striding'''.

If no step is specified, a default value of 1 is assumed.

Type '''C '''''inside square brackets''''' 1 '''colon colon '''2 '''comma colon colon '''2 '''

We get the elements, as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 3
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

Obtain the following elements from array C.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Solution 3
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The solution is on your screen.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,''' '''

# Manipulate '''single''' and '''multi''' '''dimensional''' '''arrays'''.
# Access and change individual '''elements''' by using their '''index numbers.'''
# Access and change '''rows''' and '''columns''' of arrays by specifying the '''row''' and '''column''' numbers.
# '''Slice''' and '''stride''' on '''arrays'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Evaluation

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# How do we access the element 18 from the given array A?
# How do we obtain the elements <nowiki>[[21, 22], [31, 32]] </nowiki>from the given array B?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,''' '''

# The element 18 in array A has index number 2. Hence, we can access it as A of 2

# To obtain the central four numbers in the array B, we say, B ''inside square brackets ''1 colon 3 comma 1 colon 3

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Acknowledgement
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken-tutorial is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Thank You
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C2/Getting-started-with-arrays/English

2018-05-04T10:54:11Z

Priyacst:

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue '''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Getting started with arrays'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Learning objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to,

* Create '''arrays''' using data
* Create '''arrays''' from '''lists'''
* Perform basic '''array''' operations
* Create an '''identity matrix '''and
* Use the method '''zeros'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Requirements
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practice this tutorial, you should know how to use '''Lists.'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Overview of '''array'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Arrays''' are '''homogeneous''' '''data structures'''.

All elements in it must be of same '''data type.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| open the '''Terminal '''by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys simultaneously
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will be using''' numpy''' library which we used in earlier tutorial.

Let us first open the '''terminal '''by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys simultaneously.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type''' python3'''

Highlight ipython prompt
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython''' by typing '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter.'''

We can see the '''ipython''' prompt.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, import numpy as np
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will '''import''' '''numpy'''.

Type, '''import numpy as np''' and press '''Enter.'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>a1 = np.array([1,2,3,4]) </nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us see how to create '''arrays. '''

From here onwards, please remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

Type, '''a1 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''1 '''''comma '''''2 '''''comma '''''3 '''''comma '''''4 '''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1 '''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''

Notice that we have created a one dimensional '''array''' here.

Also notice that the object we passed to create an '''array '''is a '''list,''' i.e '''a1.'''

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''a2 = np.<nowiki>array([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]])</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see how to create two dimensional array.

Two dimensional '''array''' is created by converting a '''list''' of '''lists''' to an '''array.'''

Type, '''a2 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets ''again'' inside square brackets 1 comma 2 comma 3 comma 4 comma inside square brackets 5 comma 6 comma 7 comma 8''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a2'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a2'''

This is our 2-dimensional array.

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''slide : arange method'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see about '''arange''' method.

To arrange the elements in an array we use '''arange''' method.

The syntax is shown here.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar = np.arange(1,9)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar''''' is equal to'' '''np''' ''dot '''''arange''' ''inside parentheses'' 1 ''comma'' 9.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type '''print (ar)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''print''' ''inside parentheses'' '''ar'''

Here, 1 is the '''start''' value and 9 is the '''stop''' value.

As you can see, we obtained a one dimensional array between 1 and 9 with 1 included and 9 excluded.

It will give the elements one less than the stop value.

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Can we make a two dimensional '''array''' of order 2 by 4?

Yes, we can do it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| slide reshape method

'''object.reshape(rows, columns)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will use '''reshape method''' to change the shape of an array.

The syntax is:

'''object.reshape '''''inside parentheses '''''rows '''''comma''''' columns'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, br = '''ar.reshape(2,4)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar''' ''dot'' '''reshape''''' inside parentheses'' '''2''''' comma'' '''4'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type''' ar'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type''' ar'''

Shape of the original array '''ar '''is not changed.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar.shape = (2,4)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| If you want to change the shape of the original array, type

'''ar '''''dot '''''shape '''''is equal to''''' '''''inside parentheses'' '''2''''' comma'' '''4'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' ar'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' ar'''

We can see that the shape of the original array '''ar''' is changed now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''shape '''of an '''array'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To find the shape of an '''array''' we can use the '''method''' '''shape.'''

It returns a '''tuple''' of the '''shape''' of an '''array.'''

A '''tuple''' is nothing but an ordered '''list''' of elements.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''a2.shape'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us check the shape of the '''arrays''' we have created so far.

Type '''a2 '''''dot '''''shape '''

'''a2.shape''' object is a '''tuple''', and it returned a '''tuple''' '''(2, 4)'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Assignment 1

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video here, try out the following exercise and resume the video.

Find out the shape of the '''arrays''' '''a1 '''and''' ar '''which we have created earlier in this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see the solution.

Type, '''a1 '''''dot '''''shape '''

Since '''a1''' is a single dimensional array, the column is empty.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar '''''dot '''''shape '''

'''ar''' is a two dimensional array.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a3 = np.array<nowiki>([1,2,3,'a string'])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us try to create a new '''array''' with elements of different datatypes.

Type, '''a3 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''1 '''''comma '''''2 '''''comma '''''3 '''''comma inside single quotes '''''a string '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a3'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Arrays''' handle elements with the same datatype.

Here we are handling with different data types. So it should give us error.

Type '''a3'''

But we did not get any error.

Because all the elements get implicitly converted as '''strings'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight '''<nowiki>dtype='<U21')</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is how array works.

Note that the output mentions '''<nowiki>dtype=’<U21'</nowiki>'''

A''' dtype''' is the '''datatype '''required to hold the objects in sequence.

The characters of '''dtype''' i.e. '''<nowiki>’<U21' </nowiki>'''might differ with python version.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''identity(n) '''method

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see about '''identity''' matrix.

It is a square matrix of order (n,n) with ones on the main diagonal and all other elements as zeros.

The syntax is '''identity '''''inside parentheses''' ''n.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type '''np.identity(2)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see how to create a 2 by 2 '''identity matrix'''.

Type, '''np''' ''dot''' ''identity '''''inside parentheses '''''2.'''

We can see all ones in the main diagonal as expected.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''zeros(shape) '''method

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next is '''Zeros''' method.

It creates an '''m by n '''matrix with all elements as 0.

The Syntax is: '''zeros '''''inside parentheses inside parentheses''' ''m, n'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type

'''np.zeros((4,5))'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create an array of the shape (4, 5) with all the elements zero.

Type, '''np '''''dot '''''zeros '''''inside parentheses inside parentheses '''''4 '''''comma '''''5'''''.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| But box on the arrays iden:
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The default output of '''identity''' and '''zeros method '''are in '''float''' datatype.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Learning exercise

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Explore the below functions on your own:

* zeros_like
* ones
* ones_like

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type, '''a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Try the following.

First check the value of '''a1''' which we assigned earlier.

Type '''a1 '''

We see that '''a1''' is a single dimensional '''array.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type

'''a1 * 2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now try '''a1 '''''multiplied by '''''2'''

It returned a new '''array''' with all the elements multiplied by 2.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us again check the contents of '''a1.'''

Note that the value of '''a1''' still remains the same.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1''' '''+ 2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Similarly we will try with addition.

Type, '''a1 '''''plus '''''2 '''

It returns a new '''array''', with all the elements summed with two.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1'''

But again notice that the value of '''a1''' has not been changed.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1 += 2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us try with '''a1 '''''plus equal to '''''2 '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''

This will change the''' array a1 '''itself as we are assigning the new output to '''a1'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>a1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4]) </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can use all the mathematical operations with '''arrays'''.

Next, we will see how to add two arrays.

Type, '''a1 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''1, 2, 3, 4'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>a2 = np.array([5, 6, 7, 8])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a2 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''5, 6, 7, 8'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 + a2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''''plus''''' a2'''

This returns an '''array''' by adding element by element'''.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 * a2 '''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''''multiplied by''''' a2'''

It returns an '''array''' with element by element multiplication.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of the end of this tutorial.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

# Create an '''array''' using the '''array'''() function.
# Perform some basic operations on '''arrays''' like addition and multiplication.
# Use methods like -

'''shapearange'''

'''reshapeidentity '''and'''zeros'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Self assessment questions slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here is a self assessment question for you to solve

'''x '''''is equal to''''' np.array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets''' ''1, 2, 3, '''''inside square brackets''' ''5, 6, 7''' is a valid statement ?

*True
*False

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solution of self assessment questions on slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answer is False.

The correct way is to assign the elements as a '''list''' of '''lists''' and then convert it to an '''array.'''

That is '''x '''''is equal to''''' np.array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets again inside square brackets '''''1, 2, 3, '''''inside square brackets '''''5, 6, 7'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on '''Python''' in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgment

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C2/Statistics/English

2018-05-04T10:32:05Z

Priyacst:

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Hello Friends. Welcome to the tutorial on "'''Statistics'''” using '''Python'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to -

* Do '''statistical''' operations in '''Python'''
* '''Sum''' a set of numbers
* Find their '''mean''', '''median''' and '''standard''' '''deviation'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide:

Pre-requisites

* Load data from files
* Use Lists
* Access parts of Arrays

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to -

* load data from files
* use Lists and
* access parts of Arrays
*

If not, see the pre-requisite '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[File Browser]</nowiki>

open and Show''' '''the''' '''file''' student_record.txt'''

'''1:08 - text box'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| For this tutorial, we will use the data file '''student_record.txt '''which we used in the earlier tutorial.

You can also find this file''' '''in the '''code files''' link of this tutorial.

Please download it in '''Home''' directory and use it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[File Browser]</nowiki>

Show''' '''the''' '''file''' student_record.txt'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will use mathematical and logical operations on this array structured file.

For this, we need to install '''Numpy'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Numpy(Numerical Python)

slide:

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''NumPy''', stands for '''Numerical Python.'''

It is a library consisting of precompiled functions for mathematical and numerical routines.

'''NumPy''' has to be installed separately.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open terminal by pressing Ctrl+Alt+T keys simultaneously
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us first open the '''Terminal '''by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys simultaneously.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[Terminal] Install latest Python </nowiki>

type '''sudo apt-get install python3-pip'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us install latest '''pip'''.

'''pip''' command is used to install''' python libraries.'''

Type, '''sudo apt-get install python3 '''''hyphen '''''pip'''

You need to have '''root''' access for installation as it asks for '''admin''' '''password'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Install '''numpy'''

'''type'''

'''sudo pip3 install numpy==1.13.3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we need to install '''numpy''' '''library''' as we will be using '''numpy''' '''library''' throughout the tutorial.

Type, '''sudo pip3 install numpy '''is equal to is equal to''' 1.13.3 '''and press''' Enter.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight prompt after installation
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The installation is completed successfully.

We can see the terminal prompt without any error.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Slide:loadtxt()'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn about '''loadtxt'''() function.

To get the data as an array, we use the '''loadtxt()''' function.

For '''loadtxt() '''function''', '''we need to '''import''' '''numpy''' library first.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>[Terminal] type ipython3</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal.

Now, type '''ipython3''' and press '''Enter'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''import numpy as np'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''import numpy as np''' and press '''Enter'''.

Where '''np''' is alias to numpy and it can be any name.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''L=np.loadtxt('student_record.txt', usecols=(3,4,5,6,7), delimiter=';')'''

Type''' L '''and press''' enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us load the data from the file '''student_record.txt '''as an array.

Type, '''L''' ''is equal to'' '''np '''''dot '''''loadtxt''' ''inside parentheses inside quotes'' '''student_record.txt''' ''comma'' '''usecols is equal to inside parentheses''' 3 comma 4 comma 5 comma 6 comma 7 comma '''delimiter''' ''is equal to inside quotes'' semicolon. Press '''Enter'''.

Type''' L '''and press''' enter'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We get the '''output''' in the form of an '''array'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight command one by one
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''loadtxt''' loads data from an external file.

'''Delimiter''' specifies the kind of character, that the fields of data is separated by.

'''usecols''' specifies the columns to be used.

'''loadtxt, delimiter''' and '''usecols''' are keywords.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight command one by one
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| So columns 3,4,5,6,7 from '''student_record.txt '''are loaded here.

The 'comma' between column numbers is added because '''usecols''' is a '''sequence'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type '''L.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| As we can see '''L''' is an '''array'''.

We can get the shape of this '''array''' using '''shape.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''L.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''L '''''dot''''' shape '''and press '''Enter'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

4:45

Highlight '''(185667, 5)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We get a '''tuple''' giving the numbers of '''rows''' and '''columns''' respectively.

In this example, the array '''L '''has 185667 rows and 5 columns.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us switch back to the '''student_record.tx'''t file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight record
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start applying statistical operations on these.

How do you find the '''sum''' of marks of all subjects for the first student?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''<nowiki>L[0]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal.

To access the first row in an array, we will type '''L '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''and press '''Enter'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''<nowiki>totalmarks=sum(L[0])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now to '''sum''' this, type,

'''totalmarks '''''is equal to '''''sum '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''inside square brackets 0 ''

Press '''Enter.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''totalmarks'''

Highlight 177.0
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''totalmarks '''and press '''Enter.'''

We got '''sum''' of marks of all subjects of the first student.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''<nowiki>totalmarks/len(L[0])</nowiki>'''

Highlight 35.399999999999999
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now to get the '''mean''' we can divide the '''totalmarks''' by the length of the '''array.'''

Type, '''totalmarks '''divided by '''len''' ''inside parentheses '''''L'' '''inside square brackets '''''0 '''and press '''Enter.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.<nowiki>mean(L[0])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Or simply use the '''function mean'''.

Type '''np '''''dot '''''mean '''''inside parentheses '''''L'' '''inside square brackets '''''0 '''and press''' Enter.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.mean?'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| But we have such a large '''data''' '''set'''.

