Script | Spoken-Tutorial - User contributions [en]

Construction-of-Low-Cost-Houses/C2/Making-Plain-and-Reinforced-Concrete/English

2023-09-05T07:08:10Z

Chitradevi:

'''Title of the Script''': Making Plain and Reinforced Concrete

'''Authors''': Dr. Narsingh Varma, Madhuri Ganapathi and Chitra Balaji

Key words: construction, cement, concrete, aggregate, reinforced concrete, stone, sand, concrete mixer, Segregation of concrete, measurement box, steel bars, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.

{|border=1
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title slide'''
|| Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Making Plain and Reinforced Concrete'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

'''Slide Number 3'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

|| In this tutorial we will learn about,

* Materials required for making cement concrete
* Types and quality of aggregates and cement
* Tools used for making cement concrete
* Mix proportion for plain and reinforced concrete
* How to check the quality of fresh concrete

|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''
'''Prerequisites'''

'''https://<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">spoken-tutorial.org'''

|| To practise this tutorial, learners should be familiar with basic construction methods.

For the prerequisite tutorials, please visit this website.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Materials Required'''

|| We will begin with materials required for making cement concrete.

|-
|| Images:

1,2, 5b, 13- combine into one picture.

|| The key ingredients for making plain cement concrete are:

Cement

Fine aggregate(that is sand)

Coarse aggregate and water.

|-
|| Image:

1a.
|| These ingredients are mixed together uniformly to make plain cement concrete.

|-
|| Images:

1,1c,2, 5b, 13- combine to one picture.

|| Reinforced concrete

It is a combination of plain cement concrete and steel bars as per design calculations.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Coarse and Fine Aggregate'''

|| Now we will discuss the types and quality of coarse and fine aggregates.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''Coarse Aggregate'''

|| Coarse aggregate.

Coarse aggregates are larger stones obtained from crushed rock and gravel.

The range of coarse aggregate varies between ''4.''75 mm to 80 mm.

The minimum size of coarse aggregate should be 4.75 mm.

|-
|| Image:

1c-sieves.

|| Aggregates of different sizes are separated using Indian Standard (IS) sieves.

IS Sieves of sizes 40 mm, 20 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm and others are used.
|-
|| Images:

2 and 3

|| This is a good quality 20 mm

nominal size aggregate.

These stones are clean, hard and angular in shape.

This is a good quality 10 mm nominal size aggregate.

In the majority of concrete works, aggregate sizes of 20 mm or smaller are used.

Both are good for making plain cement concrete and reinforced concrete.

|-
|| Images:

4 and 4a.

||This type of aggregate is elongated in shape.

In this mixture, the ratio of coarse and fine aggregates are not known.

It is a poor quality stone and not good for making concrete.

|-
|| Images:

5, 5b

|| Fine aggregate.

This is a 4.75 mm nominal size good quality natural sand.

It is granular and is free from big size gravel, clay lumps and seeps.

|-
|| Images:

6 and 6a

||

Fine Aggregate should pass through 4.75 mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm sieve.

|-
|| Image:

7

Images:

8 and 8a

|| This is a very fine aggregate or crushed sand.

It contains more fine particles in the form of quarry dust.

It is not good for concrete due to following reasons -

Concrete made using stone dust as sand, will be more prone to shrinkage cracks.

It needs more cement per cubic meter of concrete as compared to coarse sand.

|-

|| '''Slide Number 8'''

'''Cement'''
|| Now we will learn about different types of cement and its quality.

|-
|| Image:

9
|| This is a Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) bag in good condition.

The bag is neither hooked nor torn.

It is good for construction.

|-
|| Image:

10

|| Date of packing the bag is written on the side.

Date of expiry of cement is 3 months from the date of packing.

Cement older than 3 months should not be used without testing.

Ordinary Portland cement(OPC) may also be used in place of PPC cement

|-
|| Image:

11.
|| This is an ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) bag in good condition.

Check for the ISI mark on the cement bags to ensure the quality of cement.

|-
|| Image:

12
|| Torn cement bag is not good for use.

Cement is lost through the cut portion of the cement bag.

Cement gets partially hydrated when it is in contact with atmospheric moisture.

The strength and durability of the cement is reduced.
|-
|| Image:

13

|| This is loose cement without hardened lumps.

When we put a hand inside a freshly opened cement bag, cement should not be warm.

If cement is warm, it indicates that it is partially hydrated and not good for use.

|-

|| '''Slide Number 9 '''

'''Tools used in Making Cement Concrete'''
||

Now we will see the tools used in making cement concrete.

wheelbarrow, measuring box and mixer.
|-
|| Image:

14

|| This is a wheelbarrow.

It is used to carry the freshly made concrete to the construction site.

|-
|| Image:

15
|| This is an aggregate measurement box.

Coarse and fine aggregates are measured using this box.

|-
|| Images

16, 16b

|| This is a concrete Mixer.

One cement bag along with required coarse and fine aggregates can be mixed in one batch.

This type of mixers are either mechanically or electrically operated.
|-
|| Image:

18

Images:

18a and 18b

|| Measurement of ingredients

Cement is measured in the number of bags.

Aggregates both fine and coarse are measured using measuring boxes.

|-
|| Image:

19
|| Measuring boxes are to be filled up to box height and not above it.

|-
|| Image:

19b

|| For PCC works, cement concrete mix ratios are as shown.

CC 1:3:6 for a footing bed. CC 1:2:4 for flooring at plinth and plinth protection.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Plain Cement Concrete'''

|| Proportioning and measuring of ingredients for CC 1:3:6 plain cement concrete.
|-
|| Image:

20

Image:

21

Image:

22

Image:

23

||Cement: one(1) bag

Fine aggregates : 3 boxes of sand.

Coarse aggregates: 6 boxes of stone.

Out of 6 the boxes, 3 boxes of 20 mm and 3 boxes of 10 mm, nominal sizes are used.

20 liters of water is added to make a homogeneous concrete.

Add more water if concrete on visual inspection looks dry and non-homogeneous.

Excess water should not be added as it reduces the strength of concrete.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Plain Cement Concrete'''

|| Proportioning and measuring of ingredients for CC 1:2:4 plain cement concrete.

|-
|| Image:

24

Image:

25

Image:

26

Image:

27

|| Cement: 1 bag

Fine aggregate : 2 boxes of sand.

Coarse aggregate : 4 boxes of stone.

Out of the 4 boxes, 2 boxes 20 mm and 2 boxes 10 mm, nominal sizes are used.

Initially 15 liters of water is added to make a homogeneous concrete.

More water may be added as required.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Reinforced Concrete'''
||

Concrete grade and proportioning of reinforced concrete.
|-
||

Image:

28

Image:

29

Image:

30

|| M25 grade concrete for RCC work which is equivalent to CC 1:1:2 has to be used.

That is, 1 part of cement, 1 part of fine sand and 2 parts of coarse aggregate.

20 mm and 10 mm nominal size coarse aggregates in equal ratio have to be used.
|-
||

'''Slide Number 13'''

'''Mixing of Concrete'''

|| Mixing of concrete

Now we will see the steps to be followed in mixing concrete.

|-
|| Images:

31a , 31b

Drum.mp4
|| First coarse aggregates are added to the mixer followed by cement and sand.

Mix the materials in the dry state in the mixing machine for 2 minutes.

Then add water to the drum.

Minimum 3 minutes of mixing is required after putting all ingredients in the drum.

Add more water while mixing if concrete on visual inspection looks dry.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 14'''

'''Quality of Concrete'''
||

Now we will see how to check the quality of freshly made concrete.
|-
|| Image:

32

Image:

33

Image:

34

Image:

34b

Image:

35

|| Cement Concrete must be correctly proportioned and mixed uniformly.

