https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Afrin 2026-04-22T10:44:30Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.23.17 https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php/Ruby_on_Rails 2013-01-10T12:05:13Z

<p>Afrin: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction ==<br /> '''Ruby on Rails''' is the web framework meant for building web based application.'''Ruby on Rails''' is also called in short as '''Rails''' and''' ROR.'''<br /> <br /> '''Ruby on Rail'''s was extracted by '''David Heinemeier Hansson''' from his work on Basecamp, a project management tool by 37signals (now a web application company).<br /> <br /> Ruby on Rails inherits the rich object oriented design from ruby programming language.Rails is a full-stack framework, meaning that it gives the Web developer the full ability to gather information from the web server, talking to or querying the database, and template rendering out of the box.In rails no compilation phase is required.You can develop a web application at least ten times faster with Rails than you can with a typical Java framework.It runs on all major operating systems like LINUX and Windows. <br /> <br /> In August 2006 the framework reached a milestone when Apple announced that it would ship Ruby on Rails with Mac OS X v10.5 &quot;Leopard&quot; which was released in October 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == ==<br /> <br /> #Hello Rails!<br /> #*Introduction<br /> #**What is Ruby On Rails <br /> #**Its benefits<br /> #*MVC(model/view/controller) Architecture<br /> #*REST<br /> #*Installation<br /> #*Verifying Rails installation by creating a demo application<br /> #Rails Installation in Windows<br /> #*How to install rails in windows through Rails Installer<br /> #Getting Started with Rails<br /> #*An introduction about the example application that is Library information system(LIS)<br /> #*ER Diagram representing the database schema<br /> #*Introduction to Rails command line tool <br /> #*Walk through the file system generated<br /> #*Step by step procedure of developing the application<br /> #**How to start the web server<br /> #**Creation of the database<br /> #**Establishing relationship between the models<br /> #Designing views for LIS<br /> #*Create views for both the models book and subject<br /> #Validation in Rails<br /> #*Introduction<br /> #**What is validation <br /> #**It's use<br /> #*Types of validation in rails<br /> #*Applying validation in library information system</div>

Afrin https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php/Ruby_on_Rails 2013-01-10T11:10:25Z

<p>Afrin: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction to Ruby On Rails==<br /> '''Ruby on Rails''' is the web framework meant for building web based application.'''Ruby on Rails''' is also called in short as '''Rails''' and''' ROR.'''<br /> <br /> '''Ruby on Rail'''s was extracted by '''David Heinemeier Hansson''' from his work on Basecamp, a project management tool by 37signals (now a web application company).<br /> <br /> Ruby on Rails inherits the rich object oriented design from ruby programming language. <br /> Ruby code written in a specific convention to call as Ruby on Rails.<br /> <br /> In August 2006 the framework reached a milestone when Apple announced that it would ship Ruby on Rails with Mac OS X v10.5 &quot;Leopard&quot; which was released in October 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == ==<br /> <br /> #Hello Rails!<br /> #*Introduction<br /> #**What is Ruby On Rails <br /> #**Its benefits<br /> #*MVC(model/view/controller) Architecture<br /> #*REST<br /> #*Installation<br /> #*Verifying Rails installation by creating a demo application<br /> #Rails Installation in Windows<br /> #*How to install rails in windows through Rails Installer<br /> #Getting Started with Rails<br /> #*An introduction about the example application that is Library information system(LIS)<br /> #*ER Diagram representing the database schema<br /> #*Introduction to Rails command line tool <br /> #*Walk through the file system generated<br /> #*Step by step procedure of developing the application<br /> #**How to start the web server<br /> #**Creation of the database<br /> #**Establishing relationship between the models<br /> #Designing views for LIS<br /> #*Create views for both the models book and subject<br /> #Validation in Rails<br /> #*Introduction<br /> #**What is validation <br /> #**It's use<br /> #*Types of validation in rails<br /> #*Applying validation in library information system</div>

Afrin https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php/Ruby_on_Rails 2013-01-10T10:57:38Z

<p>Afrin: </p> <hr /> <div>Ruby on Rails is the web framework meant for building web based application.<br /> Ruby on Rails is also called in short as Rails and RoR.<br /> <br /> Ruby on Rails was extracted by David Heinemeier Hansson from his work on Basecamp, a project management tool by 37signals (now a web application company).<br /> <br /> Ruby on Rails inherits the rich object oriented design from ruby programming language. <br /> Ruby code written in a specific convention to call as Ruby on Rails.<br /> <br /> In August 2006 the framework reached a milestone when Apple announced that it would ship Ruby on Rails with Mac OS X v10.5 &quot;Leopard&quot; which was released in October 2007.<br /> <br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> #Hello Rails !<br /> #*Introduction<br /> #**What is Ruby On Rails <br /> #**Its benefits<br /> #*MVC(model/view/controller) Architecture<br /> #*REST<br /> #*Installation<br /> #*Verifying Rails installation by creating a demo application<br /> #Rails Installation in Windows<br /> #*How to install rails in windows through Rails Installer<br /> #Getting Started with Rails<br /> #*An introduction about the example application that is Library information system(LIS)<br /> #*ER Diagram representing the database schema<br /> #*Introduction to Rails command line tool <br /> #*Walk through the file system generated<br /> #*Step by step procedure of developing the application<br /> #**How to start the web server<br /> #**Creation of the database<br /> #**Establishing relationship between the models</div>

Afrin https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php/Ruby 2013-01-10T08:07:37Z