And calculating the '''mean''' for each student one by one is time consuming.

Is there a way to reduce the work?

For this we will look into the '''documentation''' of '''mean.'''

Type, '''np '''''dot '''''mean '''''questionmark ''and press Enter''.''

Read the text for more information.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''q '''and press '''enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''q '''to exit the documentation.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| show slide

Two-Dimensional array
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the above example, '''L''' is a '''two dimensional array '''like matrix.

We can calculate the '''mean''' across each of the '''axis''' of the '''array'''.

The '''axis''' of '''rows''' is referred by 0 and '''columns''' by 1.

To calculate '''mean''' across all columns, we have to pass extra parameter, 1 for the '''axis'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.mean(L,0)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal.

Let us calculate, '''mean''' of the marks scored by all the students for each subject.

Type '''np''' ''dot''' ''mean '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''0''' ''and press Enter''.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''<nowiki>L[:,0]</nowiki>'''

Highlight output '''<nowiki>array([ 53., </nowiki>58., 72., ..., 49., 33., 17.])'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we will calculate the '''median''' of English marks for all the students.

Type '''L '''''inside square brackets '''''colon''''' comma '''0 '''''and press Enter'''''.'''''

Note colon comma displays first '''column''' in the '''array''' i.e (that is) English Mark.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.<nowiki>median(L[:,0])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To get the '''median''' we will simply use the '''function median'''.

Type '''np '''''dot '''''median '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''inside square brackets '''''colon''''' comma '''0 '''''

Press Enter'''''.'''''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.median(L,0)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| For all the subjects, we can calculate '''median''' across all '''rows''' using '''median function''' as shown here.

Type '''np '''''dot '''''median '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''0'''''

Press Enter'''''.'''''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.<nowiki>std(L[:,0])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Similarly to calculate '''standard''' '''deviation''' we will use the '''function''' '''std'''

Standard deviation for English subject can be found by typing '''np '''''dot '''s''td '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''inside square brackets '''''colon''''' comma '''0'''''

Press Enter.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>Type

'''np.std(L,0)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And for all rows, we do, '''np '''''dot '''s''td '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''0 '''''and press Enter.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video here, try out the following exercise and resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Refer to the file''' football.txt''', that is available in the code files link of this tutorial.

Download and save the file in the present working directory.

Currently the present working directory is the '''Home''' directory.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| highlight
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In '''football.txt''',

* the first column is '''player name''',
* second is '''goals''' '''at home''' and
* third column is '''goals away'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| # Find the total goals for each player
# '''Mean''' of home and goals away
# '''Standard''' '''deviation''' of home and goals away

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Ipython Terminal

Type

'''L=np.loadtxt('football.txt',usecols=(1,2), delimiter=',')'''

'''sum(L,1)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal.

The solution is, first, type,

'''L''' ''is equal to'' '''np '''''dot '''''loadtxt''' ''inside parentheses inside quotes'' '''football.txt''' ''comma'' '''usecols''' ''is equal to inside parentheses'' 1 comma 2 comma '''delimiter''' is equal to inside quotes comma.

Press enter.

'''np '''''dot''''' sum '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''''1 '''and press enter.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Ipython Terminal

Type''' np.mean(L,0)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Answer for the second, '''np '''''dot '''''mean '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''''0 '''and press enter.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[</nowiki>Ipython Termina]

Type''' np.std(L,0)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Third, '''np '''''dot '''''std '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''''0 '''and press enter.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of the tutorial.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to, do the standard '''statistical''' '''operations''' like:

'''sum'''

'''mean'''

'''median''' and

'''standard deviation''' in '''Python'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Assignment

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# Given a '''two''' '''dimensional''' '''list '''as shown.how do you calculate the mean of each row
# Calculate the '''median''' of the given '''list'''?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Assignment
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| # There is a '''file''' with 6 columns. But we want to load text only from columns 2,3,4,5.

How do we specify that?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solution
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,

1. To get the mean of each row, we just pass 1 as the second parameter to the function''' mean'''. '''np.mean '''''inside parentheses''''' two_dimensional_list '''''comma''''' 1'''

2. We use the '''function median''' to calculate the '''median''' of the '''list'''

'''np.median '''''inside parentheses '''''student_marks'''

3. To specify the particular columns of a file, we use the parameter '''usecols '''''is equal to inside parentheses '''''2, 3, 4, 5'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show SlideForum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on '''Python''' in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgment http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Thats it for the tutorial.

This is Trupti Kini from IIT Bombay signing off. Thank you.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C2/Accessing-parts-of-arrays/English

2018-05-04T05:32:02Z

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on "'''Accessing parts of arrays'''".

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn to access and change:

* Individual '''elements''' of single dimensional and''' '''multi-dimensional '''arrays'''.''' '''
* '''Rows''' and '''columns''' of '''arrays'''.
* Elements of an array, using '''slicing''' and '''striding'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to

* run basic '''Python '''commands on the '''IPython console.'''
* use''' arrays.'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python '''tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Sample Arrays

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us begin with the help of an example.

Consider two '''arrays''', A and C.

We will use these '''arrays''' throughout this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[Terminal]</nowiki>

Open the '''terminal''', type '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython'''.

Open the '''terminal'''.

Type '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''import numpy as np'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create the two arrays in terminal.

For this, we have to import '''numpy''' library.

Type, '''import numpy as np''' and press '''Enter'''.

From here onwards, please remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''A = np.arange(1,6)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''A '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''arange '''''inside parentheses '''''1 '''''comma '''''6 '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C = np.arange(1,26).reshape(5,5)'''

Highlight arange, reshape
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''arange '''''inside parentheses '''''1 '''''comma '''''26 '''''dot '''''reshape '''''inside parentheses''''' 5 '''''comma '''''5 '''

We have already learnt about '''arange()''' and''' reshape() methods''' in an earlier tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''A'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, let us see the contents of A and C.

Type, '''A '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight

<nowiki>A = array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])</nowiki>

<nowiki>C = array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]</nowiki>

<nowiki>[6, 7, 8, 9, 10],</nowiki>

<nowiki>[11, 12, 13, 14, 15], </nowiki>

<nowiki>[16, 17, 18, 19, 20],</nowiki>

<nowiki>[21, 22, 23, 24, 25]])</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In '''A''', we have only one row with elements from 1 to 6.

'''A''' is a '''one'''-'''dimensional''' '''array.'''

In '''C''', we have 1 to 26 elements in the form of matrix of 5 rows and 5 columns.

So '''C''' is a '''two'''-'''dimensional''' '''array.'''

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>Highlight 3 in A = array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])</nowiki>

Type '''<nowiki>A[2] </nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, let us see about '''accessing''' individual '''elements''' in an array.

To access, the element 3 in array '''A''', we say, A of 2.

Type '''A '''''inside square brackets '''''2'''

In Python, arrays are zero-indexed.

This means, the position of the element starts with 0 instead of 1.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight array C in slide

Type, '''<nowiki>C[2, 3]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, let us access the '''element''' 14 from array '''C'''.

14 is in the third '''row''' and the fourth '''column'''.

To do this, we say, C of 2,3.

Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''2 '''''comma''''' 3'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight array A, C in slide

Type '''<nowiki>A[2] = -3</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn how to change the value of an array.

We shall now change 3 to -3 in A and 14 to -14 in C.

For this we simply assign the new '''value''' after accessing the '''element'''.

Type, '''A '''''inside square brackets '''''2 '''''is equal to minus '''3 '''''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>C[2, 3] = -14</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''2 '''''comma''''' 3 '''''is equal to minus '''''14'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''A'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us check our operations.

Type, '''A'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' C'''

Highlight -3 and -14
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C'''

You can see that the elements are changed now.

Likewise you can change any single element''' '''in an array.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight array C in slide

Type, '''<nowiki>C[2] </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next let us learn to change more than one '''elements''' at a time.

First with '''rows '''and then with '''columns'''.

Let us access one '''row''' of C, say the third '''row'''.

Type, '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''2'''

We can see that the third row of the array is displayed now.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide:

Negative Indexing

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Python programming supports negative indexing of arrays.

This means the index value of

* -1 gives the last element and
* -2 gives the second to last element of an array.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[4] </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can access the last '''row''' of C in 2 ways.

Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''4'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[-1]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the outputs
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Or''' '''with negative indexing as''' C '''''inside square brackets minus '''''1'''

Notice that both the outputs are same.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[-1] = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we will learn to change the last '''row''' into all '''zeros.'''

Type '''C '''''inside square brackets minus ''1 is ''equal to''''' '''''inside square brackets 0 comma 0 comma 0 comma 0 comma 0''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' C'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' C'''

Notice that zeroes are displayed in the last row of the array C.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type'''<nowiki> C[-1] = 2</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can also type,''' C '''''inside square brackets minus '''''1 '''''is equal to''''' 2.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type C

Highlight the last row
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type C

And check with the changes made.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slicing slide

<nowiki>[start:stop]</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us learn to slice an array.

Slicing of an array is done to access parts of an array.

Slicing syntax is inside square brackets '''start '''colon '''stop.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Striding slide

syntax '''<nowiki>[start:stop:step]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Striding uses the ‘step’ value to jump between the elements in an array

Striding syntax is inside square brackets '''start '''colon '''stop '''colon''' step.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal.
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[0:3,2] </nowiki>'''

<nowiki>Highlight array([ 3, </nowiki>8, 13])
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''colon '''3 '''comma''' 2'''

0 and 3 corresponds to start and stop values for row slicing and 2 corresponds to column index.

We get the '''elements''' of '''rows indexed from 0 to 2 and column''' '''indexed''' by 2.

Hence we have sliced the array.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>Highlight in C ([11, 12, 13])</nowiki>

Type '''<nowiki>C[2,0:3] </nowiki>'''

Highlight '''2 '''and '''0:3'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will access the '''elements''' of '''row''' with '''index''' 2, and first 2 columns.

Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''2''' comma''' 0 '''colon '''3'''

2 corresponds to row index and 0 and 3 corresponds to start and stop values for column slicing.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

Obtain the following elements one by one from array C.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[1, 1:3]</nowiki>'''

<nowiki>Highlight[7,8]</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''comma''' 1 '''colon '''3'''

We get the elements 7 and 8.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[0:4, 0]</nowiki>'''

<nowiki>Highlight [1, 6, 11, 16]</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''colon '''4 '''comma''' 0 '''

We get the elements 1, 6, 11 and 16

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[1:5, 0] </nowiki>'''

'''Highlight '''<nowiki>[6, 11, 16, 0]</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''colon '''5 '''comma''' 0'''

We get the elements 6, 11, 16 and 2

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[1:, 0]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can also get the same elements by typing '''C '''''square brackets '''''1 '''colon comma''' 0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 2
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

<nowiki>Obtain the elements [[8, 9], [13, -14]] from array C. </nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[1:3, 2:4]</nowiki>'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''1 '''colon '''3 '''comma''' 2 '''colon '''4'''

We got the required '''elements'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[0:5:2, 0:5:2] </nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn the idea of '''striding''' using the smaller '''array''' C.

We will try to access only the odd rows and columns i.e first, third and fifth.

Type, '''C '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''colon '''5 '''colon '''2 '''comma''' 0 '''colon '''5 '''colon '''2'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>C[::2, ::2] </nowiki>'''

Highlight the output

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can also type '''C '''''inside square brackets colon colon '''''2 '''comma colon colon''' 2 '''

We can see that only the odd rows and columns are displayed.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight 2 in '''<nowiki>C[::2, ::2] </nowiki>'''

Type '''<nowiki>C[1::2, ::2] </nowiki>'''

Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The step 2 specifies the jump between the elements.

This is called '''striding'''.

If no step is specified, a default value of 1 is assumed.

Type '''C '''''inside square brackets''''' 1 '''colon colon '''2 '''comma colon colon '''2 '''

We get the elements, as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 3
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

Obtain the following elements from array C.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Solution 3
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The solution is on your screen.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,''' '''

# Manipulate '''single''' and '''multi''' '''dimensional''' '''arrays'''.
# Access and change individual '''elements''' by using their '''index numbers.'''
# Access and change '''rows''' and '''columns''' of arrays by specifying the '''row''' and '''column''' numbers.
# '''Slice''' and '''stride''' on '''arrays'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Evaluation

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# How do we access the element 18 from the given array A?
# How do we obtain the elements <nowiki>[[21, 22], [31, 32]] </nowiki>from the given array B

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,''' '''

# The element 18 in array A has index number 2. Hence, we can access it as A of 2

# To obtain the central four numbers in the array B, we say, <nowiki>B[1:3, 1:3]</nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Acknowledgement
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken-tutorial is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Thank You
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.097cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C2/Getting-started-with-arrays/English

2018-05-03T10:23:26Z

Priyacst:

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue '''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Getting started with arrays'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Learning objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to,

* Create '''arrays''' using data
* Create '''arrays''' from '''lists'''
* Perform basic '''array''' operations
* Create an '''identity matrix '''and
* Use the method '''zeros'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Requirements
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practice this tutorial, you should know how to use '''Lists.'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Overview of '''array'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Arrays''' are '''homogeneous''' '''data structures'''.

All elements in it must be of same '''data type.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| open the '''Terminal '''by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys simultaneously
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will be using''' numpy''' library which we used in earlier tutorial.

Let us first open the '''terminal '''by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys simultaneously.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type''' python3'''

Highlight ipython prompt
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython''' by typing '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter.'''

We can see the '''ipython''' prompt.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, import numpy as np
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will '''import''' '''numpy'''.

Type, '''import numpy as np''' and press '''Enter.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>a1 = np.array([1,2,3,4]) </nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us see how to create '''arrays. '''

From here onwards, please remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

Type, '''a1 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''1 '''''comma '''''2 '''''comma '''''3 '''''comma '''''4 '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1 '''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''

Notice that we have created a one dimensional '''array''' here.

