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{| border=1;
 +
|'''Time'''
 +
|'''Narration'''
  
 +
|-
 +
|00:01
 +
|Welcome to this '''spoken tutorial''' on '''Mathematical Typesetting''' in '''LaTeX'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|00:06
 +
|My name is Kannan Moudgalya.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|00:08
 +
|A reminder: we should call it LaTeX and not latex.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|00:15
 +
|In this tutorial, we will learn how to create mathematical symbols in LaTeX.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|00:20
 +
|In particular, how to get into and leave from the mathematical mode. The role of '''space'''s and creating them,
 +
 +
|-
 +
|00:29
 +
|Mathematical symbols.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|00:31
 +
|Finally, '''A M S math package''' and its use in creating '''matrices'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|00:37
 +
|I am creating this tutorial on our less than 10,000 Rupee laptop.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|00:43
 +
|I am using '''Ubuntu, TeXworks''' and '''LaTeX.'''
 +
 +
|-
 +
|00:47
 +
|The prerequisites are the following- basic spoken tutorials on LaTeX,
 +
 +
|-
 +
|00:53
 +
|exposure to the '''side-by-side '''tutorial.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|00:56
 +
|All are available from our website.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:00
 +
|I shall use the file 'maths.tex'.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:04
 +
|It is available as a code file in our web page where you found this tutorial.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:11
 +
|In the same location, you will find this 'pdf' file from the '''TeX user group, India'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:17
 +
|We shall use it when we do assignments
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:20
 +
|Let me go to the ‘TeXworks’ window.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:24
 +
|I have already opened the file 'maths.tex'.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:27
 +
|Please download this file and practise along with me.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:32
 +
|We have already seen the commands that are at the top of this file.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:36
 +
|This command removes the '''paragraph indent'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:42
 +
|We will study the effect of this statement through an assignment.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:47
 +
|Let us start with Greek symbols that are used in mathematics.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:52
 +
|We use '''dollar''' sign to get into mathematical mode in LaTeX.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|01:57
 +
|Let us begin with '''alpha'''. We write ''' dollar back slash alpha dollar'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|02:06
 +
|Let us compile and see that we get the Greek letter '''alpha''' in the 'pdf'.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|02:15
 +
|The first dollar says that we are getting into the mathematical mode.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|02:20
 +
|The second dollar says that we are leaving this mode.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|02:24
 +
|From now on, I will not explicitly mention dollar or the back slash.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|02:30
 +
|But you have to do exactly what you see on the screen.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|02:34
 +
|Similarly we write '''beta, gamma''' and '''delta'''. Let us compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|02:50
 +
|I did not save the 'tex' file, as '''TeXworks''' does it automatically.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|02:56
 +
|Let us delete these.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:00
 +
|We will next take up the concept of '''space'''s in mathematical expressions.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:05
 +
|How do we generate '''alpha a''', that is, the product of '''alpha''' and 'a'?
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:12
 +
|Let us try 'alpha a'.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:17
 +
|Let me compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:21
 +
|'LaTeX' complains that 'alpha a' is an undefined control sequence.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:27
 +
|It says that it does not understand this command. Let me close this.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:34
 +
|LaTeX handles this through a '''space''' after every command.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:39
 +
|Let us leave a '''space''' after 'alpha'.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:44
 +
|Let us abort the compilation. Let's recompile; this has solved the problem.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:52
 +
|As it is used to terminate a command, the '''space''' does not appear in 'pdf'.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|03:57
 +
|What do we do if we WANT to introduce '''spaces''' in the output?
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:03
 +
|We have to explicitly tell LaTeX, as we do now.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:07
 +
|Let us ask LaTeX to start a new line.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:11
 +
|Let us write '''alpha backslash space a'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:17
 +
|Compile it.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:20
 +
|This has created a '''space'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:23
 +
|If you want more '''space''', use 'quad', as we do now.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:31
 +
|Compile it.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:34
 +
|You can see that 'quad' has left a large '''space'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:40
 +
|We will now move to another topic.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:43
 +
|Let us delete the last two lines. Let’s compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:50
 +
|What happens to the font when we go from the text to the mathematical mode?