Concrete must be homogeneous after mixing.

The formed concrete must be without bleeding or segregation.

Segregation occurs when aggregates and cement in the concrete mix are separated.

Bleeding occurs when water separates and rises above the concrete mix.

Segregation and bleeding reduces concrete strength and durability.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 15'''

'''Field Test of Concrete'''

|| Field test of concrete

This test is used to check the cohesiveness of concrete produced at the site.
|-
|| Images:

Pic1 pic2 pic3

Image:
Pic 4

|| Take a handful of freshly prepared concrete from the concrete mixer.

Make a ball of concrete on your palm and hold it for 1 minute.

If the ball does not collapse then the concrete is densely packed.

This ensures strength and durability of concrete.

|-
|| Slump Test
|| Slump cone test

Slump cone test is the most simple workability test for concrete.

Slump test is carried out for every batch of concrete.

This is to check the uniform quality of concrete during construction.

|-
|| Slump Test

Images :1 to 9

|| Procedure of slump test.

Clean the mould (that is slump cone) internally and apply shuttering oil.

Place the mould on a plane plate with a larger diameter down.

Fill the mould with sample concrete in 4 equal layers.

Tamp layers with 25 strokes each using a tamping rod.

Lift the mould upward gently and remove.

Slump is the difference in height of the mould and height of the sample in mm.

Complete the testing within 2 minutes of drawing the sample.

A collapse slump generally indicates that the concrete mix is too wet.

A zero slump indicates that the concrete is stiff and less workable.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 16'''

'''Slump Requirement'''

|| For plain cement concrete, hand placed pavements and lightly reinforced sections, slump required is 25 mm to 75 mm.

For heavily reinforced sections, slump required is 50 mm to 100 mm.

Slump values for different concrete works are provided in, IS: 456 section 7.1.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 17'''

'''Reference IS Codes'''

|| These are the reference IS codes.
* IS:456-2000
* IS 383-2016
* IS:269-2015
* IS 1199-1959
* IS:1489 (Part 1)

Publisher of the reference IS codes : Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

|-
|| Only Narration
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarize.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 18 '''

'''Summary'''

'''Slide Number 19 '''

'''Summary'''

|| In this tutorial we have learnt about,

* Materials required for making cement concrete
* Types and quality of aggregates and cement
* Tools used for making cement concrete
* Mix proportion for plain and reinforced concrete
* How to check the quality of fresh concrete.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 20'''

'''About Spoken Tutorial project'''

|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 21'''

'''Forum for specific questions'''

* Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?
* Please visit this site.

[https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/ https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org]

* Choose the minute and second where you have the question
* Explain your question briefly
* The Spoken Tutorial project will ensure an answer
* You will have to register to ask questions

|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-

|| '''Slide Number 22'''

'''Acknowledgements'''

|| The Spoken Tutorial Project was established by the Ministry of Education, Government of India.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 23'''

'''Thank you'''

|| This tutorial is contributed by Dr. Narsingh Varma, Chitra Devi, Arthi Vardarajan and Madhuri Ganapathi from IIT Bombay

Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

Construction-of-Low-Cost-Houses/C2/Making-Plain-and-Reinforced-Concrete/English

2023-09-05T06:47:27Z

Chitradevi:

'''Title of the Script''': Making Plain and Reinforced Concrete

'''Authors''': Dr. Narsingh Varma, Madhuri Ganapathi and Chitra Balaji

Key words: construction, cement, concrete, aggregate, reinforced concrete, stone, sand, concrete mixer, Segregation of concrete, measurement box, steel bars, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.

{|border=1
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title slide'''
|| Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Making Plain and Reinforced Concrete'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

'''Slide Number 3'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

|| In this tutorial we will learn about,

* Materials required for making cement concrete
* Types and quality of aggregates and cement
* Tools used for making cement concrete
* Mix proportion for plain and reinforced concrete
* How to check the quality of fresh concrete

|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''
'''Prerequisites'''

'''https://<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">spoken-tutorial.org'''

|| To practise this tutorial, learners should be familiar with basic construction methods.

For the prerequisite tutorials, please visit this website.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Materials required'''

|| We will begin with materials required for making cement concrete.

|-
|| Images:

1,2, 5b, 13- combine into one picture.

|| The key ingredients for making plain cement concrete are:

Cement

Fine aggregate(that is sand)

Coarse aggregate and water.

|-
|| Image:

1a.
|| These ingredients are mixed together uniformly to make plain cement concrete.

|-
|| Images:

1,1c,2, 5b, 13- combine to one picture.

|| Reinforced concrete

It is a combination of plain cement concrete and steel bars as per design calculations.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Coarse and Fine Aggregate'''

|| Now we will discuss the types and quality of coarse and fine aggregates.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''Coarse Aggregate'''

|| Coarse aggregate.

Coarse aggregates are larger stones obtained from crushed rock and gravel.

The range of coarse aggregate varies between ''4.''75 mm to 80 mm.

The minimum size of coarse aggregate should be 4.75 mm.

|-
|| Image:

1c-sieves.

|| Aggregates of different sizes are separated using Indian Standard (IS) sieves.

IS Sieves of sizes 40 mm, 20 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm and others are used.
|-
|| Images:

2 and 3

|| This is a good quality 20 mm

nominal size aggregate.

These stones are clean, hard and angular in shape.

This is a good quality 10 mm nominal size aggregate.

In the majority of concrete works, aggregate sizes of 20 mm or smaller are used.

Both are good for making plain cement concrete and reinforced concrete.

|-
|| Images:

4 and 4a.

||This type of aggregate is elongated in shape.

In this mixture, the ratio of coarse and fine aggregates are not known.

It is a poor quality stone and not good for making concrete.

|-
|| Images:

5, 5b

|| Fine aggregate.

This is a 4.75 mm nominal size good quality natural sand.

It is granular and is free from big size gravel, clay lumps and seeps.

|-
|| Images:

6 and 6a

||

Fine Aggregate should pass through 4.75 mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm sieve.

|-
|| Image:

7

Images:

8 and 8a

|| This is a very fine aggregate or crushed sand.

It contains more fine particles in the form of quarry dust.

It is not good for concrete due to following reasons -

Concrete made using stone dust as sand, will be more prone to shrinkage cracks.

It needs more cement per cubic meter of concrete as compared to coarse sand.

|-

|| '''Slide Number8'''

'''Cement'''
|| Now we will learn about different types of cement and its quality.

|-
|| Image:

9
|| This is a Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) bag in good condition.

The bag is neither hooked nor torn.

It is good for construction.

|-
|| Image:

10

|| Date of packing the bag is written on the side.

Date of expiry of cement is 3 months from the date of packing.

Cement older than 3 months should not be used without testing.

Ordinary Portland cement(OPC) may also be used in place of PPC cement

|-
|| Image:

11.
|| This is an ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) bag in good condition.

Check for the ISI mark on the cement bags to ensure the quality of cement.

|-
|| Image:

12
|| Torn cement bag is not good for use.

Cement is lost through the cut portion of the cement bag.

Cement gets partially hydrated when it is in contact with atmospheric moisture.

The strength and durability of the cement is reduced.
|-
|| Image:

13

|| This is loose cement without hardened lumps.

When we put a hand inside a freshly opened cement bag, cement should not be warm.

If cement is warm, it indicates that it is partially hydrated and not good for use.

|-

|| '''Slide Number 9 '''

'''Tools used in Making Cement Concrete'''
||

Now we will see the tools used in making cement concrete.

wheelbarrow, measuring box and mixer.
|-
|| Image:

14

|| This is a wheelbarrow.