Also notice that the object we passed to create an '''array '''is a '''list'''. i.e '''a1.'''

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''a2 = np.<nowiki>array([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]])</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see how to create two dimensional array.

Two dimensional '''array''' is created by converting a '''list''' of '''lists''' to an '''array.'''

Type, '''a2 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets ''again'' inside square brackets 1 comma 2 comma 3 comma 4 comma inside square brackets 5 comma 6 comma 7 comma 8''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a2'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a2'''

This is our 2-dimensional array.

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''slide : arange method'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see about '''arange''' method.

To arrange the elements in an array we use '''arange''' method.

The syntax is shown here:

'''<nowiki>arange([start,] stop, [step,] dtype=None) </nowiki>'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar = np.arange(1,9)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar''''' is equal to'' '''np''' ''dot '''''arange''' ''inside parentheses'' 1 ''comma'' 9.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type '''print (ar)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''print''' ''inside parentheses'' '''ar'''

Here, 1 is the '''start''' value and 9 is the '''stop''' value.

As you can see, we obtained a one dimensional array between 1 and 9 with 1 included and 9 excluded.

It will give the elements one less than the stop value.

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Can we make a two dimensional '''array''' of order 2 by 4?

Yes, we can do it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| slide reshape method

'''object.reshape(rows, columns)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will use '''reshape method''' to change the shape of an array.

The syntax is:

'''object.reshape '''''inside parentheses '''''rows '''''comma''''' columns'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, br = '''ar.reshape(2,4)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar''' ''dot'' '''reshape''''' inside parentheses'' '''2''''' comma'' '''4'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type''' ar'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type''' ar'''

Shape of the original array '''ar '''is not changed.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar.shape = (2,4)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| If you want to change the shape of the original array, type

'''ar '''''dot '''''shape '''''is equal to''''' '''''inside parentheses'' '''2''''' comma'' '''4'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' ar'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' ar'''

We can see that the shape of the original array '''ar''' is changed now.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''shape '''of an '''array'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To find the shape of an '''array''' we can use the '''method''' '''shape.'''

It returns a '''tuple''' of the '''shape''' of an '''array.'''

A '''tuple''' is nothing but an ordered '''list''' of elements.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''a2.shape'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us check the shape of the '''arrays''' we have created so far.

Type '''a2 '''''dot '''''shape '''

'''a2.shape''' object is a '''tuple''', and it returned a '''tuple''' '''(2, 4)'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Assignment 1

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video here, try out the following exercise and resume the video.

Find out the shape of the '''arrays''' '''a1 '''and''' ar '''which we have created earlier in this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see the solution.

Type, '''a1 '''''dot '''''shape '''

Since '''a1''' is a single dimensional array, the column is empty.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar '''''dot '''''shape '''

'''ar''' is a two dimensional array.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a3 = np.array<nowiki>([1,2,3,'a string'])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us try to create a new '''array''' with elements of different datatypes.

Type, '''a3 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''1 '''''comma '''''2 '''''comma '''''3 '''''comma inside single quotes '''''a string '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a3'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Arrays''' handle elements with the same datatype.

Here we are handling with different data types. So it should give us error.

Type '''a3'''

But we did not get any error.

Because all the elements get implicitly converted as '''strings'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight '''<nowiki>dtype='<U21')</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is how array works.

Note that the output mentions '''<nowiki>dtype=’<U21'</nowiki>'''

A''' dtype''' is the '''datatype '''required to hold the objects in sequence.

The characters of '''dtype''' i.e. '''<nowiki>’<U21' </nowiki>'''might differ with python version.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''identity(n) '''method

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see about '''identity''' matrix.

It is a square matrix of order (n,n) with ones on the main diagonal and all other elements as zeros.

The syntax is '''identity(n).'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type '''np.identity(2)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see how to create a 2 by 2 '''identity matrix'''.

Type, '''np''' ''dot''' ''identity '''''inside parentheses '''''2.'''

We can see all ones in the main diagonal as expected.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''zeros(shape) '''method

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next is '''Zeros''' method.

It creates an '''m by n '''matrix with all elements as 0.

The Syntax is: '''zeros((m, n))'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type

'''np.zeros((4,5))'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create an array of the shape (4, 5) with all the elements zero.

Type, '''np '''''dot '''''zeros '''''inside parentheses inside parentheses '''''4 '''''comma '''''5'''''.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| But box on the arrays iden:
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The default output of '''identity''' and '''zeros method '''are in '''float''' datatype.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Learning exercise

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Explore the below functions on your own:

* zeros_like
* ones
* ones_like

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type, '''a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Try the following.

First check the value of '''a1''' which we assigned earlier.

Type '''a1 '''

We see that '''a1''' is a single dimensional '''array.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type

'''a1 * 2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now try '''a1 '''''multiplied by '''''2'''

It returned a new '''array''' with all the elements multiplied by 2.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us again check the contents of '''a1.'''

Note that the value of '''a1''' still remains the same.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1''' '''+ 2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Similarly we will try with addition.

Type, '''a1 '''''plus '''''2 '''

It returns a new '''array''', with all the elements summed with two.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1'''

But again notice that the value of '''a1''' has not been changed.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1 += 2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us try with '''a1 '''''plus equal to '''''2 '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''

This will change the''' array a1 '''itself as we are assigning the new output to '''a1'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>a1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4]) </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can use all the mathematical operations with '''arrays'''.

Next, we will see how to add two arrays.

Type, '''a1 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''1, 2, 3, 4'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>a2 = np.array([5, 6, 7, 8])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a2 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''5, 6, 7, 8'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 + a2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''''plus''''' a2'''

This returns an '''array''' by adding element by element'''.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 * a2 '''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''''multiplied by''''' a2'''

It returns an '''array''' with element by element multiplication.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of the end of this tutorial.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

# Create an '''array''' using the '''array'''() function.
# Perform some basic operations on '''arrays''' like addition and multiplication.
# Use methods like -
*'''shape'''
*'''arange'''
*'''reshape'''
*'''identity'''
*'''zeros'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Self assessment questions slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here is a self assessment question for you to solve

'''<nowiki>x = np.array([1, 2, 3], [5, 6, 7])</nowiki>''' is a valid statement ?

* True
* False

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solution of self assessment questions on slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answer is False.

The correct way is to assign the elements as a '''list''' of '''lists''' and then convert it to an '''array.'''

That is '''<nowiki>x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [5, 6, 7]])</nowiki>'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

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Acknowledgment

http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for joining.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C2/Getting-started-with-arrays/English

2018-05-03T10:19:11Z

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue '''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Getting started with arrays'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Learning objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, you will learn to,

* Create '''arrays''' using data
* Create '''arrays''' from '''lists'''
* Perform basic '''array''' operations
* Create an '''identity matrix '''and
* Use the method '''zeros'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Requirements
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Pre-requisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practice this tutorial, you should know how to use '''Lists.'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
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Overview of '''array'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Arrays''' are '''homogeneous''' '''data structures'''.

All elements in it must be of same '''data type.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| open the '''Terminal '''by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys simultaneously
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will be using''' numpy''' library which we used in earlier tutorial.

Let us first open the '''terminal '''by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys simultaneously.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type''' python3'''

Highlight ipython prompt
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start '''ipython''' by typing '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter.'''

We can see the '''ipython''' prompt.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, import numpy as np
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we will '''import''' '''numpy'''.

Type, '''import numpy as np''' and press '''Enter.'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>a1 = np.array([1,2,3,4]) </nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us see how to create '''arrays. '''

From here onwards, please remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

Type, '''a1 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''1 '''''comma '''''2 '''''comma '''''3 '''''comma '''''4 '''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1 '''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''

Notice that we have created a one dimensional '''array''' here.

Also notice that the object we passed to create an '''array '''is a '''list'''. i.e '''a1.'''

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''a2 = np.<nowiki>array([[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8]])</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see how to create two dimensional array.

Two dimensional '''array''' is created by converting a '''list''' of '''lists''' to an '''array.'''

Type, '''a2 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets ''again'' inside square brackets 1 comma 2 comma 3 comma 4 comma inside square brackets 5 comma 6 comma 7 comma 8''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a2'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a2'''

This is our 2-dimensional array.

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''slide : arange method'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see about '''arange''' method.

To arrange the elements in an array we use '''arange''' method.

The syntax is shown here:

'''<nowiki>arange([start,] stop, [step,] dtype=None) </nowiki>'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar = np.arange(1,9)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar''''' is equal to'' '''np''' ''dot '''''arange''' ''inside parentheses'' 1 ''comma'' 9.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type '''print (ar)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''print''' ''inside parentheses'' '''ar'''

Here, 1 is the '''start''' value and 9 is the '''stop''' value.

As you can see, we obtained a one dimensional array between 1 and 9 with 1 included and 9 excluded.

It will give the elements one less than the stop value.

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Can we make a two dimensional '''array''' of order 2 by 4?

Yes, we can do it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| slide reshape method

'''object.reshape(rows, columns)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will use '''reshape method''' to change the shape of an array.

The syntax is:

'''object.reshape '''''inside parentheses '''''rows '''''comma''''' columns'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, br = '''ar.reshape(2,4)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar''' ''dot'' '''reshape''''' inside parentheses'' '''2''''' comma'' '''4'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type''' ar'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type''' ar'''

Shape of the original array '''ar '''is not changed.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar.shape = (2,4)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| If you want to change the shape of the original array, type

'''ar '''''dot '''''shape '''''is equal to''''' '''''inside parentheses'' '''2''''' comma'' '''4'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' ar'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' ar'''

We can see that the shape of the original array '''ar''' is changed now.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''shape '''of an '''array'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To find the shape of an '''array''' we can use the '''method''' '''shape.'''

It returns a '''tuple''' of the '''shape''' of an '''array.'''

A '''tuple''' is nothing but an ordered '''list''' of elements.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''a2.shape'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us check the shape of the '''arrays''' we have created so far.

Type '''a2 '''''dot '''''shape '''

'''a2.shape''' object is a '''tuple''', and it returned a '''tuple''' '''(2, 4)'''.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Assignment 1

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video here, try out the following exercise and resume the video.

Find out the shape of the '''arrays''' '''a1 '''and''' ar '''which we have created earlier in this tutorial.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see the solution.

Type, '''a1 '''''dot '''''shape '''

Since '''a1''' is a single dimensional array, the column is empty.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ar '''''dot '''''shape '''

'''ar''' is a two dimensional array.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a3 = np.array<nowiki>([1,2,3,'a string'])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us try to create a new '''array''' with elements of different datatypes.

Type, '''a3 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''1 '''''comma '''''2 '''''comma '''''3 '''''comma inside single quotes '''''a string '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a3'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Arrays''' handle elements with the same datatype.

Here we are handling with different data types. So it should give us error.

Type '''a3'''

But we did not get any error.

Because all the elements get implicitly converted as '''strings'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight '''<nowiki>dtype='<U21')</nowiki>'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is how array works.

Note that the output mentions '''<nowiki>dtype=’<U21'</nowiki>'''

A''' dtype''' is the '''datatype '''required to hold the objects in sequence.

The characters of '''dtype''' i.e. '''<nowiki>’<U21' </nowiki>'''might differ with python version.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''identity(n) '''method

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will see about '''identity''' matrix.

It is a square matrix of order (n,n) with ones on the main diagonal and all other elements as zeros.

The syntax is '''identity(n).'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type '''np.identity(2)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see how to create a 2 by 2 '''identity matrix'''.

Type, '''np''' ''dot''' ''identity '''''inside parentheses '''''2.'''

We can see all ones in the main diagonal as expected.

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

'''zeros(shape) '''method

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next is '''Zeros''' method.

It creates an '''m by n '''matrix with all elements as 0.

The Syntax is: '''zeros((m, n))'''

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| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type

'''np.zeros((4,5))'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us create an array of the shape (4, 5) with all the elements zero.

Type, '''np '''''dot '''''zeros '''''inside parentheses inside parentheses '''''4 '''''comma '''''5'''''.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| But box on the arrays iden:
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The default output of '''identity''' and '''zeros method '''are in '''float''' datatype.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Learning exercise

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Explore the below functions on your own:

* zeros_like
* ones
* ones_like

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type, '''a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Try the following.

First check the value of '''a1''' which we assigned earlier.

Type '''a1 '''

We see that '''a1''' is a single dimensional '''array.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| type

'''a1 * 2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us now try '''a1 '''''multiplied by '''''2'''

It returned a new '''array''' with all the elements multiplied by 2.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now let us again check the contents of '''a1.'''

Note that the value of '''a1''' still remains the same.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1''' '''+ 2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Similarly we will try with addition.

Type, '''a1 '''''plus '''''2 '''

It returns a new '''array''', with all the elements summed with two.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type''' a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1'''

But again notice that the value of '''a1''' has not been changed.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1 += 2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us try with '''a1 '''''plus equal to '''''2 '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''a1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''

This will change the''' array a1 '''itself as we are assigning the new output to '''a1'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''<nowiki>a1 = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4]) </nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can use all the mathematical operations with '''arrays'''.

Next, we will see how to add two arrays.

Type, '''a1 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''1, 2, 3, 4'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''<nowiki>a2 = np.array([5, 6, 7, 8])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a2 '''''is equal to''''' np '''''dot '''''array '''''inside parentheses inside square brackets '''''5, 6, 7, 8'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 + a2'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''''plus''''' a2'''

This returns an '''array''' by adding element by element'''.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 * a2 '''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''a1 '''''multiplied by''''' a2'''

It returns an '''array''' with element by element multiplication.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of the end of this tutorial.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

# Create an '''array''' using the '''array'''() function.
# Perform some basic operations on '''arrays''' like addition and multiplication.
# Use methods like -

'''shapearange'''

'''reshapeidentityzeros'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Self assessment questions slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here is a self assessment question for you to solve

'''<nowiki>x = np.array([1, 2, 3], [5, 6, 7])</nowiki>''' is a valid statement ?