<p>Afrin: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction to Ruby==<br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' has been described as an absolutely pure object-oriented scripting language and a genuine attempt to combine the best of everything in the scripting world.Its creator,''' Yukihiro “matz” Matsumoto''', blended parts of his favorite languages (Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and Lisp) to form a new language that balanced functional programming with imperative programming.'''Ruby''' is written in '''C''', and it was designed with Perl and Python capabilities in mind.<br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' supports multiple programming paradigms including '''functional, object oriented, imperative and reflective.''' It also has a '''dynamic type system''' and '''automatic memory management'''.It's consistency and it's object model make it easy to use. The syntax is simple, clean, and readable, with an expressiveness that gives your code a natural flow. <br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' is also a great general purpose language. It can be used to write scripts and can be also used to create full scale, standalone GUI based applications.It is also great for serving web pages, generating dynamic web page content and excels at database access tasks. <br /> <br /> Being an interpreted language means that''' Ruby''' is''' portable'''. Once an application has been developed in Ruby it will run equally well on Ruby supported platforms such as '''Linux, UNIX, Windows and MacOS X. <br /> '''<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> ==Basic Level==<br /> # Hello Ruby<br /> #* Introduction to Ruby <br /> #** What is Ruby?<br /> #** Features<br /> #** Ruby gems<br /> #** Help on ruby<br /> #* Installation <br /> #** Installation of ruby 1.9 through Ubuntu Software Centre<br /> #** Other methods to install ruby<br /> #***Rvm (ruby version manager)<br /> #***Rbenv<br /> #* Running ruby code <br /> #** Three ways to execute ruby code <br /> #*** Interactive ruby<br /> #*** As a file<br /> #*** From commandline<br /> #** Example :Hello World<br /> #*Commenting in Ruby <br /> #**How to add comments<br /> #***single line comments<br /> #***multiple line or block comments<br /> #* Difference between Puts and Print in ruby <br /> #**Explaining the difference by using example<br /> #Variables in Ruby<br /> #* Introduction <br /> #**Ruby and variable Dynamic typing<br /> #**Declaring a variable<br /> #**Changing variable type<br /> #**Converting the var value i.e to float,string,binary etc<br /> #*Scope of Variables <br /> #**What is variable scope<br /> #**Types of variables<br /> #***Global variable<br /> #***local variable<br /> #***class variable<br /> #***instance variable<br /> #***constant variable<br /> #Ruby Methods<br /> #* What is method<br /> #**Working with methods<br /> #**Declaring and Calling a method<br /> #*Passing arguments to a method <br /> #*Passing value to a method <br /> #*Returning value from a method<br /> #Arithmetic &amp; Relational Operators in Ruby<br /> #*Arithmetic Operators<br /> #** Demostrating arithemtic operators like +,-,/,%,* using irb<br /> #*Operator Precedence<br /> #*Relational Operators<br /> #**Demostrating arithemtic operators like ==,!=,&lt;,&gt;,&lt;= ,&gt;= using irb<br /> #Logical &amp; other operators <br /> #*Logical operator<br /> #**Demostrating logical operators like and (&amp;&amp;),or(||),not(!) using irb<br /> #*Parallel assignment<br /> #*Range operators<br /> #**Inclusive Operator(..)<br /> #**Exclusive operator (...)<br /> #Control Statements in Ruby<br /> #*What are control statements<br /> #*Syntax for<br /> #**if statement<br /> #**if..else statement<br /> #**if..elsif statement<br /> #**Examples on it<br /> #*Ternary Operator<br /> #*Syntax for case statement and example on it<br /> #*Comparison between if..elsif and case statement<br /> ==Intermediate level== <br /> #Looping Statements<br /> #*Loops<br /> #**Understanding the flow of loop<br /> #*Syntax for<br /> #**while loop<br /> #**until<br /> #**unless<br /> #* Examples based on this loops<br /> #Looping Methods<br /> #*Syntax for <br /> #**for loop<br /> #**times method<br /> #**upto method<br /> #**downto method<br /> #*Examples based on the above methods<br /> #Creating Strings in Ruby<br /> #*What is string<br /> #**Learning to create and manipulate the strings<br /> #*Performing operation on string like<br /> #**String length <br /> #**String concatenation<br /> #**String Comparison<br /> #**String Replacement &amp; substitution<br /> #**String conversion to<br /> #***Array<br /> #***Uppercase<br /> #***Other object type<br /> #Collections in Ruby<br /> #*Array<br /> #**What is an array<br /> #**Creating a new array<br /> #**Iterating the array using each loop<br /> #**Operation on array like sorting, reversing<br /> #*Hashes<br /> #**What is hash<br /> #**Difference between hash and array<br /> #**Creating and accessing the hash<br /> ==Advanced level== <br /> #Ruby Object Oriented Programming<br /> #*Class<br /> #**What is Class<br /> #**What is Object<br /> #**Defining Ruby Class<br /> #**Creating Object from Class<br /> #*Variables<br /> #**Class Variable<br /> #**Instance Variable<br /> #*Methods<br /> #**Instance Methods<br /> #**Accessor Methods<br /> #*Access Control<br /> #**Explaining the access specifier<br /> #***public <br /> #***private<br /> #***protected<br /> #Class Inheritance &amp; Duck typing<br /> #*Introduction<br /> #**What is inheritance<br /> #**Superclass &amp; subclass<br /> #**Type of inheritance<br /> #*Single Inheritance <br /> #*Mixin in ruby<br /> #**Implementing multiple inheritance using module<br /> #*Duck typing<br /> #**What is duck typing<br /> #**Example<br /> #Files in Ruby<br /> #*Creating files<br /> #*Reading and Writing files<br /> #*Opening an existing file<br /> #*Delete and rename files<br /> #Exception Handling<br /> #*Introduction <br /> #**What is exception<br /> #**Exception class<br /> #**User Defined Exception<br /> #*Raising Exception<br /> #*Rescuing Exception<br /> #*Catch and throw</div>

Afrin https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php/Ruby 2013-01-10T08:00:10Z

<p>Afrin: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction to Ruby==<br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' has been described as an absolutely pure object-oriented scripting language and a genuine attempt to combine the best of everything in the scripting world.Its creator,''' Yukihiro “matz” Matsumoto''', blended parts of his favorite languages (Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and Lisp) to form a new language that balanced functional programming with imperative programming.'''Ruby''' is written in '''C''', and it was designed with Perl and Python capabilities in mind.<br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' supports multiple programming paradigms including '''functional, object oriented, imperative and reflective.''' It also has a '''dynamic type system''' and '''automatic memory management'''.It's consistency and it's object model make it easy to use. The syntax is simple, clean, and readable, with an expressiveness that gives your code a natural flow. <br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' is also a great general purpose language. It can be used to write scripts and can be also used to create full scale, standalone GUI based applications.It is also great for serving web pages, generating dynamic web page content and excels at database access tasks. <br /> <br /> Being an interpreted language means that''' Ruby''' is''' portable'''. Once an application has been developed in Ruby it will run equally well on Ruby supported platforms such as '''Linux, UNIX, Windows and MacOS X. <br /> '''<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> ==Basic Level==<br /> # Hello Ruby<br /> #* Introduction to Ruby <br /> #** What is Ruby?<br /> #** Features<br /> #** Ruby gems<br /> #** Help on ruby<br /> #* Installation <br /> #** Installation of ruby 1.9 through Ubuntu Software Centre<br /> #** Other methods to install ruby<br /> #***Rvm (ruby version manager)<br /> #***Rbenv<br /> #* Running ruby code <br /> #** Three ways to execute ruby code <br /> #*** Interactive ruby<br /> #*** As a file<br /> #*** From commandline<br /> #** Example :Hello World<br /> #*Commenting in Ruby <br /> #**How to add comments<br /> #***single line comments<br /> #***multiple line or block comments<br /> #* Difference between Puts and Print in ruby <br /> #**Explaining the difference by using example<br /> #Variables in Ruby<br /> #* Introduction <br /> #**Ruby and variable Dynamic typing<br /> #**Declaring a variable<br /> #**Changing variable type<br /> #**Converting the var value i.e to float,string,binary etc<br /> #*Scope of Variables <br /> #**What is variable scope<br /> #**Types of variables<br /> #***Global variable<br /> #***local variable<br /> #***class variable<br /> #***instance variable<br /> #***constant variable<br /> #Ruby Methods<br /> #* What is method<br /> #**Working with methods<br /> #**Declaring and Calling a method<br /> #*Passing arguments to a method <br /> #*Passing value to a method <br /> #*Returning value from a method<br /> #Arithmetic &amp; Relational Operators in Ruby<br /> #*Arithmetic Operators<br /> #** Demostrating arithemtic operators like +,-,/,%,* using irb<br /> #*Operator Precedence<br /> #*Relational Operators<br /> #**Demostrating arithemtic operators like ==,!=,&lt;,&gt;,&lt;= ,&gt;= using irb<br /> #Logical &amp; other operators <br /> #*Logical operator<br /> #**Demostrating logical operators like and (&amp;&amp;),or(||),not(!) using irb<br /> #*Parallel assignment<br /> #*Range operators<br /> #**Inclusive Operator(..)<br /> #**Exclusive operator (...)<br /> #Control Statements in Ruby<br /> #*What are control statements<br /> #*Syntax for<br /> #**if statement<br /> #**if..else statement<br /> #**if..elsif statement<br /> #**Examples on it<br /> #*Ternary Operator<br /> #*Syntax for case statement and example on it<br /> #*Comparison between if..elsif and case statement<br /> ==Intermediate level== <br /> #Looping Statements<br /> #*Loops<br /> #**Understanding the flow of loop<br /> #*Syntax for<br /> #**while loop<br /> #**until<br /> #**unless<br /> #* Examples based on this loops<br /> #Looping Methods<br /> #*Syntax for <br /> #**for loop<br /> #**times method<br /> #**upto method<br /> #**downto method<br /> #*Examples based on the above methods<br /> #Creating Strings in Ruby<br /> #*What is string<br /> #**Learning to create and manipulate the strings<br /> #*Performing operation on string like<br /> #**String length <br /> #**String concatenation<br /> #**String Comparison<br /> #**String Replacement &amp; substitution<br /> #**String conversion to<br /> #***Array<br /> #***Uppercase<br /> #***Other object type<br /> #Collections in Ruby<br /> #*Array<br /> #**What is an array<br /> #**Creating a new array<br /> #**Iterating the array using each loop<br /> #**Operation on array like sorting, reversing<br /> #*Hashes<br /> #**What is hash<br /> #**Difference between hash and array<br /> #**Creating and accessing the hash<br /> ==Advanced level== <br /> #Ruby Object Oriented Programming<br /> #*Class<br /> #**What is Class<br /> #**What is Object<br /> #**Defining Ruby Class<br /> #**Creating Object from Class<br /> #*Variables<br /> #**Class Variable<br /> #**Instance Variable<br /> #*Methods<br /> #**Instance Methods<br /> #**Accessor Methods<br /> #*Access Control<br /> #**Explaining the access specifier<br /> #***public <br /> #***private<br /> #***protected<br /> #Class Inheritance &amp; Duck typing<br /> #*Introduction<br /> #**What is inheritance<br /> #**Superclass &amp; subclass<br /> #**Type of inheritance<br /> #*Single Inheritance <br /> #*Mixin in ruby<br /> #**Implementing multiple inheritance using module<br /> #*Duck typing<br /> #**What is duck typing<br /> #**Example</div>