It is used to carry the freshly made concrete to the construction site.

|-
|| Image:

15
|| This is an aggregate measurement box.

Coarse and fine aggregates are measured using this box.

|-
|| Images

16, 16b

|| This is a concrete Mixer.

One cement bag along with required coarse and fine aggregates can be mixed in one batch.

This type of mixers are either mechanically or electrically operated.
|-
|| Image:

18

Images:

18a and 18b

|| Measurement of ingredients

Cement is measured in the number of bags.

Aggregates both fine and coarse are measured using measuring boxes.

|-
|| Image:

19
|| Measuring boxes are to be filled up to box height and not above it.

|-
|| Image:

19b

|| For PCC works, cement concrete mix ratios are as shown.

CC 1:3:6 for a footing bed. CC 1:2:4 for flooring at plinth and plinth protection.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Plain Cement Concrete'''

|| Proportioning and measuring of ingredients for CC 1:3:6 plain cement concrete.
|-
|| Image:

20

Image:

21

Image:

22

Image:

23

||Cement: one(1) bag

Fine aggregates : 3 boxes of sand.

Coarse aggregates: 6 boxes of stone.

Out of 6 the boxes, 3 boxes of 20 mm and 3 boxes of 10 mm, nominal sizes are used.

20 liters of water is added to make a homogeneous concrete.

Add more water if concrete on visual inspection looks dry and non-homogeneous.

Excess water should not be added as it reduces the strength of concrete.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Plain Cement Concrete'''

|| Proportioning and measuring of ingredients for CC 1:2:4 plain cement concrete.

|-
|| Image:

24

Image:

25

Image:

26

Image:

27

|| Cement: 1 bag

Fine aggregate : 2 boxes of sand.

Coarse aggregate : 4 boxes of stone.

Out of the 4 boxes, 2 boxes 20 mm and 2 boxes 10 mm, nominal sizes are used.

Initially 15 liters of water is added to make a homogeneous concrete.

More water may be added as required.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Reinforced Concrete'''
||

Concrete grade and proportioning of reinforced concrete.
|-
||

Image:

28

Image:

29

Image:

30

|| M25 grade concrete for RCC work which is equivalent to CC 1:1:2 has to be used.

That is, 1 part of cement, 1 part of fine sand and 2 parts of coarse aggregate.

20 mm and 10 mm nominal size coarse aggregates in equal ratio have to be used.
|-
||

'''Slide Number 13'''

'''Mixing of Concrete'''

|| Mixing of concrete

Now we will see the steps to be followed in mixing concrete.

|-
|| Images:

31a , 31b

Drum.mp4
|| First coarse aggregates are added to the mixer followed by cement and sand.

Mix the materials in the dry state in the mixing machine for 2 minutes.

Then add water to the drum.

Minimum 3 minutes of mixing is required after putting all ingredients in the drum.

Add more water while mixing if concrete on visual inspection looks dry.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 14'''

'''Quality of Concrete'''
||

Now we will see how to check the quality of freshly made concrete.
|-
|| Image:

32

Image:

33

Image:

34

Image:

34b

Image:

35

|| Cement Concrete must be correctly proportioned and mixed uniformly.

Concrete must be homogeneous after mixing.

The formed concrete must be without bleeding or segregation.

Segregation occurs when aggregates and cement in the concrete mix are separated.

Bleeding occurs when water separates and rises above the concrete mix.

Segregation and bleeding reduces concrete strength and durability.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 15'''

'''Field Test of Concrete'''

|| Field test of concrete

This test is used to check the cohesiveness of concrete produced at the site.
|-
|| Images:

Pic1 pic2 pic3

Image:
Pic 4

|| Take a handful of freshly prepared concrete from the concrete mixer.

Make a ball of concrete on your palm and hold it for 1 minute.

If the ball does not collapse then the concrete is densely packed.

This ensures strength and durability of concrete.

|-
|| Slump Test
|| Slump cone test

Slump cone test is the most simple workability test for concrete.

Slump test is carried out for every batch of concrete.

This is to check the uniform quality of concrete during construction.

|-
|| Slump Test

Images :1 to 9

|| Procedure of slump test.

Clean the mould (that is slump cone) internally and apply shuttering oil.

Place the mould on a plane plate with a larger diameter down.

Fill the mould with sample concrete in 4 equal layers.

Tamp layers with 25 strokes each using a tamping rod.

Lift the mould upward gently and remove.

Slump is the difference in height of the mould and height of the sample in mm.

Complete the testing within 2 minutes of drawing the sample.

A collapse slump generally indicates that the concrete mix is too wet.

A zero slump indicates that the concrete is stiff and less workable.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 16'''

'''Slump Requirement'''

|| For plain cement concrete, hand placed pavements and lightly reinforced sections, slump required is 25 mm to 75 mm.

For heavily reinforced sections, slump required is 50 mm to 100 mm.

Slump values for different concrete works are provided in, IS: 456 section 7.1.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 17'''

'''Reference IS Codes'''

|| These are the reference IS codes.
* IS:456-2000
* IS 383-2016
* IS:269-2015
* IS 1199-1959
* IS:1489 (Part 1)

Publisher of the reference IS codes : Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

|-
|| Only Narration
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarize.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 18 '''

'''Summary'''

'''Slide Number 19 '''

'''Summary'''

|| In this tutorial we have learnt about,

* Materials required for making cement concrete
* Types and quality of aggregates and cement
* Tools used for making cement concrete
* Mix proportion for plain and reinforced concrete
* How to check the quality of fresh concrete.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 20'''

'''About Spoken Tutorial project'''

|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 21'''

'''Forum for specific questions'''

* Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?
* Please visit this site.

[https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/ ]

[https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/ https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org]
* Choose the minute and second where you have the question
* Explain your question briefly
* The Spoken Tutorial project will ensure an answer
* You will have to register to ask questions

|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-

|| '''Slide Number 22'''

'''Acknowledgements'''

|| The Spoken Tutorial Project was established by the Ministry of Education, Government of India.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 23'''

'''Thank you'''

|| This tutorial is contributed by Dr. Narsingh Varma, Chitra Devi, Arthi Vardarajan and Madhuri Ganapathi from IIT Bombay

Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

Construction-of-Low-Cost-Houses/C2/Making-Plain-and-Reinforced-Concrete/English

2023-09-05T06:46:29Z

Chitradevi:

'''Title of the Script''': Making Plain and Reinforced Concrete

'''Authors''': Dr. Narsingh Varma, Madhuri Ganapathi and Chitra Balaji

Key words: construction, cement, concrete, aggregate,reinforced concrete, stone, sand, concrete mixer, Segregation of concrete, measurement box, steel bars, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.

{|border=1
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title slide'''
|| Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Making Plain and Reinforced Concrete'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

'''Slide Number 3'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

|| In this tutorial we will learn about,

* Materials required for making cement concrete
* Types and quality of aggregates and cement
* Tools used for making cement concrete
* Mix proportion for plain and reinforced concrete
* How to check the quality of fresh concrete

|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''
'''Prerequisites'''

'''https://<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">spoken-tutorial.org'''

|| To practise this tutorial, learners should be familiar with basic construction methods.

For the prerequisite tutorials, please visit this website.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Materials required'''

|| We will begin with materials required for making cement concrete.

|-
|| Images:

1,2, 5b, 13- combine into one picture.

|| The key ingredients for making plain cement concrete are:

Cement

Fine aggregate(that is sand)

Coarse aggregate and water.

|-
|| Image:

1a.
|| These ingredients are mixed together uniformly to make plain cement concrete.

|-
|| Images:

1,1c,2, 5b, 13- combine to one picture.

|| Reinforced concrete

It is a combination of plain cement concrete and steel bars as per design calculations.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Coarse and Fine Aggregate'''

|| Now we will discuss the types and quality of coarse and fine aggregates.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''Coarse Aggregate'''

|| Coarse aggregate.