* True
* False

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solution of self assessment questions on slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answer is False.

The correct way is to assign the elements as a '''list''' of '''lists''' and then convert it to an '''array.'''

That is '''<nowiki>x = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [5, 6, 7]])</nowiki>'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Slide Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgment

http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border-top:0.5pt solid #000001;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000001;border-left:0.5pt solid #000001;border-right:none;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.095cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off. Thanks for joining.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C2/Statistics/English

2018-05-03T07:30:29Z

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Hello Friends. Welcome to the tutorial on "'''Statistics'''” using '''Python'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to -

* Do '''statistical''' operations in '''Python'''
* '''Sum''' a set of numbers
* Find their '''mean''', '''median''' and '''standard''' '''deviation'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3'''
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide:

Pre-requisites

* Load data from files
* Use Lists
* Access parts of Arrays

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practise this tutorial, you should know how to -

* load data from files
* use Lists and
* access parts of Arrays

If not, see the pre-requisite '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[File Browser]</nowiki>

open and Show''' '''the''' '''file''' student_record.txt'''

'''1:08 - text box'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| For this tutorial, we will use the data file '''student_record.txt '''which we used in the earlier tutorial.

You can also find this file''' '''in the '''code files''' link of this tutorial.

Please download it in '''Home''' directory and use it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[File Browser]</nowiki>

Show''' '''the''' '''file''' student_record.txt'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will use mathematical and logical operations on this array structured file.

For this, we need to install Numpy.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Numpy(Numerical Python)

slide:

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| NumPy, stands for Numerical Python

It is a library consisting of precompiled functions for mathematical and numerical routines

NumPy has to be installed separately.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>Open terminal by pressing Ctrl+Alt+T keys simultaneously [Terminal]</nowiki>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us first open the '''Terminal '''by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys simultaneously.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[Terminal] Install latest Python </nowiki>

type '''sudo apt-get install python3-pip'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us install latest '''pip'''.

'''pip''' command is used to install''' python libraries.'''

Type, '''sudo apt-get install python3 '''''hyphen '''''pip'''

You need to have root access for installation as it asks for admin password.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Install '''numpy'''

'''type'''

'''sudo pip3 install numpy==1.13.3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we need to install numpy library as we will be using numpy library throughout the tutorial.

Type, '''sudo pip3 install numpy equal to equalto 1.13.3'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight prompt after installation
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The installation is completed successfully.

We can see the terminal prompt without any error.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''Slide:loadtxt()'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn about '''loadtxt'''() function.

To get the data as an array, we use the '''loadtxt()''' function.

For '''loadtxt() '''function''', '''we need to import '''numpy''' library first.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''<nowiki>[Terminal] type ipython3</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, type '''ipython3''' and press '''Enter'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''import numpy as np'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''import numpy as np''' and press enter.

Where '''np''' is alias to numpy and it can be any name.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''L=np.loadtxt('student_record.txt', usecols=(3,4,5,6,7), delimiter=';')'''

Type''' L '''and press''' enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us load the data from the file '''student_record.txt '''as an array.

Type,

'''L''' ''is equal to'' '''np '''''dot '''''loadtxt''' ''inside parentheses inside quotes'' '''student_record.txt''' ''comma'' usecols is equal to inside parentheses 3 comma 4 comma 5 comma 6 comma 7 comma delimiter is equal to inside quotes semicolon.

Press Enter.

Type''' L '''and press''' enter'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We get the '''output''' in the form of an '''array'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight command one by one
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''loadtxt''' loads data from an external file.

'''Delimiter''' specifies the kind of character, that the fields of data is separated by.

'''usecols''' specifies the columns to be used.

loadtxt, delimiter and usecols are keywords.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight command one by one
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| So columns 3,4,5,6,7 from '''student_record.txt '''are loaded here.

The 'comma' between column numbers is added because '''usecols''' is a '''sequence'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type '''L.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| As we can see '''L''' is an '''array'''.

We can get the shape of this '''array''' using '''shape'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

'''L.shape'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,

'''L '''''dot''''' shape '''and press enter.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

4:45

Highlight '''(185667, 5)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We get a '''tuple''' giving the numbers of '''rows''' and '''columns''' respectively.

In this example, the array '''L '''has 185667 rows and 5 columns.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us switch back to the '''student_record.tx'''t file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight record
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us start applying statistical operations on these.

How do you find the '''sum''' of marks of all subjects for the first student?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''<nowiki>L[0]</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal.

To access the first row in an array, we will type '''L '''''inside square brackets '''''0 '''and press enter.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''<nowiki>totalmarks=sum(L[0])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now to '''sum''' this, type,

'''totalmarks '''''is equal to '''''sum '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''inside square brackets 0 ''

Press Enter

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''totalmarks'''

Highlight 177.0
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''totalmarks'''

Press Enter

We got '''sum''' of marks of all subjects of the first student.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''<nowiki>totalmarks/len(L[0])</nowiki>'''

Highlight 35.399999999999999
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now to get the '''mean''' we can divide the '''totalmarks''' by the length of the '''array.'''

Type,

'''totalmarks '''divided by '''len''' ''inside parentheses '''''L'' '''inside square brackets '''''0.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.<nowiki>mean(L[0])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Or simply use the '''function mean'''.Type '''np '''''dot '''''mean '''''inside parentheses '''''L'' '''inside square brackets '''''0.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.mean?'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| But we have such a large '''data''' '''set'''.

And calculating the '''mean''' for each student one by one is time consuming.

Is there a way to reduce the work?

<nowiki><pause></nowiki>

For this we will look into the '''documentation''' of '''mean.'''

Type, '''np '''''dot '''''mean '''''questionmark''

Read the text for more information.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''q '''and press '''enter'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''q '''and press '''enter '''to exit the documentation.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| show slide

Two-Dimensional array
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In the above example, '''L''' is a '''two dimensional array '''like matrix.

We can calculate the '''mean''' across each of the '''axis''' of the '''array'''.

The '''axis''' of '''rows''' is referred by 0 and '''columns''' by 1.

To calculate '''mean''' across all columns, we have to pass extra parameter, 1 for the '''axis'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.mean(L,0)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the terminal.

Let us calculate, '''mean''' of the marks scored by all the students for each subject.

Type '''np''' ''dot''' ''mean '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''0''' ''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''<nowiki>L[:,0]</nowiki>'''

Highlight output '''<nowiki>array([ 53., </nowiki>58., 72., ..., 49., 33., 17.])'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we will calculate the '''median''' of English marks for all the students.

Type '''L '''''inside square brackets '''''colon''''' comma '''0'''''

Note :, displays first '''column''' in the '''array''' i.e (that is) English Mark.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.<nowiki>median(L[:,0])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To get the '''median''' we will simply use the '''function median'''.

Type '''np '''''dot '''''median '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''inside square brackets '''''colon''''' comma '''0'''''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.median(L,0)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| For all the subjects, we can calculate '''median''' across all '''rows''' using '''median function''' as shown here.

Type '''np '''''dot '''''median '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''0'''''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>

Type

'''np.<nowiki>std(L[:,0])</nowiki>'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Similarly to calculate '''standard''' '''deviation''' we will use the '''function''' '''std'''

Standard deviation for english subject can be found by typing

'''np '''''dot '''s''td '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''inside square brackets '''''colon''''' comma '''0'''''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[IPython Terminal]</nowiki>Type

'''np.std(L,0)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And for all rows, we do,'''np '''''dot '''s''td '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''0.'''''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"|
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video here, try out the following exercise and resume the video.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Refer to the file''' football.txt''', that is available in the code files link of this tutorial.

Download and save the file in the present working directory.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| highlight
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In '''football.txt''',

* the first column is '''player name''',
* second is '''goals''' '''at home''' and
* third column is '''goals away'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| # Find the total goals for each player
# '''Mean''' of home and goals away
# '''Standard''' '''deviation''' of home and goals away

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Ipython Terminal

Type

'''L=np.loadtxt('football.txt',usecols=(1,2), delimiter=',')'''

'''sum(L,1)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal,

The solution is,

First,

Type,

'''L''' ''is equal to'' '''np '''''dot '''''loadtxt''' ''inside parentheses inside quotes'' '''football.txt''' ''comma'' usecols is equal to inside parentheses 1 comma 2 comma delimiter is equal to inside quotes comma.

Press enter.

'''np '''''dot''''' sum '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''''1.'''

Press enter.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Ipython Terminal

Type''' np.mean(L,0)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Second,

'''np '''''dot '''''mean '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''''0.'''

Press enter.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <nowiki>[</nowiki>Ipython Termina]

Type''' np.std(L,0)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Third,

'''np '''''dot '''''std '''''inside parentheses '''''L '''''comma '''''0.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of the tutorial.

In this tutorial, we have learnt to,

do the standard '''statistical''' '''operations''' like:

'''sum'''

'''mean'''

'''median''' and

'''standard deviation''' in '''Python'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Assignment

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# Given a '''two''' '''dimensional''' '''list '''as, '''<nowiki>two_dimensional_list=[[3,5,8,2,1],[4,3,6,2,1]]</nowiki>''' how do you calculate the mean of each row?
# Calculate the '''median''' of the given '''list'''? '''<nowiki>student_marks=[74,78,56,87,91,82]</nowiki>'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Assignment
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| # There is a '''file''' with 6 columns. But we want to load text only from columns 2,3,4,5.

How do we specify that?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solution
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,

1. To get the mean of each row, we just pass 1 as the second parameter to the function''' mean'''. '''np.mean(two_dimensional_list, 1)'''

2. We use the '''function median''' to calculate the '''median''' of the '''list'''

'''np.median(student_marks)'''

3. To specify the particular columns of a file, we use the parameter '''usecols=(2, 3, 4, 5)'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show SlideForum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on Python in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgment http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Previous slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Trupti Kin from IIT Bombay signing off. Thank you.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C2/Parsing-data/English

2018-05-03T05:57:27Z

Priyacst:

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Parsing-data'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn to-

* '''Split '''a''' string '''using''' '''a''' delimiter. '''
* Remove the leading, trailing and all '''whitespaces''' in a '''string''' and
* Convert between different built-in '''datatypes'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Prerequisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practice this tutorial, you should know how to use '''lists.'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Parsing Data

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First, let us understand, what is meant by '''parsing''' '''data'''.

* '''Parsing''' the '''data''' is reading data in text form.
* It is converted into a form which can be used for computations.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

split() function

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn about '''split()''' function.

'''split()''' function breaks up a larger string into smaller strings using a defined separator.

If no argument is specified, then '''whitespace''' is used as default separator.

'''Syntax '''is''': str dot split '''''inside parentheses '''''argument'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

split() function
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''split''' function parses a string and returns an array of '''tokens'''.

This is called '''string''' '''tokenizing'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Press '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us first open the '''terminal '''by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys simultaneously.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''%pylab '''and press '''Enter.'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us initialize the '''pylab''' package.

Type, '''percentage sign pylab '''and press''' Enter.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''str1 = "Welcome to Python tutorials"'''

Highlight whitespaces

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| From here onwards, please remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

Let us define a variable '''str1''' as '''string '''data type.

Type, '''str1 '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' Welcome to '''''insert some '''whitespaces''', then''''' Python tutorials'''

We can have any number of '''whitespaces '''between '''to '''and '''Python tutorials. '''But all the '''spaces''' are treated as one space.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''str1.split() '''

Highlight output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we are going to '''split''' this string on '''whitespace'''.

Type, '''str1 '''''dot '''''split '''''open and close parentheses.''

''As you can see, we get a '''list''' of '''strings.'''''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

x = "08-26-2009;08-27-2009;08-29-2009"

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us take another example for '''split()''' function with argument.

Type as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''x.split(';')'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''x '''''dot '''''split'' '''inside parentheses inside single quotes '''''semicolon.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We get a '''list''' of '''strings''' separated by '''comma'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

Split '''x''' using space as argument.

Is it same as splitting without an argument?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' b <nowiki>= </nowiki>x.split()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''b '''''is equal to '''''x '''''dot '''''split '''''open and close parentheses.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c <nowiki>= </nowiki>x.split(' ')'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c '''''is equal to '''''x '''''dot '''''split '''''open and close parentheses and inside single quotes '''space'''.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''b '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''b '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see that '''splitting''' without '''argument''' is same as giving '''space''' as '''argument.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide:
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Splitting the string without argument will split the string separated by any number of spaces.

And giving space as argument will split the sentence specifically on single whitespace'''.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''str1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us recall the variable '''str1'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''b= str1.split()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we will split this string without argument.

Type, '''b'' '''is equal to '''''str1 '''''dot '''''split '''''open and close parentheses.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''c=str1.split(' ')'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c '''''is equal to '''''str1 '''''dot '''''split '''''open and close parentheses and inside single quotes '''space'''.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''b'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''b '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''c'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| As you can see, here '''b''' is not equal to '''c''' since '''c''' has '''whitespaces '''as entries whereas '''b''' has only words'''.'''

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| show slide

'''strip() function'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn about '''strip''' method.

'''strip''' function removes all leading and trailing '''whitespaces''' in a '''string'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''unstripped = " Hello world " '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us define a string by typing

'''unstripped '''''is equal to inside double quotes space '''''Hello world '''''space''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''unstripped.strip()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now to remove the whitespace,

Type, '''unstripped '''''dot '''''strip '''''open and close parentheses.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see that '''strip''' removes all the '''white spaces''' in the beginning and at the end of the string.