Afrin https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php/Ruby 2013-01-10T07:44:31Z

<p>Afrin: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction to Ruby==<br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' has been described as an absolutely pure object-oriented scripting language and a genuine attempt to combine the best of everything in the scripting world.Its creator,''' Yukihiro “matz” Matsumoto''', blended parts of his favorite languages (Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and Lisp) to form a new language that balanced functional programming with imperative programming.'''Ruby''' is written in '''C''', and it was designed with Perl and Python capabilities in mind.<br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' supports multiple programming paradigms including '''functional, object oriented, imperative and reflective.''' It also has a '''dynamic type system''' and '''automatic memory management'''.It's consistency and it's object model make it easy to use. The syntax is simple, clean, and readable, with an expressiveness that gives your code a natural flow. <br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' is also a great general purpose language. It can be used to write scripts and can be also used to create full scale, standalone GUI based applications.It is also great for serving web pages, generating dynamic web page content and excels at database access tasks. <br /> <br /> Being an interpreted language means that''' Ruby''' is''' portable'''. Once an application has been developed in Ruby it will run equally well on Ruby supported platforms such as '''Linux, UNIX, Windows and MacOS X. <br /> '''<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> ==Basic Level==<br /> # Hello Ruby<br /> #* Introduction to Ruby <br /> #** What is Ruby?<br /> #** Features<br /> #** Ruby gems<br /> #** Help on ruby<br /> #* Installation <br /> #** Installation of ruby 1.9 through Ubuntu Software Centre<br /> #** Other methods to install ruby<br /> #***Rvm (ruby version manager)<br /> #***Rbenv<br /> #* Running ruby code <br /> #** Three ways to execute ruby code <br /> #*** Interactive ruby<br /> #*** As a file<br /> #*** From commandline<br /> #** Example :Hello World<br /> #*Commenting in Ruby <br /> #**How to add comments<br /> #***single line comments<br /> #***multiple line or block comments<br /> #* Difference between Puts and Print in ruby <br /> #**Explaining the difference by using example<br /> #Variables in Ruby<br /> #* Introduction <br /> #**Ruby and variable Dynamic typing<br /> #**Declaring a variable<br /> #**Changing variable type<br /> #**Converting the var value i.e to float,string,binary etc<br /> #*Scope of Variables <br /> #**What is variable scope<br /> #**Types of variables<br /> #***Global variable<br /> #***local variable<br /> #***class variable<br /> #***instance variable<br /> #***constant variable<br /> #Ruby Methods<br /> #* What is method<br /> #**Working with methods<br /> #**Declaring and Calling a method<br /> #*Passing arguments to a method <br /> #*Passing value to a method <br /> #*Returning value from a method<br /> #Arithmetic &amp; Relational Operators in Ruby<br /> #*Arithmetic Operators<br /> #** Demostrating arithemtic operators like +,-,/,%,* using irb<br /> #*Operator Precedence<br /> #*Relational Operators<br /> #**Demostrating arithemtic operators like ==,!=,&lt;,&gt;,&lt;= ,&gt;= using irb<br /> #Logical &amp; other operators <br /> #*Logical operator<br /> #**Demostrating logical operators like and (&amp;&amp;),or(||),not(!) using irb<br /> #*Parallel assignment<br /> #*Range operators<br /> #**Inclusive Operator(..)<br /> #**Exclusive operator (...)<br /> #Control Statements in Ruby<br /> #*What are control statements<br /> #*Syntax for<br /> #**if statement<br /> #**if..else statement<br /> #**if..elsif statement<br /> #**Examples on it<br /> #*Ternary Operator<br /> #*Syntax for case statement and example on it<br /> #*Comparison between if..elsif and case statement<br /> ==Intermediate level== <br /> #Looping Statements<br /> #*Loops<br /> #**Understanding the flow of loop<br /> #*Syntax for<br /> #**while loop<br /> #**until<br /> #**unless<br /> #* Examples based on this loops<br /> #Looping Methods<br /> #*Syntax for <br /> #**for loop<br /> #**times method<br /> #**upto method<br /> #**downto method<br /> #*Examples based on the above methods<br /> #Creating Strings in Ruby<br /> #*What is string<br /> #**Learning to create and manipulate the strings<br /> #*Performing operation on string like<br /> #**String length <br /> #**String concatenation<br /> #**String Comparison<br /> #**String Replacement &amp; substitution<br /> #**String conversion to<br /> #***Array<br /> #***Uppercase<br /> #***Other object type<br /> #Collections in Ruby<br /> #*Array<br /> #**What is an array<br /> #**Creating a new array<br /> #**Iterating the array using each loop<br /> #**Operation on array like sorting, reversing<br /> #*Hashes<br /> #**What is hash<br /> #**Difference between hash and array<br /> #**Creating and accessing the hash<br /> #</div>