Coarse aggregates are larger stones obtained from crushed rock and gravel.

The range of coarse aggregate varies between ''4.''75 mm to 80 mm.

The minimum size of coarse aggregate should be 4.75 mm.

|-
|| Image:

1c-sieves.

|| Aggregates of different sizes are separated using Indian Standard (IS) sieves.

IS Sieves of sizes 40 mm, 20 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm and others are used.
|-
|| Images:

2 and 3

|| This is a good quality 20 mm

nominal size aggregate.

These stones are clean, hard and angular in shape.

This is a good quality 10 mm nominal size aggregate.

In the majority of concrete works, aggregate sizes of 20 mm or smaller are used.

Both are good for making plain cement concrete and reinforced concrete.

|-
|| Images:

4 and 4a.

||This type of aggregate is elongated in shape.

In this mixture, the ratio of coarse and fine aggregates are not known.

It is a poor quality stone and not good for making concrete.

|-
|| Images:

5, 5b

|| Fine aggregate.

This is a 4.75 mm nominal size good quality natural sand.

It is granular and is free from big size gravel, clay lumps and seeps.

|-
|| Images:

6 and 6a

||

Fine Aggregate should pass through 4.75 mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm sieve.

|-
|| Image:

7

Images:

8 and 8a

|| This is a very fine aggregate or crushed sand.

It contains more fine particles in the form of quarry dust.

It is not good for concrete due to following reasons -

Concrete made using stone dust as sand, will be more prone to shrinkage cracks.

It needs more cement per cubic meter of concrete as compared to coarse sand.

|-

|| '''Slide Number8'''

'''Cement'''
|| Now we will learn about different types of cement and its quality.

|-
|| Image:

9
|| This is a Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) bag in good condition.

The bag is neither hooked nor torn.

It is good for construction.

|-
|| Image:

10

|| Date of packing the bag is written on the side.

Date of expiry of cement is 3 months from the date of packing.

Cement older than 3 months should not be used without testing.

Ordinary Portland cement(OPC) may also be used in place of PPC cement

|-
|| Image:

11.
|| This is an ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) bag in good condition.

Check for the ISI mark on the cement bags to ensure the quality of cement.

|-
|| Image:

12
|| Torn cement bag is not good for use.

Cement is lost through the cut portion of the cement bag.

Cement gets partially hydrated when it is in contact with atmospheric moisture.

The strength and durability of the cement is reduced.
|-
|| Image:

13

|| This is loose cement without hardened lumps.

When we put a hand inside a freshly opened cement bag, cement should not be warm.

If cement is warm, it indicates that it is partially hydrated and not good for use.

|-

|| '''Slide Number 9 '''

'''Tools used in Making Cement Concrete'''
||

Now we will see the tools used in making cement concrete.

wheelbarrow, measuring box and mixer.
|-
|| Image:

14

|| This is a wheelbarrow.

It is used to carry the freshly made concrete to the construction site.

|-
|| Image:

15
|| This is an aggregate measurement box.

Coarse and fine aggregates are measured using this box.

|-
|| Images

16, 16b

|| This is a concrete Mixer.

One cement bag along with required coarse and fine aggregates can be mixed in one batch.

This type of mixers are either mechanically or electrically operated.
|-
|| Image:

18

Images:

18a and 18b

|| Measurement of ingredients

Cement is measured in the number of bags.

Aggregates both fine and coarse are measured using measuring boxes.

|-
|| Image:

19
|| Measuring boxes are to be filled up to box height and not above it.

|-
|| Image:

19b

|| For PCC works, cement concrete mix ratios are as shown.

CC 1:3:6 for a footing bed. CC 1:2:4 for flooring at plinth and plinth protection.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Plain Cement Concrete'''

|| Proportioning and measuring of ingredients for CC 1:3:6 plain cement concrete.
|-
|| Image:

20

Image:

21

Image:

22

Image:

23

||Cement: one(1) bag

Fine aggregates : 3 boxes of sand.

Coarse aggregates: 6 boxes of stone.

Out of 6 the boxes, 3 boxes of 20 mm and 3 boxes of 10 mm, nominal sizes are used.

20 liters of water is added to make a homogeneous concrete.

Add more water if concrete on visual inspection looks dry and non-homogeneous.

Excess water should not be added as it reduces the strength of concrete.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Plain Cement Concrete'''

|| Proportioning and measuring of ingredients for CC 1:2:4 plain cement concrete.

|-
|| Image:

24

Image:

25

Image:

26

Image:

27

|| Cement: 1 bag

Fine aggregate : 2 boxes of sand.

Coarse aggregate : 4 boxes of stone.

Out of the 4 boxes, 2 boxes 20 mm and 2 boxes 10 mm, nominal sizes are used.

Initially 15 liters of water is added to make a homogeneous concrete.

More water may be added as required.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Reinforced Concrete'''
||

Concrete grade and proportioning of reinforced concrete.
|-
||

Image:

28

Image:

29

Image:

30

|| M25 grade concrete for RCC work which is equivalent to CC 1:1:2 has to be used.

That is, 1 part of cement, 1 part of fine sand and 2 parts of coarse aggregate.

20 mm and 10 mm nominal size coarse aggregates in equal ratio have to be used.
|-
||

'''Slide Number 13'''

'''Mixing of Concrete'''

|| Mixing of concrete

Now we will see the steps to be followed in mixing concrete.

|-
|| Images:

31a , 31b

Drum.mp4
|| First coarse aggregates are added to the mixer followed by cement and sand.

Mix the materials in the dry state in the mixing machine for 2 minutes.

Then add water to the drum.

Minimum 3 minutes of mixing is required after putting all ingredients in the drum.

Add more water while mixing if concrete on visual inspection looks dry.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 14'''

'''Quality of Concrete'''
||

Now we will see how to check the quality of freshly made concrete.
|-
|| Image:

32

Image:

33

Image:

34

Image:

34b

Image:

35

|| Cement Concrete must be correctly proportioned and mixed uniformly.

Concrete must be homogeneous after mixing.

The formed concrete must be without bleeding or segregation.

Segregation occurs when aggregates and cement in the concrete mix are separated.

Bleeding occurs when water separates and rises above the concrete mix.

Segregation and bleeding reduces concrete strength and durability.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 15'''

'''Field Test of Concrete'''

|| Field test of concrete

This test is used to check the cohesiveness of concrete produced at the site.
|-
|| Images:

Pic1 pic2 pic3

Image:
Pic 4

|| Take a handful of freshly prepared concrete from the concrete mixer.

Make a ball of concrete on your palm and hold it for 1 minute.

If the ball does not collapse then the concrete is densely packed.

This ensures strength and durability of concrete.

|-
|| Slump Test
|| Slump cone test

Slump cone test is the most simple workability test for concrete.

Slump test is carried out for every batch of concrete.

This is to check the uniform quality of concrete during construction.

|-
|| Slump Test

Images :1 to 9

|| Procedure of slump test.

Clean the mould (that is slump cone) internally and apply shuttering oil.

Place the mould on a plane plate with a larger diameter down.

Fill the mould with sample concrete in 4 equal layers.

Tamp layers with 25 strokes each using a tamping rod.

Lift the mould upward gently and remove.

Slump is the difference in height of the mould and height of the sample in mm.

Complete the testing within 2 minutes of drawing the sample.