After splitting and stripping we get a list of strings with leading and trailing spaces stripped off.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''mark_str = "1.25" '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we shall look at converting '''strings''' into '''floats''' and '''integers'''.

Type, '''mark '''''underscore''''' str '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' 1.25 '''

Note that 1.25 is a '''string''' and not a '''float''' as it is within double quotes.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''mark = float(mark_str)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''mark '''''is equal to''''' float '''''inside parentheses '''''mark '''''underscore '''''str'''

Here we are converting '''string''' to '''float'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''type(mark_str)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''type '''''inside parentheses '''''mark '''''underscore '''''str'''

This tells you the datatype of '''mark_str''' i.e. '''string.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''type(mark)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''type '''''inside parentheses '''''mark '''

This shows '''mark''' is a '''float''' datatype.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see that '''string''' is converted to '''float'''.

Now we can perform '''mathematical''' '''operations''' on them.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 2

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video. Try this exercise and then resume the video.

What happens if you type, '''int''' ''inside parentheses inside double quotes'' 1.25 in the terminal?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the '''terminal''' for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''int("1.25")'''

Highlight '''ValueError'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''int '''''inside parentheses inside double quotes '''''1.25'''

We can see a '''ValueError.'''

We cannot convert a '''string''' to '''integer''' directly.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''dcml_str = "1.25" '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see the correct solution for this.

Type, '''dcml '''''underscore '''''str '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' 1.25.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''flt = float(dcml_str)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''flt '''''is equal to''''' float '''''inside parentheses '''''dcml''' ''underscore''''' str.'''

Here we are converting the '''string''' into '''float '''as we cannot directly convert it into '''integer'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''flt'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''flt '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''number = int(flt)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''number '''''is equal to''''' int '''''inside parentheses '''''flt '''

We are now converting '''float''' into '''integer'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''number'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''number'''

we got the output as '''integer'''.

This is how we should convert '''strings''' into '''floats''' and '''integers'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the file text editor.

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we will use a data file''' '''to''' parse '''the''' data.'''

Let me open the file '''student '''''underscore''''' record.txt''' in text editor.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text: '''student_record.txt '''is available in the '''Code files''' link.

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| A file '''student '''''underscore''''' record.txt '''is available in the '''Code files''' link of this tutorial.

Please download it in your '''Home''' directory and use it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down and show the records

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will first '''read''' the '''file''' line by line and '''parse''' each record in this file.

It contains records of students and their marks in the '''State Secondary Board Examination'''.

It has 1 lakh 80 thousand lines of record.

We are going to read it and process this '''data'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight '''A;015163;JOSEPH RAJ S;083;042;47;00;72;244'''

* Highlight 'A'
* Highlight 015163
* Highlight JOSEPH RAJ S
* Highlight 083;042;47;00;72
* Highlight 24

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Each line in the '''file''' is a set of fields separated by '''semicolons'''.

Consider a sample record from this file.

The following are the fields in any given line.

* Region Code
* Roll Number
* Name
* Marks of 5 subjects
* Total marks

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open text editor
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open a new text editor.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Copy paste the code from text editor
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type the code as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight

'''for line in open("student_record.txt"):'''

'''fields = line.split(";")'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let me explain this program.

We have already learnt '''for loop''' in earlier tutorial.

The '''for loop''' will process the student record and split the fields of each record.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight

'''math_mark = float(math_mark_str)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The math marks are then converted to '''float'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight''' '''the code for this narration.

'''if region_code == "A": math_marks_A.append(math_mark)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then it is appended and stored as a list in a variable '''math '''''underscore '''''marks '''''underscore '''''A '''for region code '''A'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save python file as''' marks.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file as''' marks.py '''in the home directory.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''%run marks.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Execute the file with '''percentage sign run space marks.py.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to editor

Highlight '''math_marks_A'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the editor.

Now we have all the math marks for region '''A''' in the list '''math '''''underscore '''''marks '''''underscore '''''A'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Add in the marks.py file

'''math_marks_mean = sum(math_marks_A) / len(math_marks_A) '''

'''print (math_marks_mean)'''

Highlight '''len(math_marks_A) '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Add the below lines to calculate the mean of math marks for region '''A'''.

For this, we just have to sum the math marks and divide by the length.

Note that the length will give the number of students in region '''‘A’'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Press ctrl + s
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us save the file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''%run marks.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Execute the file again with '''percentage sign run space marks.py.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Hence we get our final '''output'''.

Here the mean value for region '''A''' is calculated roughly for 1 lakh 67 thousand records.

This is how we '''split''' and read a huge '''data''' and perform '''computations''' on it.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial.

In this tutorial, we learnt to,''' '''

# '''Tokenize''' a '''string'''
# '''Split''' a '''string''' separated by '''delimiters''' with '''split()''' '''function'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| # Remove '''whitespaces''' using the '''strip() '''function.
# Convert '''datatypes''' of numbers from one type to another
# '''Parse''' input '''data''' and perform computations on it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Evaluation

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# How do you split the string “Guido;Rossum;Python" to get the words.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Evaluation
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 2. What does int("20.0") produce

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,''' '''

# line.split(',')
# int("20.0") will give an error, because converting a string directly into integer is not possible.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on '''Python''' in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgment

http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Thank You
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thanks for watching.

|}

Python-3.4.3/C2/Parsing-data/English

2018-05-03T05:42:34Z

{| style="border-spacing:0;"
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Visual Cue'''</center>
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| <center>'''Narration'''</center>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Welcome to the spoken tutorial on '''Parsing-data'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Objectives

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| In this tutorial, we will learn to-

* '''Split '''a''' string '''using''' '''a''' delimiter. '''
* Remove the leading, trailing and all '''whitespaces''' in a '''string''' and
* Convert between different built-in '''datatypes'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide

System Specifications
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To record this tutorial, I am using

* '''Ubuntu Linux 16.04''' operating system
* '''Python 3.4.3 '''and
* '''IPython 5.1.0'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Prerequisite slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| To practice this tutorial, you should know how to use '''lists.'''

If not, see the relevant '''Python''' tutorials on this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Parsing Data

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| First, let us understand, what is meant by '''parsing''' '''data'''.

* '''Parsing''' the '''data''' is reading data in text form.
* It is converted into a form which can be used for computations.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

split() function

pause 1:16
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn about '''split()''' function.

'''split()''' function breaks up a larger string into smaller strings using a defined separator.

If no argument is specified, then '''whitespace''' is used as default separator.

'''Syntax '''is''': str dot split '''''inside parentheses '''''argument'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

split() function
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The '''split''' function parses a string and returns an array of '''tokens'''.

This is called '''string''' '''tokenizing'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Press '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us first open the '''terminal '''by pressing '''Ctrl+Alt+T '''keys simultaneously.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''ipython3'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''ipython3 '''and press '''Enter'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''%pylab '''and press '''Enter.'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:1pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.014cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us initialize the '''pylab''' package.

Type, '''percentage sign pylab '''and press''' Enter.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''str1 = "Welcome to Python tutorials"'''

Highlight whitespaces

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| From here onwards, please remember to press the '''Enter''' key after typing every command on the '''terminal'''.

Let us define a variable '''str1''' as '''string '''data type.

Type, '''str1 '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' Welcome to '''''insert some '''whitespaces''', then''''' Python tutorials'''

We can have any number of '''whitespaces '''between '''to '''and '''Python tutorials. '''But all the '''spaces''' are treated as one space.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| '''str1.split() '''

Highlight output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we are going to '''split''' this string on '''whitespace'''.

Type, '''str1 '''''dot '''''split '''''open and close parentheses.''

''As you can see, we get a '''list''' of '''strings.'''''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type

x = "08-26-2009;08-27-2009;08-29-2009"

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us take another example for '''split()''' function with argument.

Type as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''x.split(';')'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''x '''''dot '''''split'' '''inside parentheses inside single quotes '''''semicolon.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Point to the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We get a '''list''' of '''strings''' separated by '''comma'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 1
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video.

Try this exercise and then resume the video.

Split '''x''' using space as argument.

Is it same as splitting without an argument?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' b <nowiki>= </nowiki>x.split()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''b '''''is equal to '''''x '''''dot '''''split '''''open and close parentheses.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c <nowiki>= </nowiki>x.split(' ')'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c '''''is equal to '''''x '''''dot '''''split '''''open and close parentheses and inside single quotes '''space'''.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''b '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''b '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see that '''splitting''' without '''argument''' is same as giving '''space''' as '''argument.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show slide: narration fast
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Splitting the string without argument will split the string separated by any number of spaces.

And giving space as argument will split the sentence specifically on single whitespace'''.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''str1'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us recall the variable '''str1'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''b= str1.split()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now, we will split this string without argument.

Type, '''b'' '''is equal to '''''str1 '''''dot '''''split '''''open and close parentheses.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''c=str1.split(' ')'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c '''''is equal to '''''str1 '''''dot '''''split '''''open and close parentheses and inside single quotes '''space'''.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''b'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''b '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''c'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type,''' c '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| As you can see, here '''b''' is not equal to '''c''' since '''c''' has '''whitespaces '''as entries whereas '''b''' has only words'''.'''

'''<nowiki><<</nowiki>'''PAUSE>>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| show slide

'''strip() function'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next we will learn about '''strip''' method.

'''strip''' function removes all leading and trailing '''whitespaces''' in a '''string'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''unstripped = " Hello world " '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us define a string by typing

'''unstripped '''''is equal to inside double quotes space '''''Hello world '''''space''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''unstripped.strip()'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now to remove the whitespace,

Type, '''unstripped '''''dot '''''strip '''''open and close parentheses.''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see that '''strip''' removes all the '''white spaces''' in the beginning and at the end of the string.

After splitting and stripping we get a list of strings with leading and trailing spaces stripped off.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''mark_str = "1.25" '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Now we shall look at converting '''strings''' into '''floats''' and '''integers'''.

Type, '''mark '''''underscore''''' str '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' 1.25 '''

Note that 1.25 is a '''string''' and not a '''float''' as it is within double quotes.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''mark = float(mark_str)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''mark '''''is equal to''''' float '''''inside parentheses '''''mark '''''underscore '''''str'''

Here we are converting '''string''' to '''float'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''type(mark_str)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''type '''''inside parentheses '''''mark '''''underscore '''''str'''

This tells you the datatype of '''mark_str''' i.e. '''string.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''type(mark)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''type '''''inside parentheses '''''mark '''

This shows '''mark''' is a '''float''' datatype.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight the output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We can see that '''string''' is converted to '''float'''.

Now we can perform '''mathematical''' '''operations''' on them.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Exercise 2

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Pause the video. Try this exercise and then resume the video.

What happens if you type, '''int''' ''inside parentheses inside double quotes'' 1.25 in the terminal?

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the '''terminal''' for the solution.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''int("1.25")'''

Highlight '''ValueError'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''int '''''inside parentheses inside double quotes '''''1.25'''

We can see a '''ValueError.'''

We cannot convert a '''string''' to '''integer''' directly.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''dcml_str = "1.25" '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us see the correct solution for this.

Type, '''dcml '''''underscore '''''str '''''is equal to inside double quotes''''' 1.25.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''flt = float(dcml_str)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''flt '''''is equal to''''' float '''''inside parentheses '''''dcml''' ''underscore''''' str.'''

Here we are converting the '''string''' into '''float '''as we cannot directly convert it into '''integer'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''flt'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''flt '''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''number = int(flt)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''number '''''is equal to''''' int '''''inside parentheses '''''flt '''

We are now converting '''float''' into '''integer'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type '''number'''

'''breathing sound'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''number'''

we got the output as '''integer'''.

This is how we should convert '''strings''' into '''floats''' and '''integers'''.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open the file text editor.

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Next, we will use a data file''' '''to''' parse '''the''' data.'''

Let me open the file '''student '''''underscore''''' record.txt''' in text editor.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show text: '''student_record.txt '''is available in the '''Code files''' link.

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| A file '''student '''''underscore''''' record.txt '''is available in the '''Code files''' link of this tutorial.

Please download it in your '''Home''' directory and use it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Scroll down and show the records

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| We will first '''read''' the '''file''' line by line and '''parse''' each record in this file.

It contains records of students and their marks in the '''State Secondary Board Examination'''.

It has 1 lakh 80 thousand lines of record.

We are going to read it and process this '''data'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight '''A;015163;JOSEPH RAJ S;083;042;47;00;72;244'''

* Highlight 'A'
* Highlight 015163
* Highlight JOSEPH RAJ S
* Highlight 083;042;47;00;72
* Highlight 24

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Each line in the '''file''' is a set of fields separated by '''semicolons'''.

Consider a sample record from this file.

The following are the fields in any given line.

* Region Code
* Roll Number
* Name
* Marks of 5 subjects
* Total marks

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open text editor
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Open a new text editor.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Copy paste the code from text editor
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type the code as shown.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight

'''for line in open("student_record.txt"):'''

'''fields = line.split(";")'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let me explain this program.

We have already learnt '''for loop''' in earlier tutorial.

The '''for loop''' will process the student record and split the fields of each record.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight

'''math_mark = float(math_mark_str)'''

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| The math marks are then converted to '''float'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight''' '''the code for this narration.

'''if region_code == "A": math_marks_A.append(math_mark)'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Then it is appended and stored as a list in a variable '''math '''''underscore '''''marks '''''underscore '''''A '''for region code '''A'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save python file as''' marks.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Save the file as''' marks.py '''in the home directory.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''%run marks.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Execute the file with '''percentage sign run space marks.py.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to editor

Highlight '''math_marks_A'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch back to the editor.