Afrin https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php/Ruby 2013-01-10T07:17:57Z

<p>Afrin: Created page with '==Introduction to Ruby== '''Ruby''' has been described as an absolutely pure object-oriented scripting language and a genuine attempt to combine the best of everything in the sc…'</p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction to Ruby==<br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' has been described as an absolutely pure object-oriented scripting language and a genuine attempt to combine the best of everything in the scripting world.Its creator,''' Yukihiro “matz” Matsumoto''', blended parts of his favorite languages (Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and Lisp) to form a new language that balanced functional programming with imperative programming.'''Ruby''' is written in '''C''', and it was designed with Perl and Python capabilities in mind.<br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' supports multiple programming paradigms including '''functional, object oriented, imperative and reflective.''' It also has a '''dynamic type system''' and '''automatic memory management'''.It's consistency and it's object model make it easy to use. The syntax is simple, clean, and readable, with an expressiveness that gives your code a natural flow. <br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' is also a great general purpose language. It can be used to write scripts and can be also used to create full scale, standalone GUI based applications.It is also great for serving web pages, generating dynamic web page content and excels at database access tasks. <br /> <br /> Being an interpreted language means that''' Ruby''' is''' portable'''. Once an application has been developed in Ruby it will run equally well on Ruby supported platforms such as '''Linux, UNIX, Windows and MacOS X. <br /> '''<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> ==Basic Level==<br /> # Hello Ruby<br /> #* Introduction to Ruby <br /> #** What is Ruby?<br /> #** Features<br /> #** Ruby gems<br /> #** Help on ruby<br /> #* Installation <br /> #** Installation of ruby 1.9 through Ubuntu Software Centre<br /> #** Other methods to install ruby<br /> #***Rvm (ruby version manager)<br /> #***Rbenv<br /> #* Running ruby code <br /> #** Three ways to execute ruby code <br /> #*** Interactive ruby<br /> #*** As a file<br /> #*** From commandline<br /> #** Example :Hello World<br /> #*Commenting in Ruby <br /> #**How to add comments<br /> #***single line comments<br /> #***multiple line or block comments<br /> #* Difference between Puts and Print in ruby <br /> #**Explaining the difference by using example<br /> #Variables in Ruby<br /> #* Introduction <br /> #**Ruby and variable Dynamic typing<br /> #**Declaring a variable<br /> #**Changing variable type<br /> #**Converting the var value i.e to float,string,binary etc<br /> #*Scope of Variables <br /> #**What is variable scope<br /> #**Types of variables<br /> #***Global variable<br /> #***local variable<br /> #***class variable<br /> #***instance variable<br /> #***constant variable<br /> #Ruby Methods<br /> #* What is method<br /> #**Working with methods<br /> #**Declaring and Calling a method<br /> #*Passing arguments to a method <br /> #*Passing value to a method <br /> #*Returning value from a method<br /> #Arithmetic &amp; Relational Operators in Ruby<br /> #*Arithmetic Operators<br /> #** Demostrating arithemtic operators like +,-,/,%,* using irb<br /> #*Operator Precedence<br /> #*Relational Operators<br /> #**Demostrating arithemtic operators like ==,!=,&lt;,&gt;,&lt;= ,&gt;= using irb<br /> #Logical &amp; other operators <br /> #*Logical operator<br /> #**Demostrating logical operators like and (&amp;&amp;),or(||),not(!) using irb<br /> #*Parallel assignment<br /> #*Range operators<br /> #**Inclusive Operator(..)<br /> #**Exclusive operator (...)<br /> #Control Statements in Ruby<br /> #*What are control statements<br /> #*Syntax for<br /> #**if statement<br /> #**if..else statement<br /> #**if..elsif statement<br /> #**Examples on it<br /> #*Ternary Operator<br /> #*Syntax for case statement and example on it<br /> #*Comparison between if..elsif and case statement<br /> ==Intermediate level== <br /> #Looping Statements<br /> #*Loops<br /> #**Understanding the flow of loop<br /> #*Syntax for</div>

Afrin https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php/Ruby/C2/Ruby-Methods/English 2013-01-08T12:48:35Z