A collapse slump generally indicates that the concrete mix is too wet.

A zero slump indicates that the concrete is stiff and less workable.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 16'''

'''Slump Requirement'''

|| For plain cement concrete, hand placed pavements and lightly reinforced sections, slump required is 25 mm to 75 mm.

For heavily reinforced sections, slump required is 50 mm to 100 mm.

Slump values for different concrete works are provided in, IS: 456 section 7.1.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 17'''

'''Reference IS Codes'''

|| These are the reference IS codes.
* IS:456-2000
* IS 383-2016
* IS:269-2015
* IS 1199-1959
* IS:1489 (Part 1)

Publisher of the reference IS codes : Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

|-
|| Only Narration
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarize.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 18 '''

'''Summary'''

'''Slide Number 19 '''

'''Summary'''

|| In this tutorial we have learnt about,

* Materials required for making cement concrete
* Types and quality of aggregates and cement
* Tools used for making cement concrete
* Mix proportion for plain and reinforced concrete
* How to check the quality of fresh concrete.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 20'''

'''About Spoken Tutorial project'''

|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 21'''

'''Forum for specific questions'''

* Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?
* Please visit this site.

[https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/ ]

[https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/ https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org]
* Choose the minute and second where you have the question
* Explain your question briefly
* The Spoken Tutorial project will ensure an answer
* You will have to register to ask questions

|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-

|| '''Slide Number 22'''

'''Acknowledgements'''

|| The Spoken Tutorial Project was established by the Ministry of Education, Government of India.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 23'''

'''Thank you'''

|| This tutorial is contributed by Dr. Narsingh Varma, Chitra Devi, Arthi Vardarajan and Madhuri Ganapathi from IIT Bombay

Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

Construction-of-Low-Cost-Houses/C2/Making-Plain-and-Reinforced-Concrete/English

2023-09-05T06:37:20Z

Chitradevi: Created page with " '''Title of the Script''': Making Plain and Reinforced Concrete '''Authors''': Dr. Narsingh Varma, Madhuri Ganapathi and Chitra Balaji Key words: construction, cement, co..."

'''Title of the Script''': Making Plain and Reinforced Concrete

'''Authors''': Dr. Narsingh Varma, Madhuri Ganapathi and Chitra Balaji

Key words: construction, cement, concrete, aggregate, stone, sand, concrete mixer, Segregation of concrete, measurement box, steel bars, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.

{|border=1
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide Number 1'''

'''Title slide'''
|| Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Making Plain and Reinforced Concrete'''.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 2'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

'''Slide Number 3'''

'''Learning Objectives'''

|| In this tutorial we will learn about,

* Materials required for making cement concrete
* Types and quality of aggregates and cement
* Tools used for making cement concrete
* Mix proportion for plain and reinforced concrete
* How to check the quality of fresh concrete

|-
|| '''Slide Number 4'''
'''Prerequisites'''

'''https://<span style="background-color:#ffffff;">spoken-tutorial.org'''

|| To practise this tutorial, learners should be familiar with basic construction methods.

For the prerequisite tutorials, please visit this website.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 5'''

'''Materials required'''

|| We will begin with materials required for making cement concrete.

|-
|| Images:

1,2, 5b, 13- combine into one picture.

|| The key ingredients for making plain cement concrete are:

Cement

Fine aggregate(that is sand)

Coarse aggregate and water.

|-
|| Image:

1a.
|| These ingredients are mixed together uniformly to make plain cement concrete.

|-
|| Images:

1,1c,2, 5b, 13- combine to one picture.

|| Reinforced concrete

It is a combination of plain cement concrete and steel bars as per design calculations.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 6'''

'''Coarse and Fine Aggregate'''

|| Now we will discuss the types and quality of coarse and fine aggregates.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 7'''

'''Coarse Aggregate'''

|| Coarse aggregate.

Coarse aggregates are larger stones obtained from crushed rock and gravel.

The range of coarse aggregate varies between ''4.''75 mm to 80 mm.

The minimum size of coarse aggregate should be 4.75 mm.

|-
|| Image:

1c-sieves.

|| Aggregates of different sizes are separated using Indian Standard (IS) sieves.

IS Sieves of sizes 40 mm, 20 mm, 12.5 mm, 10 mm, 4.75 mm and others are used.
|-
|| Images:

2 and 3

|| This is a good quality 20 mm

nominal size aggregate.

These stones are clean, hard and angular in shape.

This is a good quality 10 mm nominal size aggregate.

In the majority of concrete works, aggregate sizes of 20 mm or smaller are used.

Both are good for making plain cement concrete and reinforced concrete.

|-
|| Images:

4 and 4a.

||This type of aggregate is elongated in shape.

In this mixture, the ratio of coarse and fine aggregates are not known.

It is a poor quality stone and not good for making concrete.

|-
|| Images:

5, 5b

|| Fine aggregate.

This is a 4.75 mm nominal size good quality natural sand.

It is granular and is free from big size gravel, clay lumps and seeps.

|-
|| Images:

6 and 6a

||

Fine Aggregate should pass through 4.75 mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm sieve.

|-
|| Image:

7

Images:

8 and 8a

|| This is a very fine aggregate or crushed sand.

It contains more fine particles in the form of quarry dust.

It is not good for concrete due to following reasons -

Concrete made using stone dust as sand, will be more prone to shrinkage cracks.

It needs more cement per cubic meter of concrete as compared to coarse sand.

|-

|| '''Slide Number8'''

'''Cement'''
|| Now we will learn about different types of cement and its quality.

|-
|| Image:

9
|| This is a Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) bag in good condition.

The bag is neither hooked nor torn.

It is good for construction.

|-
|| Image:

10

|| Date of packing the bag is written on the side.

Date of expiry of cement is 3 months from the date of packing.

Cement older than 3 months should not be used without testing.

Ordinary Portland cement(OPC) may also be used in place of PPC cement

|-
|| Image:

11.
|| This is an ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) bag in good condition.

Check for the ISI mark on the cement bags to ensure the quality of cement.

|-
|| Image:

12
|| Torn cement bag is not good for use.

Cement is lost through the cut portion of the cement bag.

Cement gets partially hydrated when it is in contact with atmospheric moisture.

The strength and durability of the cement is reduced.
|-
|| Image:

13

|| This is loose cement without hardened lumps.

When we put a hand inside a freshly opened cement bag, cement should not be warm.

If cement is warm, it indicates that it is partially hydrated and not good for use.

|-

|| '''Slide Number 9 '''

'''Tools used in Making Cement Concrete'''
||

Now we will see the tools used in making cement concrete.

wheelbarrow, measuring box and mixer.
|-
|| Image:

14

|| This is a wheelbarrow.

It is used to carry the freshly made concrete to the construction site.

|-
|| Image:

15
|| This is an aggregate measurement box.

Coarse and fine aggregates are measured using this box.

|-
|| Images

16, 16b

|| This is a concrete Mixer.

One cement bag along with required coarse and fine aggregates can be mixed in one batch.

This type of mixers are either mechanically or electrically operated.
|-
|| Image:

18

Images:

18a and 18b

|| Measurement of ingredients

Cement is measured in the number of bags.

Aggregates both fine and coarse are measured using measuring boxes.

|-
|| Image:

19
|| Measuring boxes are to be filled up to box height and not above it.

|-
|| Image:

19b

|| For PCC works, cement concrete mix ratios are as shown.

CC 1:3:6 for a footing bed. CC 1:2:4 for flooring at plinth and plinth protection.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 10'''

'''Plain Cement Concrete'''

|| Proportioning and measuring of ingredients for CC 1:3:6 plain cement concrete.
|-
|| Image:

20

Image:

21

Image:

22

Image:

23

||Cement: one(1) bag

Fine aggregates : 3 boxes of sand.