Now we have all the math marks for region '''A''' in the list '''math '''''underscore '''''marks '''''underscore '''''A'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Add in the marks.py file

'''math_marks_mean = sum(math_marks_A) / len(math_marks_A) '''

'''print (math_marks_mean)'''

Highlight '''len(math_marks_A) '''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Add the below lines to calculate the mean of math marks for region '''A'''.

For this, we just have to sum the math marks and divide by the length.

Note that the length will give the number of students in region '''‘A’'''.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Press ctrl + s
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Let us save the file.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to terminal
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Switch to the terminal.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Type, '''%run marks.py'''
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Execute the file again with '''percentage sign run space marks.py.'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Highlight output
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Hence we get our final '''output'''.

Here the mean value for region '''A''' is calculated roughly for 1 lakh 67 thousand records.

This is how we '''split''' and read a huge '''data''' and perform '''computations''' on it.

<nowiki><<PAUSE>></nowiki>

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This brings us to the end of this tutorial.

In this tutorial, we learnt to,''' '''

# '''Tokenize''' a '''string'''
# '''Split''' a '''string''' separated by '''delimiters''' with '''split()''' '''function'''

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Summary slide
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| # Remove '''whitespaces''' using the '''strip() '''function.
# Convert '''datatypes''' of numbers from one type to another
# '''Parse''' input '''data''' and perform computations on it.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Evaluation

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve

# How do you split the string “Guido;Rossum;Python" to get the words.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Evaluation
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| 2. What does int("20.0") produce

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Solutions

| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| And the answers,''' '''

# line.split(',')
# int("20.0") will give an error, because converting a string directly into integer is not possible.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Fossee Forum
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Please post your general queries on '''Python''' in this forum.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Textbook Companion
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| FOSSEE team coordinates the TBC project.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Acknowledgment

http://spoken-tutorial.org
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Spoken Tutorial Project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Govt. of India.

For more details, visit this website.

|-
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| Show Slide

Thank You
| style="background-color:#ffffff;border:0.5pt solid #000001;padding-top:0cm;padding-bottom:0cm;padding-left:0.088cm;padding-right:0.191cm;"| This is Priya from IIT Bombay signing off.

Thanks for watching.

|}

CellDesigner/C2/Getting-Started-with-CellDesigner/Tamil

2018-02-06T06:54:18Z

Priyacst:

{| border=1
|| '''Time'''
|| '''Narration'''

|-
| 00:01
| ''' Getting started with CellDesigner''' குறித்த Spoken tutorialக்கு நல்வரவு.

|-
| 00:05
| இந்த tutorialஇல், நாம் கற்கப் போவது :
CellDesigner,
CellDesigner இல்'''Menu''' மற்றும் '''Tool''' barகள்

|-
| 00:13
| CellDesigner workspaceஇல் உள்ள பற்பல '''areas'''

|-
| 00:17
| '''Species''' மற்றும் '''Reactions''' உள்ளடங்கிய, CellDesignerஇன் '''Component'''கள்

|-
|00:23
| மேலும், ஒரு எளிய network ஐ எவ்வாறு உருவாக்குவது

|-
| 00:27
| networkஐ Save செய்வது

|-
| 00:29
| Imageஇனை export செய்வது

|-
| 00:30
| ஒரு network இனை எவ்வாறு zoom செய்வது என்பது பற்றியும் கற்போம்

|-
| 00:33
| '''CellDesigner''' என்பது மரபணு-ஒழுங்குமுறை மற்றும் உயிர்வேதியியல் networkகள் வரைவதற்கான process diagram editor ஆகும்.

|-
| 00:40
| Process diagram, Kitano மூலம் முன்மொழியப்பட்டது. இந்த diagramகள், '''Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML)''' இனைப் பயன்படுத்தி சேமிக்கப்படுகின்றன.

|-
| 00:50
|நான் பயன்படுத்துவது Windows XP மற்றும் CellDesigner Version 4.3. Linux மற்றும் Mac OS X இலும் கூட CellDesigner ஐ செயல்படுத்தலாம்
|-
| 01:00
| CellDesignerஐ திறக்க, desktopஇல் உள்ள CellDesigner shortcut iconமீது double-click செய்யவும்.

|-
| 01:07
|இது CellDesignerஐ திறக்கும். இப்போது அதனை ஆராயலாம்.

|-
| 01:12
| நீங்கள் '''Menu''' barஇல், '''File''', '''Edit''', '''Component''' ,'''View''', '''Database''' போன்றவை உள்ளிட்ட, பற்பல Menu optionகளைப் பார்க்கலாம்.

|-
| 01:24
| '''Main Menu '''வின் கீழ், நீங்கள் பல '''Toolbar'''களைக் காணலாம்.

|-
| 01:30
| Editing, species, reactions, compartments உள்ளிட்டவைகளுக்கான '''Toolbar'''கள் உள்ளன.

|-
| 01:38
| நாம் இங்கே தொடரும் போது , அவற்றில் சிலவற்றைக் கற்போம்.

|-
| 01:42
| CellDesigner workspaceஇன் பல்வேறு areas பற்றி கற்கலாம்

|-
| 01:48
| இங்கு 5 areas உள்ளதை நீங்கள் பார்க்கலாம்

|-
| 01:52
| வலது பக்கம் காணப்படுவது '''Draw''' area.

|-
| 01:55
| இங்கே தான் நாம் networkகளை வரையவிருக்கிறோம்.

|-
| 01:58
|'''Draw''' areaவில் காணப்படும் ஒவ்வொரு வடிவமும், எடுத்துக்காட்டாக, செவ்வகம், ஓவல், கோட்டுப் பகுதி ஆகியவை '''Component'''என அழைக்கப்படுகின்றன.

|-
| 02:08
| Component என்பது, '''species''', '''reactions''' அல்லது '''compartment'''இனைக் குறிக்கும் பொதுவான பதமாகும்.

|-
| 02:14
| இந்தக் குறியீடுகளின் பட்டியல் மற்றும் அவற்றின் அர்த்தங்களை, CellDesigner websiteஇல் காணலாம்- அதாவது '''www.celldesigner.org'''

|-
| 02:29
| நான் ''' Documents ''' மீது click செய்கிறேன்.

|-
| 02:33
|இப்போது '''Startup guide''' மீது click செய்யலாம். அது மற்றொரு tabஇலும் உள்ளது.

|-
| 02:40
|நாம் நேரடியாக பக்க எண் 82ற்கு செல்லலாம்.

|-
| 02:45
|இங்கு நீங்கள் பல குறியீடுகள் மற்றும் அவற்றின் அர்த்தங்களைப் பார்க்கலாம்.

|-
| 02:51
|நாம் CellDesigner windowவிற்கு திரும்பலாம்.

|-
|02:55
| '''Draw''' areaவிற்கு கீழிருப்பது '''List''' area.

|-
| 02:59
| இங்கே ஒரு modelஇன் componentகள் மற்றும் functionகளின், பட்டியலைக் காண்பிக்கவோ, திருத்தவோ முடியும்.

|-
| 03:06
| '''Notes''' பகுதி, componentஇன் குறிப்புகளைக் காண்பிக்கவும், திருத்தவும் பயன்படுகிறது.

|-
| 03:12
| இடது பக்கம் காணப்படும் '''Tree''' area, tree structureஇல் உள்ள componentகளைப் பட்டியலிடுகிறது.

|-
| 03:21
| அதற்கு கீழிருக்கும் '''Layer''' area, modelஇன் அனைத்து layerகளையும் காண்பிக்கும்.

|-
| 03:27
| Borderlineகளை இழுப்பதன் மூலம், areaக்களின் அளவினை மாற்றலாம்.

|-
| 03:33
| நான் cursorஐ borderlineமீது வைக்கிறேன். நீங்கள் double headed arrowவைப் பார்க்கலாம். அதனை இழுப்பதால் areaவை அதிகரிக்கவோ, குறைக்கவோ முடியும்.

|-
| 03:45
| '''List''' மற்றும் '''Notes''' areaவின் நிலையை மாற்ற

|-
| 03:50
| '''View''' optionக்கு சென்று>> '''List'''மீது click செய்து, '''Right'''ஐத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கவும்..

|-
| 03:56
|அது listஐ வலப்பக்கம் மாற்றும். Down, default நிலையாகும்.

|-
| 04:00
|Slideற்குத் திரும்பலாம்

|-
| 04:05
| இது நாம் உருவாக்கும் எளிய network ஆகும்.

|-
| 04:10
| இந்த networkஇல், புரோட்டீன் '''A''', புரோட்டீன் '''C'''இன் வினையூக்கத்தால், புரோட்டீன் '''B ''' எனும் நிலை மாற்றத்திற்கு உள்ளாகிறது.

|-
| 04:21
| மேலும் புரோட்டீன் '''B''' நிலை மாற்றத்திற்கு உள்ளாகி, புரோட்டீன் '''D''' ஆகிறது

|-
| 04:27
|இந்த மாறுதல், புரோட்டீன் '''E'''யால் தடுக்கப்படுகிறது

|-
| 04:32
| நாம் இந்த networkஐ உருவாக்கலாம்

|-
| 04:34
| நான் இப்போது CellDesigner windowவிற்குத் திரும்புகிறேன்

|-
| 04:39
|இப்போது Fileஇல் clickசெய்து, பிறகு Newவை சொடுக்கவும்.

|-
| 04:43
| ‘'''New Document'''’ எனப் பெயரிட்ட, சிறிய dialog box திறக்கப்படும்.

|-
| 04:48
| இது '''name ''' field ஆகும்.

|-
| 04:50
| நான் “'''simple network”''' என type செய்கிறேன்.

|-
| 04:53
| நம் தேவைக்கேற்ப, உயரம் மற்றும் அகலத்தை மாற்ற முடியும். எனினும், நான் defaultஆன உயரம் மற்றும் அகலத்தையே வைத்துள்ளேன்.

|-
| 05:03
|'''OK''', click செய்யவும். '''Draw '''areaவின் மேல் இடது மூலையில் பெயர் தோன்றுவதைக் காணலாம்.

|-
| 05:12
| இப்போது Editற்கு சென்று, '''Grid snap''' மற்றும் '''Grid visible'''ஐ செயல்படுத்தவும்.

|-
| 05:21
|'''Draw''' areaவில் ஒரு grid காணப்படும்.

|-
| 05:25
| '''Grid snap''', componentகளை gridஉடன் சரியாக ஒன்றுபடுத்தும்.

|-
| 05:29
| Network முழுமையான பின்பு, நீங்கள், '''Grid visible'''ஐ தேர்வுநீக்கம் செய்யலாம்.

|-
| 05:34
| Componentகளை சேர்க்கத் தொடங்கும் முன்பு, species மற்றும் and reactionகளுக்கான எடுத்துகாட்டுகளைக் காண்பிக்கிறேன்.

|-
| 05:42
| முதலில் speciesஐ பார்ப்போம்.

|-
| 05:45
| இங்கு காணப்படும் சின்னங்கள், '''generic protein, receptor, ion''' '''channel, truncated protein, gene,''' '''RNA''' ஆகிவற்றிற்கானதாகும்.

|-
| 05:58
| '''State transition''', '''Heterodimer association''', '''Dissociation''', '''Catalysis, Inhibition ''' முதலான reactionகளைப் பார்ப்போம்,

|-
| 06:11
| நாம் '''Species''' toolbarஇல் முதல் iconஐ click செய்து, அதனைத் தேர்வு செய்வோம். இந்த icon புரோட்டீனுக்கானதாகும்

|-
| 06:22
| Speciesஐ எங்கு வைக்க வேண்டுமோ, அதற்குத் தகுந்தவாறு '''Draw Area'''வில் click செய்யவும்.

|-
| 06:28
| நான் '''Draw area'''விற்கு இடது பக்கமாக அதனை வைக்கிறேன்.

|-
| 06:33
| ஒரு சிறிய dialog box திறக்கப்பட்டு, species இன் பெயர் கேட்கப்படும்.

|-
| 06:39
| நான் புதிய speciesஐ '''A''' எனப் பெயரிட்டு, OKவை click செய்கிறேன்.

|-
| 06:46
|மாற்றத்தை List areaவிலும் பார்க்கவும்.

|-
| 06:50
| நீங்கள் பார்ப்பது போல், '''Draw area'''வில், புதிய speciesஐ சேர்த்துள்ளோம். அவ்வாறே '''B'''யை சேர்க்கலாம்.

|-
| 06:58
| நீங்கள் ஒரு componentஐத் திருத்துவதற்கு அல்லது நகர்த்துவதற்கு முன், அதனைத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 07:03
| '''Component'''ஐ click செய்து அதனைத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கவும். அதற்கு முன், '''select''' icon செயலாக்க நிலையில் உள்ளதா என்பதை உறுதிபடுத்தவும்.

|-
| 07:12
| நான் '''A'''விற்கு அடுத்து, '''B'''யை வைக்க விரும்புகிறேன். எனவே '''B''' மீது click செய்து, அதனைத் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கவும்.

|-
| 07:17
| அதனை இழுத்து, '''A'''விற்கு அடுத்து வைக்கவும்.

|-
| 07:21
| இப்போது, componentஇன் அளவை எவ்வாறு மாற்றுவது எனப் பார்க்கலாம்.

|-
| 07:24
| நான் '''A'''வை click செய்கிறேன். அதில் சிறிய சதுரங்களைக் காண்கிறோம்.

|-
| 07:29
| இவை அளவை மாற்றுவதற்கான, handleகள் ஆகும்.

|-
| 07:32
| நான் இந்த விளிம்பில் cursorஐ வைத்து இழுத்து விடுகிறேன்.

|-
| 07:36
| '''A'''வின் அளவு மாற்றப்பட்டுள்ளதைக் காணலாம்.

|-
| 07:39
| Component இன் அளவை மாற்றும் மற்றொரு முறையை, பிந்தைய tutorialஇல் கற்கலாம்.