<p>Afrin: Created page with ''''Title of script''': Ruby Methods '''Author:'''Afrin Pinjari '''Keywords: '''method,method syntax, return, video tutorial {| style=&quot;border-spacing:0;&quot; ! &lt;center&gt;Visual Cue…'</p> <hr /> <div>'''Title of script''': Ruby Methods<br /> <br /> '''Author:'''Afrin Pinjari<br /> <br /> '''Keywords: '''method,method syntax, return, video tutorial<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;border-spacing:0;&quot;<br /> ! &lt;center&gt;Visual Cue&lt;/center&gt;<br /> ! &lt;center&gt;Narration&lt;/center&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 1<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on '''Ruby Methods'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 2<br /> <br /> Learning Objective<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| In this tutorial we will learn<br /> <br /> * What is a '''method''' ?<br /> * Syntax for '''method''' and<br /> * Some examples<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 3<br /> <br /> System Requirement<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we are using<br /> <br /> * '''Ubuntu Linux '''version 12.04 <br /> * '''Ruby''' 1.9.3<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 4<br /> <br /> Pre-requisites<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| To follow this tutorial you must have knowledge of using '''Terminal '''and '''Text editor '''in '''Linux'''. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 5<br /> <br /> What is Methods<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let us now start with an introduction to '''methods.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> A '''Method''' is a self-contained program executing a specific task. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Ruby method''' is very similar to functions in any other programming language.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 6 <br /> <br /> Method<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Method''' name should begin with a lowercase letter.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Methods''' should be defined before calling them.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 7<br /> <br /> Syntax for Method<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let us see the syntax of '''Method'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''def method_name(arguments)'''<br /> <br /> '''ruby code'''<br /> <br /> '''end'''<br /> <br /> '''OR'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''def method_name ()'''<br /> <br /> '''ruby code'''<br /> <br /> '''end'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Methods '''are defined using the keyword '''def''' followed by the '''method''' name.<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''arguments''' specify values that are passed to the '''method''', to be processed. <br /> <br /> <br /> The '''ruby code''' section represents the body of the <br /> <br /> '''method''' that performs the processing.'' ''<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''method''' body is enclosed by this definition on the top and the word '''end''' on the bottom<br /> <br /> This is called as method with arguments.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 7<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Another syntax for method is<br /> <br /> <br /> The keyword '''def '''followed by the '''method name''' and an empty argument list<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''ruby code''' section represents the body of the <br /> <br /> '''method''' .'' ''<br /> <br /> <br /> The word end marks end of method<br /> <br /> <br /> This is called as method without arguments.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Switch to the editor – gedit.<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let's see how to use a method.<br /> <br /> <br /> I have already typed a program in the '''gedit''' editor. <br /> <br /> Let me open it.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Point to the filename on the Title bar.<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Please note that our filename is '''method-without-argument.rb'''<br /> <br /> <br /> I have saved the file inside our '''rubyprogram''' folder.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| In this program we will calculate the sum of two numbers using '''method'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let us go through the program.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight''' $a=5 '''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we have declared a global variable '''a.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> And we have initialized it by assigning value of '''5'''. <br /> <br /> <br /> Global variable names are prefixed with a''' dollar sign ($)'''.''' '''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Global variables are accessible from anywhere in the '''Ruby''' program;<br /> <br /> <br /> regardless of where they are declared.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''def add()'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we have declared a method '''add''' without any arguments.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''print&quot;Enter the second number:&quot;'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we ask the user to enter the second number.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''b=gets.to_i'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| User will enter the value. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''gets'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''gets method''' gets user input from the console but in '''string '''format.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''to_i'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| So we need to convert it into '''integer''', using '''to_i '''method.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''b'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| The converted value is stored in the variable '''b .'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''b '''is a local variable.<br /> <br /> <br /> It is available only to the '''method''' inside which it is declared.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''sum=$a+b'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we add the values of global variable '''a '''and variable '''b.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> The result is stored in variable '''sum.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''puts&quot;Sum of#{ $a} &amp; #{b} is #{sum}&quot;'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Then we print the '''sum.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''&lt;nowiki&gt;#{sum}&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| This shows a way of inserting a variable within a string.<br /> <br /> Here the content of '''sum''' is returned as a '''string''' and is<br /> <br /> substituted into the outer '''string'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''end'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''end''' marks end of the method.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| There are two types of methods.<br /> <br /> '''User-defined method''' - that is our '''add''' method.<br /> <br /> '''Pre-defined method '''- that is '''print''', '''gets''' and '''to_i''' method.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''add()'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we call the '''add '''method.<br /> <br /> The addition operation will be performed and the result will be <br /> <br /> printed. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Click on '''Save.'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now let us click on '''Save. '''<br /> <br /> This program will be saved in''' rubyprogram''' folder as mentioned earlier.<br /> <br /> <br /> Now let us execute the program.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Press '''Ctrl+Alt+t'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Switch to Terminal'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Open the terminal by pressing the '''Ctrl, Alt and T '''keys simultaneously. <br /> <br /> <br /> A terminal window appears on the screen.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| To execute the program, we need to go to the subdirectory '''rubyprogram'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type '''cd Desktop/rubyprogram'''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt; Press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| So let's type '''cd'' '''''space'' '''''Desktop/rubyprogram'' '''''and press'' '''''Enter.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type''' ruby method-without-argument.rb'''&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;&lt;Press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type '''ruby '''space '''method-without-argument.rb''' and press '''Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Enter the second number '''is displayed.<br /> <br /> I will enter value as '''4.'''<br /> <br /> type 4 and press enter<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''Sum of two numbers 5 and 4 is 9'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We get the output as - <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Sum of two numbers 5 and 4 is 9'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Switch back to editor'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now let us see an example of '''method''' with arguments. <br /> <br /> I have already typed this program in the '''gedit''' editor, so let me open it.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Point to the filename in the '''Title bar.'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Please note that our filename is '''method-with-argument.rb'''<br /> <br /> <br /> I have saved this file also inside the '''rubyprogram''' folder.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let us go through the program.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''def add(a ,b)'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we have declared a '''method''' called '''add.''' <br /> <br /> '''a,b''' are the arguments of the '''method add. '''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight''' return a+b '''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here the values of '''a''' and '''b''' are added.<br /> <br /> And the sum is returned to the '''method '''call.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''end'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''end''' marks the end of method.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''puts&quot;Enter the values of a and b&quot;'''<br /> <br /> '''a=gets.to_i'''<br /> <br /> '''b=gets.to_i'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we are asking the user for input. <br /> <br /> <br /> User will enter the values of a and b. <br /> <br /> <br /> The values will be stored in variable '''a''' and variable '''b, '''respectively.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''c=add(a,b)'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we call the '''method''' '''add'''<br /> <br /> Then we pass the arguments as '''a''' and '''b.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''c'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| The value returned by the '''method add''' ,''' '''after performing the addition operation will be stored in '''c.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''puts&quot;Sum of two number #{a} and #{b} is #{c}&quot;'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we print the sum which is store in '''c'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Switch back to terminal<br /> <br /> <br /> Type '''clear'''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;Press Enter &lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Lets execute this code.<br /> <br /> Go to the terminal.<br /> <br /> Let us first clear the terminal<br /> <br /> Type''' clear''' and press enter<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Point to the command prompt to show subdirectory '''rubyprogram'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We are already in the subdirectory '''rubyprogram.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Replace<br /> <br /> '''ruby method-with-argument.rb '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt; Press&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now, press the up arrow key twice to get the previous command.<br /> <br /> Replace '''method-without-arguments.rb''' with '''method-with-arguments.rb '''<br /> <br /> <br /> Press''' Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Enter the values of a and b '''is displayed.<br /> <br /> I will enter''' 8 '''and''' 9.'''<br /> <br /> Type 8 and press Enter<br /> <br /> Type 9 and press Enter<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''Sum of two numbers 8 and 9 is 17'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We get the output as<br /> <br /> '''Sum of two numbers 8 and 9 is 17.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;pause&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now I will show you one important feature of '''Ruby''' '''method.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Switch back to the text editor<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let's go back to the program in the text editor.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Delete the keyword r'''eturn.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Click on Save'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now click on '''Save''' button.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Switch back to terminal<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let's execute the code.<br /> <br /> <br /> Go to the terminal.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Replace<br /> <br /> '''ruby method-with-argument.rb '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt; Press&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Press the up arrow key to get the previous command.<br /> <br /> <br /> Press''' Enter.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Enter the values of a and b '''is displayed. <br /> <br /> I will enter''' 10 '''and''' 15.'''<br /> <br /> Type 10 and press Enter<br /> <br /> Type 15 and press Enter<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''Sum of two numbers 10 and 15 is 25'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We get the output as<br /> <br /> '''Sum of two numbers10 and 15 is 25. '''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We can see that the program is executed without any error, even after deleting the keyword '''return.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Switch back to the program'''<br /> <br /> '''Highlight a+b '''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| This is because '''Ruby '''automatically returns the value calculated in the '''method.'''<br /> <br /> The keyword '''return''' in '''method''' is optional in '''Ruby.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;Pause&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> This brings us to the end of this Spoken Tutorial.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 11<br /> <br /> <br /> Summary<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let us switch back to slides<br /> <br /> Let's summarize<br /> <br /> <br /> In this tutorial we have learnt<br /> <br /> * About '''Methods'''<br /> * Syntax <br /> * '''Method''' without arguments<br /> * '''Method''' with arguments<br /> * Returning value from '''method'''&lt;br/&gt; <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 13<br /> <br /> Assignment<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| As an assignment<br /> <br /> Write a program <br /> <br /> * to calculate area of a square <br /> * by using '''method '''and<br /> * by getting the input from user <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 14<br /> <br /> About the Spoken Tutorial Project<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Watch the video available at the following link.<br /> <br /> <br /> It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.<br /> <br /> If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and <br /> <br /> watch it. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 15<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team :<br /> <br /> <br /> Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials <br /> <br /> Gives certificates to those who pass an online test <br /> <br /> For more details, please write to<br /> <br /> [mailto:contact@spoken-tutorial.org contact@spoken-tutorial.org]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 16<br /> <br /> <br /> Acknowledgement<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project.<br /> <br /> It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.<br /> <br /> More information on this Mission is available at: <br /> <br /> spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro.<br /> <br /> This is Afrin Pinjari from IIT Bombay, signing off.<br /> <br /> Thank you for watching.<br /> <br /> |}</div>