Coarse aggregates: 6 boxes of stone.

Out of 6 the boxes, 3 boxes of 20 mm and 3 boxes of 10 mm, nominal sizes are used.

20 liters of water is added to make a homogeneous concrete.

Add more water if concrete on visual inspection looks dry and non-homogeneous.

Excess water should not be added as it reduces the strength of concrete.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 11'''

'''Plain Cement Concrete'''

|| Proportioning and measuring of ingredients for CC 1:2:4 plain cement concrete.

|-
|| Image:

24

Image:

25

Image:

26

Image:

27

|| Cement: 1 bag

Fine aggregate : 2 boxes of sand.

Coarse aggregate : 4 boxes of stone.

Out of the 4 boxes, 2 boxes 20 mm and 2 boxes 10 mm, nominal sizes are used.

Initially 15 liters of water is added to make a homogeneous concrete.

More water may be added as required.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 12'''

'''Reinforced Concrete'''
||

Concrete grade and proportioning of reinforced concrete.
|-
||

Image:

28

Image:

29

Image:

30

|| M25 grade concrete for RCC work which is equivalent to CC 1:1:2 has to be used.

That is, 1 part of cement, 1 part of fine sand and 2 parts of coarse aggregate.

20 mm and 10 mm nominal size coarse aggregates in equal ratio have to be used.
|-
||

'''Slide Number 13'''

'''Mixing of Concrete'''

|| Mixing of concrete

Now we will see the steps to be followed in mixing concrete.

|-
|| Images:

31a , 31b

Drum.mp4
|| First coarse aggregates are added to the mixer followed by cement and sand.

Mix the materials in the dry state in the mixing machine for 2 minutes.

Then add water to the drum.

Minimum 3 minutes of mixing is required after putting all ingredients in the drum.

Add more water while mixing if concrete on visual inspection looks dry.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 14'''

'''Quality of Concrete'''
||

Now we will see how to check the quality of freshly made concrete.
|-
|| Image:

32

Image:

33

Image:

34

Image:

34b

Image:

35

|| Cement Concrete must be correctly proportioned and mixed uniformly.

Concrete must be homogeneous after mixing.

The formed concrete must be without bleeding or segregation.

Segregation occurs when aggregates and cement in the concrete mix are separated.

Bleeding occurs when water separates and rises above the concrete mix.

Segregation and bleeding reduces concrete strength and durability.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 15'''

'''Field Test of Concrete'''

|| Field test of concrete

This test is used to check the cohesiveness of concrete produced at the site.
|-
|| Images:

Pic1 pic2 pic3

Image:
Pic 4

|| Take a handful of freshly prepared concrete from the concrete mixer.

Make a ball of concrete on your palm and hold it for 1 minute.

If the ball does not collapse then the concrete is densely packed.

This ensures strength and durability of concrete.

|-
|| Slump Test
|| Slump cone test

Slump cone test is the most simple workability test for concrete.

Slump test is carried out for every batch of concrete.

This is to check the uniform quality of concrete during construction.

|-
|| Slump Test

Images :1 to 9

|| Procedure of slump test.

Clean the mould (that is slump cone) internally and apply shuttering oil.

Place the mould on a plane plate with a larger diameter down.

Fill the mould with sample concrete in 4 equal layers.

Tamp layers with 25 strokes each using a tamping rod.

Lift the mould upward gently and remove.

Slump is the difference in height of the mould and height of the sample in mm.

Complete the testing within 2 minutes of drawing the sample.

A collapse slump generally indicates that the concrete mix is too wet.

A zero slump indicates that the concrete is stiff and less workable.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 16'''

'''Slump Requirement'''

|| For plain cement concrete, hand placed pavements and lightly reinforced sections, slump required is 25 mm to 75 mm.

For heavily reinforced sections, slump required is 50 mm to 100 mm.

Slump values for different concrete works are provided in, IS: 456 section 7.1.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 17'''

'''Reference IS Codes'''

|| These are the reference IS codes.
* IS:456-2000
* IS 383-2016
* IS:269-2015
* IS 1199-1959
* IS:1489 (Part 1)

Publisher of the reference IS codes : Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

|-
|| Only Narration
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarize.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 18 '''

'''Summary'''

'''Slide Number 19 '''

'''Summary'''

|| In this tutorial we have learnt about,

* Materials required for making cement concrete
* Types and quality of aggregates and cement
* Tools used for making cement concrete
* Mix proportion for plain and reinforced concrete
* How to check the quality of fresh concrete.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 20'''

'''About Spoken Tutorial project'''

|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| '''Slide Number 21'''

'''Forum for specific questions'''

* Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?
* Please visit this site.

[https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/ ]

[https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/ https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org]
* Choose the minute and second where you have the question
* Explain your question briefly
* The Spoken Tutorial project will ensure an answer
* You will have to register to ask questions

|| Please post your timed queries in this forum.

|-

|| '''Slide Number 22'''

'''Acknowledgements'''

|| The Spoken Tutorial Project was established by the Ministry of Education, Government of India.

|-
|| '''Slide Number 23'''

'''Thank you'''

|| This tutorial is contributed by Dr. Narsingh Varma, Chitra Devi, Arthi Vardarajan and Madhuri Ganapathi from IIT Bombay

Thank you for joining.
|-
|}

Construction-of-Low-Cost-Houses/C2/Layout-and-Excavation-for-Foundation/English

2023-08-07T12:05:21Z

Chitradevi:

'''Title of script'''Layout and Excavation for Foundation

'''Author: '''Dr. N. Varma, Chitra Devi, Madhuri Ganapathi

'''Keywords: '''Foundation soil, Excavation''',''' Layout plan, Tools for Excavation, Sign boards, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.

{|border=1
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Title slide'''
|| Welcome to this Spoken Tutorial on Layout and Excavation for Foundation.
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Learning Objectives'''
|| In this tutorial we will learn about,
* Different types of foundation soil
* Typical layout plan
* Tools for layout setting and excavation
* Setting the layout for foundation
* Process of excavation and
* Safety measures
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Prerequisites'''
|| To practise this tutorial, learners should be familiar with basic construction methods.
|-
|| '''Types of foundation soil.'''

1a-blackcotton-soil.jpeg

1b.sandy soil.jpg

1c.Hard rock.jpg

1d.wet-clay.jpg
|| We will begin with types of foundation soil.

|-
|| 2.Type-of- foundation- soil.png
|| The selection criteria for foundation depends on:

soil condition.

load from structure to be constructed

water table and other factors.
|-
|| 3.Hard rock.jpg
|| '''Hard murum and hard rocks'''

Hard murum and hard rocks are the most suitable foundation strata.

In this there is minimum risk of soil settlement.

A 2 brick thick wall foundation with good quality bricks is required.

|-
|| 4.soft-murum.jpg

5.Plinth-Beam.jpg
|| '''Sandy clay, soft murum and rock'''

These soils lose some strength when wet.

A 2.5 brick thick wall foundation with good quality bricks is required.

RCC band at plinth level has to be provided to prevent unequal settlement.

|-
|| 6a.black-cotton-soil.jpg

6b.blackcotton-soil.jpeg

6c.black-cotton-soil-ontop.jpg

6d.black-cotton-soil-sandy-soil.jpg

|| '''Black cotton soil'''

Black cotton soil is not good for foundation.

It swells when wet and shrinks with wide cracks when dry.

If black cotton soil is available in shallow depth, it has to be removed.

RCC strip foundation and plinth band for brick wall has to be provided.