 +
 +
|-
 +
|04:56
 +
|To understand this, let us write “Product of $\alpha and a is”.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:04
 +
|Compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:07
 +
|You can see that the font of these two 'a' s are different.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:14
 +
|This is solved by writing this 'a' also inside '''dollar''' signs.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:25
 +
|Let me compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:27
 +
|Now the fonts of these  two 'a' s are identical.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:32
 +
|Not keeping the font of variables identical is a common mistake.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:37
 +
|Let’s get rid of these.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:40
 +
|Let’s compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:43
 +
|Let us now discuss a rule for creating minus signs.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:48
 +
|Suppose that we want to create '''minus alpha''' and compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|05:58
 +
|Let’s compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:01
 +
|Notice that the minus sign appears as a small dash here.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:07
 +
|Let us also copy with the minus sign, inside the dollar sign.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:15
 +
|Let us compile again.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:18
 +
|See the difference in the minus sign now. The second one is what we need, the dash is not to be used.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:27
 +
|Not putting the minus sign within dollars is a common mistake made by beginners.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:33
 +
|Let us delete all of these.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:36
 +
|Next we would like to explain the 'frac' command that is used to create fractions.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:43
 +
|'frac a b'. Let's compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|06:50
 +
|It generates 'a' by 'b'. The command 'frac' is terminated by a '''space'''. It looks for two '''arguments'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:00
 +
|The first character 'a' is taken as the first '''argument'''. It becomes the numerator.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:07
 +
|The second character 'b' is taken as the second '''argument'''; it becomes the denominator.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:13
 +
|Notice that the size of 'a' and 'b' gets reduced automatically.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:20
 +
|What do we do if we have longer characters?
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:24
 +
|What if we want to create 'ab' by 'cd'? I want you to try this.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:31
 +
|In LaTeX, the '''arguments''' longer than one character are enclosed by braces.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:37
 +
|For example, let us put braces here.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:41
 +
|When we compile this, we get the desired output.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:47
 +
|All the entries within the braces are taken as a single '''argument'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|07:52
 +
|As a result, one can enter any complicated expression within braces. Let us delete all of these.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|08:01
 +
|Now we will look at subscripts and superscripts.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|08:05
 +
|'''x underscore a''' creates '''x sub a'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|08:14
 +
|The size of 'a' gets automatically reduced to an appropriate level.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|08:19
 +
|What if we want to put 'ab' as the subscript? you have to use braces. Try it yourself.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|08:28
 +
|Superscripts are created by the '''caret''' or the '''up arrow''' symbol.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|08:33
 +
|For example, if you want to create 'x' to the power 3, you will write: '''x up arrow 3'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|08:43
 +
|We can also put subscripts and superscripts simultaneously.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|08:48
 +
|Let us put '''x sub a superscript b'''; let’s compile.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|08:58
 +
|Once again, using braces, we can produce complicated subscripts and superscripts. Let me delete this.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|09:08
 +
|Alright.. next we will move onto '''Matrices'''.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|09:12
 +
|The package '''a m s math''' has some matrix definitions that I like.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|09:19
 +
|Let us include it through the 'usepackage' command.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|09:26
 +
|The '''ampersand''', that is, the ''''and'''' symbol is used to separate the columns.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|09:31
 +
|Let us create a matrix now.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|09:34
 +
|We write 'begin matrix' 'a' and 'b', 'end matrix'. Don’t forget the dollar signs.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|09:44
 +
|Compile and see the matrix, as expected.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|09:49
 +
|Now suppose, we want to add a second row to this, we put two '''back slashes''', meaning, go to the next line.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|09:59