Afrin https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php/Ruby/C2/Variables-in-Ruby/English 2013-01-08T12:28:19Z

<p>Afrin: Created page with ''''Title of script''': Variables in Ruby '''Author: Afrin pinjari''' '''Keywords: to_s, to_i, video tutorial, local variable, global variable''' {| style=&quot;border-spacing:0;…'</p> <hr /> <div>'''Title of script''': Variables in Ruby<br /> <br /> '''Author: Afrin pinjari'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Keywords: to_s, to_i, video tutorial, local variable, global variable'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;border-spacing:0;&quot;<br /> ! &lt;center&gt;Visual Clue&lt;/center&gt;<br /> ! &lt;center&gt;Narration&lt;/center&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 1<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| &lt;center&gt;Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on &lt;/center&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;center&gt;Variables in '''Ruby'''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 2<br /> <br /> Learning Objectives<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| In this tutorial we will learn<br /> <br /> * What is a variable?<br /> * Dynamic typing in '''Ruby'''<br /> * Declaring a variable<br /> * Converting variable types <br /> * What is variable's scope?<br /> * Types of variables<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 3<br /> <br /> System Requirements<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we are using <br /> <br /> * '''Ubuntu''' Linux version 12.04 <br /> * '''Ruby''' 1.9.3<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 4<br /> <br /> Pre-requisites<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| To follow this tutorial you must have knowledge of using''' Terminal''' in '''Linux.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> You must also be familiar with '''irb'''<br /> <br /> <br /> If not, for relevant tutorials, please visit our website<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 5<br /> <br /> Variables<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now I will explain what a variable is.<br /> <br /> <br /> * Variable is used to store a value.<br /> * Variable is a reference that can be assigned.<br /> * Please note that '''Ruby '''variables are''' case sensitive.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 6<br /> <br /> Variables<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| * Variable names should be '''meaningful'''. <br /> * Variable name may only contain lowercase letters, numbers and underscores. <br /> * Ex : first_name<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 7<br /> <br /> Dynamic Typing <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now''' '''let us see what is dynamic typing<br /> <br /> * '''Ruby''' is a dynamic typed language.<br /> * It means that you '''don't''' need to declare '''datatype''' while creating a variable.<br /> <br /> * '''Ruby interpreter '''determines the data type at the time of assignment.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now let us see how to declare a variable in '''Ruby.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Press '''Ctrl+Alt+t'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Switch to the terminal<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Open the terminal by pressing '''Ctrl,Alt''' and''' T '''keys simultaneously.<br /> <br /> <br /> A terminal window appears on your screen.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''irb'''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;Press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type''' '''<br /> <br /> '''irb'''<br /> <br /> Press '''Enter '''to launch '''Interactive Ruby'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type <br /> <br /> '''var1=10 '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now type <br /> <br /> '''var1''' equal to '''10 '''<br /> <br /> Press '''Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''var1'''<br /> <br /> Highlight '''10'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we have declared a variable '''var1''' and assigned a value '''10 '''to it'''.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let's check whether the datatype allotted by the interpreter is <br /> <br /> '''integer '''or not''' . '''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''var1.kind_of?Integer '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt; press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| So, type <br /> <br /> '''var1 '''dot '''kind''' underscore '''of '''question mark '''Integer'''<br /> <br /> and press '''Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''true'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We will get the output as '''true.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| In''' Ruby''' you can dynamically change the variable type.<br /> <br /> To do so, just assign a new value to it.<br /> <br /> Let's do this by assigning a '''string''' value to variable '''var1.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type <br /> <br /> '''var1=”hello”'''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt; press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''var1''' equal to within double quote '''hello''' <br /> <br /> press Enter<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''&lt;nowiki&gt;var1.class&lt;&lt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''press '''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let's verify the variable type assigned <br /> <br /> Type <br /> <br /> '''var1''' dot '''class '''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight''' .class'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Class method tells us what class of variable it is<br /> <br /> Press''' Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''string'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We get the output as '''string'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Ruby '''has automatically changed the variable type from '''integer''' to '''string'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 7<br /> <br /> Converting variable types<br /> <br /> <br /> Highlight '''to_s'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We will now learn how to convert a variable value to different type<br /> <br /> Lets switch back to slides<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' variable classes have methods to convert their value to a different type<br /> <br /> * '''to_i '''method is used to convert a variable to '''integer'''<br /> * '''to_f '''method is used to convert a variable to '''floating point value'''<br /> * '''to_s''' method is used to convert a variable to''' string'''&lt;br/&gt; <br /> <br /> <br /> The '''to _''' '''s()''' method takes number base as an argument.<br /> <br /> The conversion depends on this number base. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Press Ctrl+L'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now let us try out these methods.<br /> <br /> Go to the''' terminal''' <br /> <br /> Lets clear the terminal first<br /> <br /> Press Ctrl,l to clear the '''irb '''console <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''&lt;nowiki&gt;y=20&lt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''press''' '''Enter<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''y '''equal to '''20'''<br /> <br /> Press''' '''Enter<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''y''' and '''20'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we have declared a variable''' y''' and assigned a value '''20''' to it.<br /> <br /> We will now convert '''y''' to a floating point value using '''to '''underscore''' f''' method<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''&lt;nowiki&gt;y.to_f&lt;&lt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''press''' Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''y '''dot '''to '''underscore '''f'''<br /> <br /> Press '''Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight''' 20.0'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We will get the value as float'''.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type <br /> <br /> '''&lt;nowiki&gt;y.to_s&lt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' press''' Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now Type <br /> <br /> '''y '''dot '''to '''underscore '''s.'''<br /> <br /> Press '''Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''“20”'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We will get output '''20 '''within double quotes<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| To convert variable '''y''' in binary form give number base as '''2''' in '''to_s''' method<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Press '''Up Arrow'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Press up arrow key to get the previous command <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type <br /> <br /> y.to_s'''&lt;nowiki&gt;(2)&lt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''press''' Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now type<br /> <br /> opening bracket 2 closing bracket<br /> <br /> press '''Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''10100'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We will get the output''' 10100 '''in binary form<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Similarly you can convert variable '''y''' to '''octal''' or '''hexadecimal''' form <br /> <br /> By changing the number base to 8 or 16.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let us switch back to our slide<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 8<br /> <br /> <br /> Variable Scope<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We will now learn what is '''variable scope'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Scope''' defines where in a program a variable is accessible.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Ruby''' has four types of variable scope:<br /> <br /> * '''Local'''<br /> * '''Global'''<br /> * '''Instance '''<br /> * '''Class '''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 9<br /> <br /> Naming Convention<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Each variable type is declared by using a special character <br /> <br /> At the beginning of the variable name <br /> <br /> <br /> Name Beginning With Variable Scope <br /> <br /> '''$ '''A '''global''' variable <br /> <br /> '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[a-z] or _ &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''A '''local''' variable <br /> <br /> '''@ '''An '''instance''' variable <br /> <br /> '''@@ '''A '''class''' variable <br /> <br /> '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[A-Z]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' A '''constant''' <br /> <br /> <br /> '''$ '''represents '''global''' variable <br /> <br /> Lower case letters with underscore represents a '''local''' variable<br /> <br /> '''@''' represents an '''instance''' variable <br /> <br /> Two''' @@''' represents a '''class''' variable <br /> <br /> Upper case letters represents a '''constant'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We will learn in detail about this in another tutorial.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;Pause&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> This brings us to the end of this Spoken Tutorial.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 11<br /> <br /> <br /> Summary<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| In this tutorial we have learnt<br /> <br /> * To declare a variable &lt;br/&gt; eg var1=10<br /> * Changing variable type using to_f, to_s methods<br /> * Different Variable '''scope'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 13<br /> <br /> Assignment<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| As an assignment<br /> <br /> Declare a variable and convert it to '''octal''' and '''hexadecimal''' form<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 14<br /> <br /> About the Spoken Tutorial Project<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Watch the video available at the following link.<br /> <br /> <br /> It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.<br /> <br /> If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 15<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team :<br /> <br /> <br /> Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials <br /> <br /> Gives certificates to those who pass an online test <br /> <br /> For more details, please write to<br /> <br /> contact at spoken hyphen tutorial dot org<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 16<br /> <br /> <br /> Acknowledgement<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project.<br /> <br /> It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.<br /> <br /> More information on this Mission is available at: <br /> <br /> spoken hyphen tutorial dot org slash NMEICT hyphen Intro.<br /> <br /> This is Afrin Pinjari from IIT Bombay, signing off.<br /> <br /> Thank you for watching.<br /> <br /> |}</div>