It will protect from unequal settlement.

|-
|| 7a.sandy soil.jpg

7b.strip footing.jpg

7b.strip footing.jpg
|| '''Sandy soil'''

Sandy strata are not good for foundation.

It changes volume considerably due to moisture.

Soil protection has to be provided to avoid high risk of soil erosion.

RCC strip footing and plinth band has to be provided.

|-
|| 8.wet-clay.jpg

9.Dry-rubble-soiling.jpg

9a.wodden-compactor.png

9b.wooden-compactor-with measurements.png

10.clay-and-filled-soil.png

|| '''Clay'''

Clay has good strength when it is dry but it is very weak when it is wet.

There is a high risk for foundation settlement.

To prevent foundation settlement, dry rubble soling has to be provided.

Here, hard stone of 25 to 60 cm size with flat surface down is required.

Compaction can be done for 3 days using a wooden circular block.

A Circular block of 35 cm diameter and 1 m height with 2 handles is used.

RCC strip footing and plinth band for unequal settlement has to be provided.

A 2.5 brick thick wall foundation using good quality bricks has to be built on such soils.

|-
|| 11.filled soil.jpeg
|| '''Filled soil'''

Suitability of foundation on filled soil depends on type of soil and its compaction.

Proper compaction of soil is required.

RCC strip footing and plinth band for unequal settlement has to be provided.

|-
|| Only Narration
|| '''Layout plan'''
|-
|| 12.ground-floor.png
|| First we will discuss a typical 2 room layout plan.

Minimum carpet area admissible is 25 sq m.

In case of a 2 room house the first room preferably, has to be bigger in size.

Its size has to be 9 sq m, with a minimum width of 2.5 m.

Second room’s size has to be 6.5 sq m with a minimum width of 2.1 m.

Minimum area of individual kitchen may be 2.7 sq m with a minimum width of 1.5 m.

Minimum size of combined bath and WC shall be 1.8 sq m with minimum width of 1 m.

Width of the verandah may be 1.8 to 3.0 m.

Room sizes can be altered within provisions of National building code of India.

|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Tools'''
|| Tools for setting the layout and excavation.
|-
|| 13a.iron-arrows.jpeg

13b.iron arrow.png
|| '''Iron arrows'''

These are used to fix the points on the ground.
|-
|| 14a.liness-pins.jpg

14b.lines-pins.jpg
|| '''Line and pins'''

Lines and pins are used for marking the lines on the ground.
|-
||15a.measuring-tape.jpg

15b.measuring tape.png
|| '''Measurement tape'''

Measurement tape is used to measure the dimensions on the ground.
|-
|| 16a.Diging Bar.jpg

16b.digging bar.jpg
|| '''Digging bar'''

Digging bar is used to loosen the soil.

|-
|| 17a.pickaxe.png

17b.pickaxe.jpg

|| '''Pick axe'''

Pick axe is used to excavate hard soil and soft rock.

|-
|| 18a.Chisel.jpg

18b.hammer.jpg
|| '''Chisel and hammer'''

Chisel and hammer are used to cut the rock.

|-
|| 19a.hoe.jpg

19b.hoe.png
|| '''Hoe'''

Hoe is used to excavate soft or loosened material.
|-
|| 20a.head-pan.jpg

20b.headpan.png
||

'''Head pan'''

Head pan is used to carry the excavated soil out of the site or to refill the site.
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Steps for Setting the Layout '''
|| Steps for '''s'''etting the layout

Site cleaning and

Demarcation of the center line on the site.

|-
|| 21a.debris.jpg

21b.Cleared land.jpg

Make two images in to one image- combine
|| '''Site cleaning'''

Grass vegetation and debris if any has to be removed from the proposed building plot.

|-
|| 22a.layout marked with iron pegs.jpeg

22b.layout-with-measurements.png

23.markings-white-lime.jpg
|| '''Demarcation of the center line on the site'''.

For rectangular layout up to 16 m length, setting out can be done manually.

Set all the building corners on the ground using iron arrows.

The adjoining lines on the ground should be perpendicular to each other.

For this a simple perpendicularity theorem is used.

Sum of the squares of two perpendicular lines is equal to square of the third line.

Mark center lines for all the load bearing walls on the ground using white lime.

All marking should be done according to the typical layout plan.

|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Excavation'''
|| Foundation strata have to be checked before the process of excavation.

|-
||

24.Checking-excavation strata.jpeg
|| The foundation strata are checked using a crowbar.

It shall be a minimum 50 cm depth in normal cases.

If the crowbar is not easily penetrating in the soil, the strata are hard.

Such strata are good for laying the foundation.

In case of weak soils, advice from the technical support system is required.
|-
|| 25.losening-soil.jpg

26.Excavation.jpeg

27.foundation pit after excavation clay .jpeg

27a.Excavated foundation pit in hard moorum.jpg
|| Let us begin the process of excavation.

Loosen the soil using a digging bar and pick-axe.

Carry out the excavation using hoe.

Remove the excavated material.

Using a head pan, stack it beyond 2 meters or more.

This is to avoid falling of the soil in the pit again.

Carry out excavation up to 50 cm or more till hard strata is reached.
|-
|| 28.work-in-progress.jpg

29a.precaution.jpeg

29b.Water on pit.png
|| Safety precautions during excavation

Placing sign boards in the construction site is a must.''' '''

For deep foundations, care has to be taken to prevent collapse of side walls.

During monsoons the excavated pits get flooded with water.

Care has to be taken to prevent drowning incidents in these pits.
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''References '''
|| References

IS:1904-1986

IS: SP7-2005 National Building Code of India
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Summary '''
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarize.

In this tutorial we have learnt about,
* Different types of foundation soil
* Typical layout plan
* Tools for layout setting and excavation
* Setting the layout for foundation
* Process of excavation and
* Safety measures
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''About Spoken Tutorial project '''

|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
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Construction-of-Low-Cost-Houses/C2/Layout-and-Excavation-for-Foundation/English

2023-08-04T13:00:28Z

Chitradevi: Created page with "'''Title of script'''Layout and Excavation for Foundation '''Author: '''Dr. N. Varma, Chitra Devi, Madhuri Ganapathi '''Keywords: '''Foundation soil, Excavation''',''' Layou..."

'''Title of script'''Layout and Excavation for Foundation

'''Author: '''Dr. N. Varma, Chitra Devi, Madhuri Ganapathi

'''Keywords: '''Foundation soil, Excavation''',''' Layout plan, Tools for Excavation, Sign boards, spoken tutorial, video tutorial.

{|border=1
|| '''Visual Cue'''
|| '''Narration'''
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Title slide'''
|| Welcome to this Spoken Tutorial on Layout and Excavation for Foundation.
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Learning Objectives'''
|| In this tutorial we will learn about,
* Different types of foundation soil
* Typical layout plan
* Tools for layout setting and excavation
* Setting the layout for foundation
* Process of excavation and
* Safety measures
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Prerequisites'''
|| To practise this tutorial, learners should be familiar with basic construction methods.
|-
|| '''Types of foundation soil.'''

1a-blackcotton-soil.jpeg

1b.sandy soil.jpg

1c.Hard rock.jpg

1d.wet-clay.jpg
|| We will begin with types of foundation soil.

|-
|| 2.Type-of- foundation- soil.png
|| The selection criteria for foundation depends on:

soil condition.

load from structure to be constructed

water table and other factors.
|-
|| 3.Hard rock.jpg
|| '''Hard murum and hard rocks'''

Hard murum and hard rocks are the most suitable foundation strata.

In this there is minimum risk of soil settlement.