|-
| 07:46
| நீங்கள் '' 'Ctrl-Z' '' மூலம் முந்தைய செயல்களை '''“undo"''' செய்யலாம்.

|-
| 07:52
| “re-do” செய்ய வேண்டுமெனில், '''Ctrl-Y'''யை அழுத்தவும்.

|-
| 07:54
| நேரடியாக undo மற்றும் redo iconகளை click செய்வதன் மூலமும் இதனை செய்யலாம்

|-
| 08:03
| இப்போது reactionகளை சேர்ப்போம்.

|-
| 08:06
| Reaction என்பது இரண்டு objectகளுக்கிடையேயான செயலெதிர்ச்செயல் ஆகும்.

|-
| 08:09
| இது state transition reaction ஆகும்.

|-
| 08:12
| எனவே '''Reaction''' toolbarஇல் உள்ள '''State transition'''க்கான icon மீது click செய்கிறேன்.

|-
| 08:18
| '''A'''வின் எந்த விளிம்பிலாவது click செய்து, பின்னர் '''B''' மீது click செய்யவும்

|-
| 08:23
| இவ்வாறு, reaction arrow, '''A''' மற்றும் '''B'''யை இணைப்பதைக் காணலாம்.

|-
| 08:30
| முதலில் தேர்ந்த்தெடுக்கப்பட்ட component, reactantஆகக் கருதப்படுகிறது.

|-
| 08:35
| எனவே எப்போதும், reactantகளை முதலில் தேர்ந்தெடுக்க வேண்டும் என்பதை நினைவில் கொள்க.

|-
| 08:39
| '''re1''', default reaction id ஆகிறது.

|-
| 08:43
| இப்போது species C யை சேர்த்து, முந்தைய slideஇல் காட்டப்பட்டுள்ளபடி, பொருத்தமான நிலையில் அதனை வைக்கலாம்.

|-
| 08:54
| நான் '''Reaction''' toolbarஇலிருந்து, இந்த iconஐ, '''Catalysis'''ற்காகத் தேர்வு செய்கிறேன்.

|-
|09:00
| நான் '''C'''யின் விளிம்பில் click செய்து, '''State transition''' reactionஇன் சதுர சின்னத்திலும் சொடுக்குகிறேன்.

|-
| 09:08
| இப்போது '''species D'''யை சேர்த்து, அதனை '''B'''யின் அருகில் வைக்கிறேன்.

|-
| 09:15
| '''B'''யிலிருந்து ''' D'''ற்கு, ஒரு '''State transition '''reactionஐ சேர்க்கலாம். Default reaction id, re2 ஆகும்.

|-
| 09:26
| நான் species E யை இணைத்து, முந்தைய slideஇல் காட்டியபடி, தகுந்த இடத்தில் அதனை வைக்கிறேன்.

|-
| 09:35
| நான் இப்போது '''Inhibition reaction'''ஐக் குறிக்கும் இந்த iconஐ, '''Reaction '''toolbarஇலிருந்து தேர்ந்தெடுக்கிறேன்.

|-
| 09:44
| நான் '''E'''யின் விளிம்பில் click செய்து, '''State transition''' reactionஇன் இந்த சதுர சின்னத்திலும் சொடுக்குகிறேன். இரண்டு புள்ளிகளையும் இது இணைக்கும்.

|-
| 09:54
| இப்போது simple networkஐக் காணலாம்

|-
| 09:57
|நாம் செய்த பணிகளை save செய்யலாம்.

|-
| 10:00
| '''File'''க்கு சென்று, '''Save as'''ஐ click செய்யவும்.

|-
| 10:04
| நான் “'''Simple Network”''' எனப் பெயரிடுகிறேன்.

|-
| 10:06
| இது நாம் செய்த பணிகளை '''.xml '''formatஇல் '''Save''' செய்யும். . '''Save'''இனை சொடுக்கவும்.

|-
| 10:12
| இப்போது நாம் imageஇனை எவ்வாறு export செய்வது எனக் கற்போம். இதற்கு செல்க: '''File'''>'''Export Image'''

|-
| 10:22
| நீங்கள் imageஇனை, pdf, png, jpeg முதலான வெவ்வேறு formatகளில் save செய்யலாம்.

|-
| 10:29
| நான் ''' jpeg''' imageஆக save செய்கிறேன். '''Save'''இனை சொடுக்கவும்.

|-
| 10:35
| நாம் networkஇனை zoom செய்வது எவ்வாறு எனப் பார்ப்போம்.

|-
| 10:38
| Zoom செய்வதற்கான 4 தேர்வுகள் - ''' Zoom In, Zoom Out, Zoom Fit. Zoom Reset '''

|-
| 10:47
| நான் '''Zoom In''' icon ஐ இரண்டு முறை click செய்கிறேன். Image பெரிதானதை நாம் காணலாம்.

|-
| 10:54
| இப்போது '''Zoom Reset'''ஐ click செய்கிறேன். Network, உண்மையான அளவிற்கு மீண்டும் வருகிறது

|-
|11:02
| இத்துடன் நாம் '''Getting started with CellDesigner'''க்கான spoken tutorial இன் முடிவிற்கு வருகிறோம்.

|-
| 11:08
| சுருக்கமாகப் பார்ப்போம். நாம் கற்றது CellDesignerஇல், Menu மற்றும் Tool bar

|-
| 11:14
| CellDesignerஇல் பல்வேறு areas. Species மற்றும் Reactions முதலான componentகள்.

|-
| 11:20
| நாம் species மற்றும் reaction componentகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி, ஒரு simple network ஐ உருவாக்கினோம்.

|-
| 11:26
| மேலும் networkஇனை எவ்வாறு zoom செய்வது, save செய்வது மற்றும் imageஇனை export செய்வது எனக் கற்றோம்.

|-
| 11:32
| ஒரு பயிற்சியாக, CellDesigner 4.2வினைப் பயன்படுத்தி, ஒரு networkஇனை உருவாக்கவும்.

|-
| 11:39
| இந்த networkஇல், A மற்றும் B புரோட்டீன்கள் இணைந்து, வினையூக்கி புரோட்டீன் C உள்ள போது, ஒரு complexஇனை (Complex1) அமைக்கின்றன.

|-
| 11:51
| இந்த complex, வினையூக்கி புரோட்டீன் D இருக்கும் போது சிதைகிறது.

|-
| 11:58
|இது போன்றொரு networkஇனை நீங்கள் பெற வேண்டும்.

|-
| 12:01
| பின்வரும் இணைப்பில் உள்ள காணொளியைக் காணவும். இது Spoken Tutorial திட்டத்தை சுருங்க சொல்கிறது. உங்கள் இணைய இணைப்பு வேகமாக இல்லையெனில் அதை தரவிறக்கி காணவும்

|-
| 12:13
| Spoken Tutorial திட்டக்குழு, spoken tutorialகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி செய்முறை வகுப்புகள் நடத்தி இணையவழி தேர்வில் தேர்வோருக்கு சான்றிதழ்கள் அளிக்கிறது. மேலும் விவரங்களுக்கு, contact at spoken hyphen tutorial dot orgக்கு மின்னஞ்சல் செய்யவும்

|-
| 12:28
| Spoken Tutorial பாடங்கள், Talk to a Teacher திட்டத்தின் முனைப்பாகும். இந்திய அரசு துவக்கிய MHRD இன் ஐசிடி மூலம் தேசிய கல்வித் திட்டம், இதற்கு ஆதரவு தருகிறது

|-
| 12:41
| இந்த திட்டம் பற்றிய மேலும் தகவல்களுக்கு spoken hyphen tutorial dot org slash NMEICT hyphen Intro

|-
| 12:53
| இந்த டுடோரியலை தமிழாக்கம் செய்தது ஐஸ்வர்யா, குரல்கொடுத்தது IIT Bombayஇல் இருந்து சண்முகப் பிரியா , நன்றி ..
|}

Gedit-Text-Editor/C2/Common-Edit-Functions/Tamil

2018-01-28T11:13:07Z

Priyacst:

{|border=1
| '''Time'''
| '''Narration'''
|-
| 00:01
|''' gedit Text editor ''' ல் ''' Common Edit Functions ''' குறித்த ''' Spoken Tutorial ''' க்கு நல்வரவு
|-
| 00:08
|இந்த டுட்டோரியலில் நாம் கற்கப்போவது,''' gedit ''' ல் அடிக்கடி பயன்படுத்தும் editing functionகள்.
|-
| 00:15
|Content ஐ ''' Cut, Copy ''' மற்றும் ''' Paste ''' செய்வது

''' Undo '''மற்றும் ''' Redo ''' actions கள்

Text ஐ '''Search ''' மற்றும் ''' Replace ''' செய்வது அகியவற்றைப் பற்றி காண்போம்.
|-
| 00:25
|நமது document ஐ ''' Print ''' செய்வது பற்றியும் நாம் காண்போம்.
|-
| 00:29
|இந்த டுட்டோரியலைப் பதிவு செய்ய நான் பயன்படுத்துவது
''' Ubuntu Linux ''' 14.04 operating system , ''' gedit '''3.10
|-
| 00:39
|இந்த டுடோரியலை பயிற்சி செய்வதற்கு, உங்களுக்கு ஏதேனும் '''operating system'''ன் அடிப்படை தெரிந்திருக்க வேண்டும்.
|-
| 00:44
|''' gedit Text editor ''' ஐ திறக்கலாம்.
|-
| 00:48
|நாம் முன்பே உருவாக்கிய ''' Students.txt ''' எனும் file ஐ திறப்போம்.
|-
| 00:55
|'''Open''' என்று பெயரிடப்பட்ட icon ஐ click செய்வதன் மூலம் அதை திறக்கலாம்.
|-
| 01:01
|இது ஏற்கனவே இருக்கும் file ஐ திறக்கும் ஒரு '''shortcut icon'''.
|-
| 01:06
|''' Open Files '' என்ற ஒரு dialog box தோன்றும்.
|-
| 01:09
|''' Desktop ''' folder ஐ வலது கை பக்கம் select செய்ய வேண்டும்.
|-
| 01:12
|''' Students.txt ''' file ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுத்து ''' Open ''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.
|-
| 01:17
|இப்போது text ஐ எப்படி ''' cut, copy ''' மற்றும் ''' paste ''' செய்வது என காண்போம்.
|-
| 01:22
|முதலில் ,''' cut ''' அல்லது ''' copy ''' செய்ய வேண்டிய text ஐ தேர்ந்தேடுக்க வேண்டும்.
|-
| 01:27
|நான் பைலில் உள்ள முதல் மூன்று மாணவர்களின் விவரங்களை cut செய்ய விரும்புகிறேன்.
|-
| 01:32
|முதல் மூன்று மாணவர்களின் விவரங்களை தேர்ந்தேடுக்க cursor ஐ அந்த மூன்று line கள் முழுவதும் இழுக்க வேண்டும்.

|-
| 01:39
|இப்போது text தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்டுவிட்டது.
|-
| 01:42
|நாம் '' Toolbar '' ல் உள்ள ''' Cut ''' icon ஐ பயன்படுத்தலாம் அல்லது ''' Main ''' menu ல் ''' Edit ''' பின் '''Cut '''ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுக்கலாம்.
|-
| 01:51
|மாற்றாக ''' Ctrl + X ''' key களை ஒன்றாக அழுத்தி text ஐ '''cut''' செய்யலாம்.
|-
| 01:58
|தேர்தெடுத்த text, file ல் இல்லை என்பதை கவனிக்க வேண்டும் .
|-
| 02:03
|அந்த text நீக்கப்படவில்லை என்பதையும் கவனிக்க வேண்டும்
|-
| 02:08
|அது computer இன் memory ல், ''' clipboard ''' என்ற பகுதியில் சேமிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
|-
| 02:13
|''' Clipboard ''', cut அல்லது copy செய்யப்பட்ட content களை சேமிக்கும்.
|-
| 02:18
|Content ,paste செய்யப்படும்வரை அல்லது மற்ற content, copy ஆகும்வரை தற்காலிகமாக சேமிக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும்.
|-
| 02:25
|''' gedit ''' ல் இருந்து வெளியே வந்தவுடன், ''' Clipboard ''' ல் உள்ள content நீக்கப்பட்டுவிடும்.
|-
| 02:31
|''' gedit '' டிற்கு திரும்புவோம்.
|-
| 02:34
|இப்போது இந்த text ஐ ஒரு புதிய document ல் ''' paste ''' செய்யலாம்.
|-
| 02:38
|''' Main ''' menu வில், ''' File ''' மற்றும் ''' New ''' ஐ click செய்யவும்.
|-
| 02:42
|''' gedit ''' window வில் ''' Untitled Document 1 ''' என்ற பெயருடன் ஒரு புதிய document தோன்றும்.
|-
| 02:47
|இப்போது, ''' Main ''' menu வில் இருந்து ''' Edit ''' மற்றும் ''' Paste ''' ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுக்கவும்.
|-
| 02:53
|மாற்றாக, ''' Ctrl + V ''' key களை ஒன்றாக அழுத்தி, text ஐ '''paste''' செய்யலாம்.
|-
| 03:00
|அல்லது ''' Toolbar ''' ல் ''' Paste ''' icon ஐ பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
|-
| 03:04
|''' Students dot txt ''' ல் உள்ள text இந்த document ல் paste செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கும்.
|-
| 03:11
|''' Students.txt '''tab ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுக்கவும்.