Afrin https://script.spoken-tutorial.org/index.php/Ruby/C2/Hello-Ruby/English 2012-12-24T09:30:37Z

<p>Afrin: Created page with ''''Title of script''': Hello Ruby! '''Author:'''Afrin Pinjari '''Keywords: '''Ruby,video tutorial, helloworld, puts, print {| style=&quot;border-spacing:0;&quot; ! &lt;center&gt;Visual Cue&lt;/…'</p> <hr /> <div>'''Title of script''': Hello Ruby!<br /> <br /> '''Author:'''Afrin Pinjari<br /> <br /> '''Keywords: '''Ruby,video tutorial, helloworld, puts, print<br /> <br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;border-spacing:0;&quot;<br /> ! &lt;center&gt;Visual Cue&lt;/center&gt;<br /> ! &lt;center&gt;Narration&lt;/center&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 1 <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| &lt;center&gt;Welcome to the Spoken Tutorial on &lt;/center&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;center&gt;'''Hello''' '''Ruby'''!&lt;/center&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 2 <br /> <br /> Learning Objectives <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| In this tutorial we will learn <br /> <br /> * What is '''Ruby'''?<br /> * Features<br /> * '''RubyGems''' &amp; Help on '''Ruby'''<br /> * Installation<br /> * Running '''Ruby''' code<br /> * Commenting<br /> * Difference between '''puts''' and '''print''' <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 3 <br /> <br /> System Requirements <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here we are using <br /> <br /> * '''Ubuntu Linux '''version 12.04 <br /> * '''Ruby''' 1.9.3<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 4<br /> <br /> Pre-requisites <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| To follow this tutorial you must be connected to the internet. <br /> <br /> You must have knowledge of using '''Terminal '''and '''Text editor '''in '''Linux'''. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 5<br /> <br /> <br /> What is Ruby?<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now I will explain what is '''Ruby'''.<br /> <br /> * '''Ruby''' is an object-oriented, interpreted scripting language.&lt;br/&gt; <br /> <br /> * It is dynamic, open source programming language.&lt;br/&gt; <br /> <br /> * It has an elegant syntax that is natural to read and easy to write. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 6<br /> <br /> <br /> Features<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now let us see some features of '''Ruby'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> * '''Ruby''' is highly portable. <br /> * '''Ruby''' program runs in any operating system.<br /> * Variables in '''Ruby''' have no datatype, such as in '''Smalltalk, BASIC''' or '''Python'''.<br /> * It supports automatic memory management.<br /> * '''Ruby''' is free format language.<br /> * You can start writing your program from any line and column.<br /> * '''Ruby''' is used for developing Internet and Intra-net applications.&lt;br/&gt; <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 7<br /> <br /> <br /> RubyGems<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| One of the most important feature of '''Ruby''' is '''RubyGems'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''RubyGems''' is a package manager for the '''Ruby''' programming language.<br /> <br /> <br /> It provides a standard format for distributing''' Ruby''' programs and libraries.<br /> <br /> <br /> You can create and publish your own '''gems. '''<br /> <br /> For more information on '''RubyGems''' visit the following link.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 8<br /> <br /> <br /> Help on Ruby<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| To get more help on '''Ruby''' you can visit the links shown.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 9 <br /> <br /> <br /> Installation<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| You can install '''Ruby '''using the '''Ubuntu Software Centre'''.<br /> <br /> For more information on '''Ubuntu Software Centre''', please refer to the Ubuntu Linux Tutorials on this website.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 10<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Other methods for installing '''Ruby '''are as shown in this slide.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 11<br /> <br /> <br /> Running Ruby<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Ruby code '''can be executed in 3 ways<br /> <br /> * '''Command line '''<br /> * '''Interactive Ruby'''<br /> * As a '''file'''&lt;br/&gt; <br /> <br /> <br /> We will go through each method of execution.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| First let us see how to execute ''''Hello World'''' code from the command line.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Switch to Terminal<br /> <br /> Press '''Ctrl+Alt+t'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Open a terminal by pressing the '''Ctrl, Alt and T '''keys simultaneously. <br /> <br /> <br /> A terminal window appears on the screen.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''&lt;nowiki&gt;ruby -e 'puts ”Hello World”'&lt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''press''' Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type the command<br /> <br /> '''ruby '''''space''''' ''hyphen ''e '''''space'' within single quotes '''puts '''space''' '''then within double quotes''' Hello World''' and<br /> <br /> <br /> Press '''Enter.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight''' Hello world'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We get the output as '''Hello World.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''puts'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''puts '''command''' '''is used to print the output on the '''terminal.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''-e'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| The'' hyphen'' '''e flag '''allows only a single line of code to be executed.<br /> <br /> Multiple''' '''''hyphen''''' e flags''' can be used to execute multiple line commands. <br /> <br /> <br /> Lets try this out<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Press Up Arrow key<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now press the up Arrow key to get the previous command and <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> ruby -e 'puts “Hello World”'''&lt;nowiki&gt;' -e 'puts 1+2'&lt;&lt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Press''' Enter'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> ''space''' hypen ''e '''''space ''within'' ''single quotes '''puts '''space '''1+2 '''and<br /> <br /> <br /> Press''' Enter.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight<br /> <br /> '''Hello World '''and '''3'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We get the output as '''Hello World '''and''' 3.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Let's switch back to our slide<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 11<br /> <br /> <br /> Interactive Ruby<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We will now learn about '''Interactive Ruby.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Interactive Ruby '''allows the execution of '''Ruby''' commands with immediate response.<br /> <br /> <br /> You can run '''Ruby''' statements and examine the output and return values.<br /> <br /> <br /> For older version of '''Ruby,''' install '''irb''' separately.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Switch to the Terminal<br /> <br /> <br /> Type '''irb'''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt; press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now let us execute our '''Ruby''' code through '''irb.'''<br /> <br /> Go to the terminal <br /> <br /> <br /> Type<br /> <br /> '''irb '''and<br /> <br /> Press '''Enter.'''<br /> <br /> To launch '''Interactive Ruby''' <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type '''puts ”Hello World”'''&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;&lt;Press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type '''puts '''space''' '''within double quotes '''Hello World''' and press '''Enter.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''Hello World''' and '''nil'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We get the output as '''Hello World.'''<br /> <br /> We get the return value as '''nil.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type '''exit '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;Press&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| To''' '''exit from '''irb '''type '''exit''' and press '''Enter.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| You can also run '''Ruby program''' from a file.<br /> <br /> <br /> You can use any text editor of your choice to write the code.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Switch to text editor<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| I am using '''gedit '''text editor'''.'''<br /> <br /> Let me switch to the '''gedit''' text editor'''.