A 2 brick thick wall foundation with good quality bricks is required.

|-
|| 4.soft-murum.jpg

5.Plinth-Beam.jpg
|| '''Sandy clay, soft murum and rock'''

These soils lose some strength when wet.

A 2.5 brick thick wall foundation with good quality bricks is required.

RCC band at plinth level has to be provided to prevent unequal settlement.

|-
|| 6a.black-cotton-soil.jpg

6b.blackcotton-soil.jpeg

6c.black-cotton-soil-ontop.jpg

6d.black-cotton-soil-sandy-soil.jpg

|| '''Black cotton soil'''

Black cotton soil is not good for foundation.

It swells when wet and shrinks with wide cracks when dry.

If black cotton soil is available in shallow depth, it has to be removed.

RCC strip foundation and plinth band for brick wall has to be provided.

It will protect from unequal settlement.

|-
|| 7a.sandy soil.jpg

7b.strip footing.jpg

7b.strip footing.jpg
|| '''Sandy soil'''

Sandy strata are not good for foundation.

It changes volume considerably due to moisture.

Soil protection has to be provided to avoid high risk of soil erosion.

RCC strip footing and plinth band has to be provided.

|-
|| 8.wet-clay.jpg

9.Dry-rubble-soiling.jpg

9a.wodden-compactor.png

9b.wooden-compactor-with measurements.png

10.clay-and-filled-soil.png

|| '''Clay'''

Clay has good strength when it is dry but it is very weak when it is wet.

There is a high risk for foundation settlement.

To prevent foundation settlement, dry rubble soling has to be provided.

Here, hard stone of 25 to 60 cm size with flat surface down is required.

Compaction has to be done for 3 days using a wooden circular block.

A Circular block of 35 cm diameter and 1 m height with 2 handles is used.

RCC strip footing and plinth band for unequal settlement has to be provided.

A 2.5 brick thick wall foundation using good quality bricks has to be built on such soils.

|-
|| 11.filled soil.jpeg
|| '''Filled soil'''

Suitability of foundation on filled soil depends on type of soil and its compaction.

Proper compaction of soil is required.

RCC strip footing and plinth band for unequal settlement has to be provided.

|-
|| Only Narration
|| '''Layout plan'''
|-
|| 12.ground-floor.png
|| First we will discuss a typical 2 room layout plan.

Minimum carpet area admissible is 25 square metres.

In case of a 2 room house the first room preferably, has to be bigger in size.

Its size has to be 9 sq m, with a minimum width of 2.5 m.

Second room’s size has to be 6.5 sq m with a minimum width of 2.1 m.

Minimum area of individual kitchen may be 2.7 sq m with a minimum width of 1.5 m.

Minimum size of combined bath and WC shall be 1.8 sq m with minimum width of 1 m.

Width of the verandah may be 1.8 to 3.0 m.

Room sizes can be altered within provisions of National building code of india.

|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Tools'''
|| Tools for setting the layout and excavation.
|-
|| 13a.iron-arrows.jpeg

13b.iron arrow.png
|| '''Iron arrows'''

These are used to fix the points on the ground.
|-
|| 14a.liness-pins.jpg

14b.lines-pins.jpg
|| '''Line and pins'''

Lines and pins are used for marking the lines on the ground.
|-
||15a.measuring-tape.jpg

15b.measuring tape.png
|| '''Measuring tape'''

Measuring tape is used to measure the dimensions on the ground.
|-
|| 16a.Diging Bar.jpg

16b.digging bar.jpg
|| '''Digging bar'''

Digging bar is used to loosen the soil.

|-
|| 17a.pickaxe.png

17b.pickaxe.jpg

|| '''Pick axe'''

Pick axe is used to excavate hard soil and soft rock.

|-
|| 18a.Chisel.jpg

18b.hammer.jpg
|| '''Chisel and hammer'''

Chisel and hammer are used to cut the rock.

|-
|| 19a.hoe.jpg

19b.hoe.png
|| '''Hoe'''

Hoe is used to excavate soft or loosened material.
|-
|| 20a.head-pan.jpg

20b.headpan.png
||

'''Head pan'''

Head pan is used to carry the excavated soil out of the site or to refill the site.
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Steps for Setting the Layout '''
|| Steps for '''s'''etting the layout

Site cleaning and

Demarcation of the center line on the site.

|-
|| 21a.debris.jpg

21b.Cleared land.jpg

Make two images in to one image- combine
|| '''Site cleaning'''

Grass vegetation and debris if any has to be removed from the proposed building plot.

|-
|| 22a.layout marked with iron pegs.jpeg

22b.layout-with-measurements.png

23.markings-white-lime.jpg
|| '''Demarcation of the center line on the site'''.

For rectangular layout up to 16 m length, setting out can be done manually.

Set all the building corners on the ground using iron arrows.

The adjoining lines on the ground should be perpendicular to each other.

For this a simple perpendicularity theorem is used.

Sum of the squares of two perpendicular lines is equal to square of the third line.

Mark center lines for all the load bearing walls on the ground using white lime.

All marking should be done according to the typical layout plan.

|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Excavation'''
|| Foundation strata have to be checked before the process of excavation.

|-
||

24.Checking-excavation strata.jpeg
|| The foundation strata are checked using a crowbar.

It shall be a minimum 50 cm depth in normal cases.

If the crowbar is not easily penetrating in the soil, the strata are hard.

Such strata are good for laying the foundation.

In case of weak soils, advice from the technical support system is required.
|-
|| 25.losening-soil.jpg

26.Excavation.jpeg

27.foundation pit after excavation clay .jpeg

27a.Excavated foundation pit in hard moorum.jpg
|| Let us begin the process of excavation.

Loosen the soil using a digging bar and pick-axe.

Carry out the excavation using hoe.

Remove the excavated material.

Using a head pan, stack it beyond 2 meters or more.

This is to avoid falling of the soil in the pit again.

Carry out excavation up to 50 cm or more till hard strata is reached.
|-
|| 28.work-in-progress.jpg

29a.precaution.jpeg

29b.Water on pit.png
|| Safety precautions during excavation

Placing sign boards in the construction site is a must.''' '''

For deep foundations, care has to be taken to prevent collapse of side walls.

During monsoons the excavated pits get flooded with water.

Care has to be taken to prevent drowning incidents in these pits.
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''References '''
|| References

IS:1904-1986

IS: SP7-2005 National Building Code of India
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Summary '''
|| With this we come to the end of this tutorial.

Let us summarize.

In this tutorial we have learnt about,
* Different types of foundation soil
* Typical layout plan
* Tools for layout setting and excavation
* Setting the layout for foundation
* Process of excavation and
* Safety measures
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''About Spoken Tutorial project '''

|| The video at the following link summarizes the Spoken Tutorial project.

Please download and watch it.
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Spoken Tutorial workshops'''
|| The Spoken Tutorial Project team

conducts workshops and gives certificates.

For more details, please write to us.
|-
|| '''Slide '''

'''Forum for specific questions'''

Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

Please visit this site

[https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org/ https://forums.spoken-tutorial.org]

Choose the minute and second where you have the question

Explain your question briefly

The Spoken Tutorial project will ensure an answer

You will have to register to ask questions.
|| Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial?

Please visit this site

Choose the minute and second where you have the question

Explain your question briefly

The Spoken Tutorial project will ensure an answer

You will have to register to ask questions

|-
|| '''Slide'''

'''Acknowledgments'''
|| The Spoken tutorial project was established by the Ministry of education, government of India.

|-
|| '''Slide'''

'''Thank You'''
|| This tutorial is contributed by Dr. Narsingh Varma, Chitra Devi, Arthi Vardarajan and Madhuri Ganapathi from IIT Bombay.

Thank you for watching
|-
|}