|-
| 03:14
|இப்போது எஞ்சியுள்ள மாணவர்களின் விவரங்களை தேர்ந்தெடுத்து அவைகளை copy செய்யவேண்டும்.
|-
| 03:20
|''' Main ''' menu வில்,''' Edit ''' மற்றும் ''' Copy ''' ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுக்க வேண்டும்.
|-
| 03:24
|Content ஐ copy செய்ய keyboard shortcut ஆன ''' Ctrl + C '' ஐயும் பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
|-
| 03:30
|Copy செய்யப்பட்ட text இன்னும் தெரிவதை கவனிக்கவும்.
|-
| 03:34
|இந்த textம் ''' clipboard ''' ல் சேமிக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும்.
|-
| 03:38
|''' Untitled Document 1''' என்ற tab ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுக்க வேண்டும்.
|-
| 03:42
|மூன்றாவது line னிற்கு பிறகு, cursor ஐ வைத்து ''' Enter ''' ஐ அழுத்தவேண்டும்.
|-
| 03:46
|இப்போது, context menu க்கு வலது பக்கம் click செய்து ''' Paste ''' ஐ select செய்யவேண்டும்.
|-
| 03:52
|ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட location ல், content, paste செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கும்.
|-
| 03:56
| ''' gedit '' டில் content ஐ , '''cut, copy''' மற்றும் '''paste''' செய்ய, இது சுலபமான மற்றும் பயனுள்ள வழியாகும்.
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| 04:04
|அடுத்து , '' Undo ''' மற்றும் ''' Redo ''' option களை பார்ப்போம்.
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| 04:07
|''' gedit Text editor ''',ஒரு file ல் செய்யப்பட்ட எந்த மாற்றத்தையும் ''' Undo ''' செய்வதற்கு அனுமதிக்கிறது.
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| 04:13
|அடிப்படையில் , இது document இல் செய்யப்பட்ட கடைசி மாற்றத்தை அழிக்கிறது.
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| 04:18
|நீங்கள் ஏதேனும் தவறு செய்து அதை ''' Undo '' செய்ய விரும்பினால், இது மிகவும் உபயோகமானதாக இருக்கும்.
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| 04:23
|''' Ctrl + Z '' என்பது, ''' Undo ''' செய்வதற்கான keyboard shortcut ஆகும்.
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| 04:27
|''' Undo ''' விற்கு எதிர், ''' Redo ''' ஆகும்.
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| 04:31
|''' Redo ''' command , '''Undo''' action ஐ தலைகீழாகுகிறது.
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| 04:35
|''' Shift + Ctrl + Z''' என்பது ,''' Redo ''' விற்கு, keyboard shortcut ஆகும்.
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| 04:41
|இப்போது '''gedit Text editor''' க்கு மாறுவோம்.
|-
| 04:44
|"Right click செய்து "Undo" ஐ தேர்க"
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| 04:47
|Copy மற்றும் paste செய்யப்பட்ட text, இனிமேல் தோன்றாது.
|-
| 04:52
|''' copy-paste ''' இன் செயல் தவிர்க்கப்பட்டிருக்கும்.
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| 04:56
|திரும்பவும் ஒருமுறை undo செய்வோம்.இம்முறை , ''' Ctrl + Z ''' key களை ஒன்றாக அழுத்தவும் .
|-
| 05:04
|இப்போது cursor, மூன்றாவது line னிற்கு வந்திருப்பதைக் காணலாம்.
|-
| 05:09
|இப்போது முந்தைய செயல் தவிர்க்கப்பட்டிருக்கும்.
|-
| 05:13
|திரும்பவும் right-click செய்து ''' Undo ''' ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுக்கவேண்டும்.
|-
| 05:17
|நாம் முன்பே paste செய்த மூன்று line களும் தோன்றாது.
|-
| 05:23
|''' Undo '''   icon ஐ, ''' Toolbar ''' ரில் இருந்தும் பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
|-
| 05:28
|இதுபோல் அனைத்து செயல்களையும் நாம் ''' undo ''' செய்யலாம்.
|-
| 05:34
|இப்போது text டிற்கு திரும்புவது எப்படி ?

|-
| 05:38
|அது சுலபமானது ! Right-click   செய்து ''' Redo ''' ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுக்க வேண்டும்.
|-
| 05:42
|இப்போது, நமது செயல்களை மீண்டும் ஒரு முறை '''redo''' செய்யலாம்.
|-
| 05:45
|இம்முறை,''' Shift + Ctrl + Z ''' key களை அழுத்தவும்.
|-
| 05:50
|நாம் ''' Toolbar ''' ல் உள்ள ''' Redo ''' icon ஐயும் பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
|-
| 05:55
|நமக்கு text மீண்டும் கிடைத்துவிட்டது.
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| 05:57
|இப்போது ''' Students.txt ''' file ல் உள்ள மாணவர்களின் விவரங்கள் மட்டும் gedit ''' window வில் copy ஆகியுள்ளதைக் காணலாம்.
|-
| 06:06
|அடுத்து, ''' Search ''' மற்றும் ''' Replace ''' option களை காணலாம் .
|-
| 06:10
|நூறு வரிகளை உடைய file ல் , குறிப்பிட்ட ஒரு சொல்லை மட்டும் தேடுவது கடினமானதாகும்.
|-
| 06:17
|'''Search''' function, மொத்த document டில் உள்ள ஒரு சொல் அல்லது சொல்லின் நிகழ்வுகளை தேட அனுமதிக்கிறது.
|-
| 06:24
|'''   gedit Text editor ''' க்கு திரும்புவோம்.
|-
| 06:28
|நான் முன்பே உருவாக்கிய '''   school.txt ''' எனும் document ஐ திறக்கிறேன்.
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| 06:34
|''' school.txt ''' file, இந்த tutorial ன் ''' Codefile ''' என்ற இணைப்பில் கிடைக்கும்.
|-
| 06:40
|அந்த text document ஐ தரவிறக்கி பயன்படுத்தவும்.
|-
| 06:44
|இந்த document ல் நான் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட சொல்லை தேட விரும்புகிறேன்.
|-
| 06:48
|அதற்கு, ''' Main menu,''' வில் '''   Search ''' பிறகு ''' Find ''' ஐ click செய்ய வேண்டும்.
|-
| 06:53
|மாற்றாக, ''' Ctrl + F ''' key களை ஒன்றாக அழுத்தவும்.
|-
| 06:58
|அல்லது , ''' Toolbar''' ல்   ''' Search for text ''' icon ஐ பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
|-
| 07:02
|Window ன், மேல் வலதுபக்க மூலையில், ''' Find ''' box திறக்கும்.
|-
| 06:07
|''' Find ''' Box ல் , ''' School ''' எனும் சொல்லை type செய்க.
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| 07:11
|''' school ''' எனும் சொல் அனைத்தும் மஞ்சள் நிறத்தில் முன்னிலைப்படுத்தப் பட்டிருப்பதை கவனிக்கவும்.

|-
| 07:18
|''' school ''' என்ற சொல்லின் முதலில் வருவது, பழுப்பு நிறத்தில் முன்னிலைப்படுத்தப்பட்டிருக்கும்.
|-
| 07:24
|இப்போது '' Find ''' box ன் மேல் cursor வைத்து '''mouse''' ல் right-click செய்யவும்.
|-
| 07:29
|தோன்றுகிற list ல் உள்ள option களில் ''' Match Case ''' ஐ click செய்யவேண்டும்.
|-
| 07:34
|ஒரே ஒரு சொல் மட்டும் case option னுடன் பொருந்துகிறது. அது '''School''' எனும் சொல்லில் உள்ள capital 'S'
|-
| 07:41
|மீண்டும் cursor ஐ ''' Find ''' box ன் மீது வைத்து ''' mouse ''' ல் right-click செய்ய வேண்டும்.
''' Match Case ''' option ஐ நீக்குக.
|-
| 07:50
|இப்போது, ''' Main ''' menu வில் ''' Search ஐ click செய்து, பிறகு ''' Replace ''' ஐ click செய்க.
|-
| 07:56
|மாற்றாக, ''' Ctrl + H''' key களை ஒன்றாக அழுத்தலாம். அல்லது ''' Toolbar ''' ல் , ''' Search for and replace text''' icon ஐ பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
|-
| 08:08
| ''' Replace ''' dialog-box தோன்றும்.
|-
| 08:11
|''' Search for ''' field ல் type செய்க, "schools" பிறகு ''' Enter ''' ஐ அழுத்தவும்.
|-
| 08:17
|''' Replace with ''' box ல் type செய்க,"colleges". ''' Match entire word only ''' check-box ல் குறியிடவும்.
|-
| 08:26
|''' schools ''' என்ற அனைத்து சொற்களும், மஞ்சள் நிறத்தில் highlight செய்யப்பட்டிருப்பதைக் காணலாம்.
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| 08:31
|''' Replace ''' button ஐ click செய்க.
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| 08:34
|இது முதலில் வரும் ''' schools ''' என்ற வார்த்தைக்கு பதிலாக ''' colleges ''' என்று மாற்றும்
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| 08:39
|''' schools ''' என்ற அனைத்து வார்த்தைகளையும் ''' colleges ''' என்று மாற்ற ''' Replace All ''' button ஐ click செய்க.
|-
| 08:46
|Window ஐ மூட ''' Close ''' button ஐ click செய்யவேண்டும்.
|-
| 08:50
|''' gedit Text editor ''', நாம் type செய்யும் போதே தேட அனுமதிக்கும்.
|-
| 08:56
|'''Find''' box ஐ திறக்க, '''Ctrl''' மற்றும் '''F''' key களை ஒன்றாக அழுத்தவும்.

|-
| 09:01
|இப்போது ''' Find''' box ல் "Students" என்று type செய்க.
|-
| 09:06
|''' S''' என்ற எழுத்தை type செய்யும்போது cursor, document டில் ''' S''' என்ற அனைத்து எழுத்துகளையும் highlight செய்வதை கவனிக்கவும்.
|-
| 09:14
|Type செய்து முடிக்கையில் ''' Students ''' என்ற அனைத்து சொற்களும் highlight செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கும்.
|-
| 09:20
|அடுத்து ''' school.txt ''' file ஐ எப்படி print செய்வது என்பதை பார்ப்போம்.
|-
| 09:25
|''' Menu bar ''' ல் ''' File ''' ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுத்து, பிறகு ''' Print ''' ஐ தேர்ந்தெடுக்கவேண்டும்.
|-
| 09:30
|நாம் ''' Toolbar ''' ல் ''' Print ''' icon ஐயும் click செய்யலாம்.
|-
| 09:35
|''' Print ''' dialog-box தோன்றும்.
|-
| 09:38
|Printer உங்கள் machine னோடு இணைக்கப்பட்டிருந்தால், அது ''' Printer details ''' ன் கீழ் பட்டியலிடப்பட்டிருக்கும்.
|-
| 09:44
|இந்த window வில் உள்ள tabகள் மற்றும் selectionகள், default configuration settingsக்கு தகுந்தவாறு இருக்கும்.

|-
| 09:50
|உங்கள் document ஐ print செய்ய, கீழே வலது பக்கம்''' Print ''' button ஐ click செய்யவும்.
|-
| 09:55
|Printer configurationsகள் சரியாக இருந்தால், உங்கள் document, print செய்யப்படும்.
|-
| 10:00
|இந்த டுட்டோரியலின் முடிவிற்கு நாம் வந்துவிட்டோம். நாம் கற்றதை நினைவுகூருவோம்.
|-
| 10:05
|இந்த டுட்டோரியலில் நாம் கற்றது,
Cut, Copy மற்றும் Paste, Undo மற்றும் Redo, Search மற்றும் Replace text மற்றும் Print options கள்.
|-
| 10:16
|இங்கே உங்களுக்கான வேலை கொடுக்கப்பட்டிருக்கிறது.
|-
| 10:19
|''' gedit ''' ல், ''' School.txt ''' என்ற file ஐ திறக்கவேண்டும்.
|-
| 10:23
|முதல் paragraph ஐ copy செய்து புதிய document டில் '''paste''' செய்யவும்.
|-
| 10:27
|புதிய document ஐ ''' SchoolNew.txt ''' என்று சேமிக்கவும்.
|-
| 10:32
|முதல் line ல் , "About School" என்று தலைப்பிடவும். மாற்றங்களை '''Undo''' செய்யவும்.

|-
| 10:38
|File ன் content களில் உள்ள மாற்றங்களை கவனிக்கவும்.
|-
| 10:42
|கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள இணைப்பில் உள்ள video, '''Spoken Tutorial''' project ஐ சுருங்க சொல்கிறது. அதை தரவிறக்கி காணவும்.
|-
| 10:49
|ஸ்போகன் டுடொரியல் திட்டக்குழு:செய்முறை வகுப்புகள் நடத்தி சான்றிதழ்கள் தருகிறது
|-
| 10:54
|மேலும் விவரங்களுக்கு எங்களுக்கு மின்னஞ்சல் செய்யவும்.
|-
| 10:58
|இந்த டுட்டோரியலில் ஏதேனும் கேள்விகள் இருக்கிறதா? கீழ்கண்ட இணைப்பை பார்க்கவும்.
|-
| 11:03
|கேள்விகள் எழும் நிமிடம் மற்றும் நொடியை தேர்வு செய்யுங்கள்.
|-
| 11:07
|உங்களது கேள்வியை சுருக்கமாக கேட்கவும். எங்களது குழுவில் உள்ள ஓருவர் அதற்க்கு பதிலளிப்பார்
|-
| 11:13
|Spoken Tutorial திட்டத்திற்கு ஆதரவு NMEICT, MHRD,இந்திய அரசாங்கத்தின் மூலம் கிடைக்கிறது.
|-
| 11:20
|இந்த திட்டம் பற்றிய மேலும் விவரங்களுக்கு, கீழ்கண்ட இணைப்பை பார்க்கவும்
|-
| 11:25
|இந்த டுடோரிலை தமிழாக்கம் செய்து குரல் கொடுத்தது '''IIT Bombay'''இல் இருந்து சண்முகப் பிரியா , நன்றி .