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type '''puts ”Hello World ”'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now, type '''puts''' space within double quotes''' Hello World '''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Lets learn how to add multiple line or block '''comments'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type '''&lt;nowiki&gt;=begin &lt;&lt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''press''' Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Before the '''puts '''command<br /> <br /> Type,<br /> <br /> ''equal to '''''begin '''and press '''Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''&lt;nowiki&gt;=begin&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| ''Equal to '''''begin '''is used to start the comment.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> <br /> '''My first Ruby program'''<br /> <br /> '''This code will print Hello world '''<br /> <br /> '''Press Enter '''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type the comments that you wish to add.<br /> <br /> <br /> I will type<br /> <br /> <br /> '''My first Ruby program. Press enter'''<br /> <br /> '''This code will print Hello world.'''<br /> <br /> '''Press Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''&lt;nowiki&gt;=end&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now type<br /> <br /> ''equal to '''''end'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''&lt;nowiki&gt;=end&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| ''equal to '''''end '''is used to end multiple line''' comments.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Comments''' are useful to understand the flow of program.<br /> <br /> It is useful for documentation.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Click on the '''Save''' button<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now, let us '''save''' the '''file''' by clicking on the '''Save '''button. <br /> <br /> <br /> It is a good practice to '''save''' the file frequently.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| In the '''Save As '''dialog box &gt;&gt; Browse the location to save the file<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| The '''Save As '''dialog box''' '''appears on your screen. <br /> <br /> Browse the location where you want to save the file. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Create a folder named '''rubyprogram '''on the '''Desktop'''. <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| On the '''Desktop, '''I will create a folder named '''rubyprogram'''. <br /> <br /> <br /> We will save the file inside this folder. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| In '''Name''' text-box &gt;&gt; type<br /> <br /> '''hello.rb'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| In the '''Name''' text-box, type the name that you wish to add. <br /> <br /> I will type '''hello.rb'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Point to '''Dot rb''' extension<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| '''Dot rb''' extension is given to a '''Ruby '''file<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Click on '''Save''' button<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Then click on '''Save '''button to save the file. <br /> <br /> So the file is saved now. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Switch to the '''terminal.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| To execute the code, go to the '''terminal.'''<br /> <br /> Lets clear the terminal first.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Make sure that you are in the directory where your '''Ruby '''file is present.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Remember that we are in the '''home '''directory. We need to go to the subdirectory '''rubyprogram'''.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type '''cd Desktop/rubyprogram'''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt; Press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| To do so, type '''''cd '''''space'' '''''Desktop/rubyprogram'' '''''and press'' '''''Enter.''' <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type''' ruby hello.rb'''&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;&lt;Press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Let's execute the file <br /> <br /> Type '''ruby space hello dot rb''' and press '''Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''HelloWorld '''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We get the output '''HelloWorld.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now let me demonstrate the difference between '''puts''' and '''print '''statement.<br /> <br /> <br /> We will try this out using''' irb'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''cd'''&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;&lt;press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Before that we need to go back to the home directory<br /> <br /> To do so type '''cd '''and press '''Enter'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| In the terminal<br /> <br /> Type '''irb'''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt; press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now type''' '''<br /> <br /> '''irb and Press Enter'''<br /> <br /> to launch the '''Interactive Ruby.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type '''puts “Hello”,”World” '''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type<br /> <br /> '''puts '''space''' '''within double quotes '''Hello '''comma within double quotes '''World '''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight or point to '''comma'''<br /> <br /> '''Press Enter'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Here''' comma '''is used to join the two '''puts''' command together.<br /> <br /> Now press '''Enter.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''Hello World'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We get the output '''Hello World,''' but on separate lines.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Type '''print '''“Hello”,”World”<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;Press &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''Enter'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Now let's try the same thing with '''print.'''<br /> <br /> <br /> Press up arrow key to get the previous command<br /> <br /> Replace puts with print<br /> <br /> Press '''Enter.'''<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Highlight '''HelloWorld'''<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| We get the output''' as Hello World '''but on the same line.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| The keyword '''puts''' adds a newline to the end of the output. The keyword''' print '''does not.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| The keyword''' print '''outputs only what we have provided.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| <br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;&lt;Pause&gt;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> This brings us to the end of this Spoken Tutorial.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 11<br /> <br /> <br /> Summary<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| In this tutorial we have learnt<br /> <br /> * About '''Ruby'''<br /> * Installation<br /> * Execution of '''Ruby '''code <br /> * Adding multiple comments<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;=begin&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> ......<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;=end&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> * Difference between '''puts''' and '''print'''<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 13<br /> <br /> Assignment<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| As an assignment<br /> <br /> Write a program to print your name and age <br /> <br /> We used '''multiple line comments''' in this tutorial <br /> <br /> Try to give '''single line comment''' <br /> <br /> Hint: <br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;#...............&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 14<br /> <br /> About the Spoken Tutorial Project<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Watch the video available at the following link.<br /> <br /> <br /> It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.<br /> <br /> If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it. <br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 15<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| The Spoken Tutorial Project Team :<br /> <br /> <br /> Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials <br /> <br /> Gives certificates to those who pass an online test <br /> <br /> For more details, please write to<br /> <br /> contact@spoken-tutorial.org<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Slide 16<br /> <br /> <br /> Acknowledgement<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project.<br /> <br /> It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India.<br /> <br /> More information on this Mission is available at below link: <br /> <br /> spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| NO SLIDE<br /> <br /> On the previous slide itself.<br /> | style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:1pt solid #000000;border-left:1pt solid #000000;border-right:1pt solid #000000;padding:0.097cm;&quot;| This is Afrin Pinjari from IIT Bombay, signing off.<br /> <br /> Thank you for watching.<br /> <br /> |}</div>

Afrin