 +
|Suppose that we want three entries in the second row, say, 'c, d, e'. Compile it and see the second row also included now.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|10:11
 +
|Supposing we change matrix to 'pmatrix', at 'begin' and 'end'.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|10:17
 +
|Compile and get this.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|10:21
 +
|It is now time for you to start exploring.  Let us go to the slides now.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|10:28
 +
|Let us summarise what we learnt in this tutorial-
 +
 +
|-
 +
|10:31
 +
|Entering and leaving the mathematical mode Using '''space'''s and creating them
 +
 +
|-
 +
|10:37
 +
|Fractions, subscripts and superscripts Defining an '''argument''' with in braces
 +
 +
|-
 +
|10:44
 +
|'amsmath' package to create matrices.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|10:48
 +
|Let me give some assignments.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|10:51
 +
|This assignment is on '''spaces''' - large and small, please pause the video, read the slide and do the assignment.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:01
 +
|This assignment is on fractions using braces.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:06
 +
|This assignment is on subscripts and superscripts.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:11
 +
|Through this assignment, we shall learn a few more methods to create matrices.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:17
 +
|This assignment is on creating more mathematical symbols.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:21
 +
|This is based on the '''TUG India LaTeX''' guide. Let us see that document now.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:29
 +
|I already asked you to download this document from our web page.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:34
 +
|You will reproduce some symbols given in this document.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:39
 +
|You will try out more symbols through in the next assignment.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:43
 +
|This assignment is also based on the '''TUG India''' document.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:48
 +
|You will experiment with the paragraph indent in this assignment.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:53
 +
|This brings us to the end of this tutorial.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|11:56
 +
|This video summarises the '''Spoken Tutorial''' project.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|12:00
 +
|If you do not have good bandwidth, you may download and watch it.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|12:04
 +
|We conduct workshops using '''Spoken Tutorials.''' Give certificates. Please contact us.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|12:11
 +
|Do you have questions in THIS '''Spoken Tutorial?''' please visit this site, choose the minute and second where you have the question.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|12:20
 +
|Explain your question briefly. Someone from our team will answer them.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|12:27
 +
|The Spoken Tutorial forum is for specific questions on this tutorial. Please do not post unrelated and general questions.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|12:36
 +
|This will help reduce the clutter. With less clutter, we can use these discussions as instructional material.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|12:44
 +
|For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit '''stack exchange''' at this address.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|12:50
 +
|This is a great place to get answers on LaTeX.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|12:53
 +
|You may also have questions on our workshops, certificates, etc.  For this, get in touch with us at this email address.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|13:03
 +
|Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.
 +
 +
|-
 +
|13:09
 +
|Thanks for joining Goodbye.
 +
 +
|}

Latest revision as of 11:36, 24 March 2017

Time Narration
00:01 Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Mathematical Typesetting in LaTeX.
00:06 My name is Kannan Moudgalya.
00:08 A reminder: we should call it LaTeX and not latex.
00:15 In this tutorial, we will learn how to create mathematical symbols in LaTeX.
00:20 In particular, how to get into and leave from the mathematical mode. The role of spaces and creating them,
00:29 Mathematical symbols.
00:31 Finally, A M S math package and its use in creating matrices.
00:37 I am creating this tutorial on our less than 10,000 Rupee laptop.
00:43 I am using Ubuntu, TeXworks and LaTeX.
00:47 The prerequisites are the following- basic spoken tutorials on LaTeX,
00:53 exposure to the side-by-side tutorial.
00:56 All are available from our website.
01:00 I shall use the file 'maths.tex'.
01:04 It is available as a code file in our web page where you found this tutorial.
01:11 In the same location, you will find this 'pdf' file from the TeX user group, India.
01:17 We shall use it when we do assignments
01:20 Let me go to the ‘TeXworks’ window.
01:24 I have already opened the file 'maths.tex'.
01:27 Please download this file and practise along with me.
01:32 We have already seen the commands that are at the top of this file.
01:36 This command removes the paragraph indent.
01:42 We will study the effect of this statement through an assignment.
01:47 Let us start with Greek symbols that are used in mathematics.
01:52 We use dollar sign to get into mathematical mode in LaTeX.
01:57 Let us begin with alpha. We write dollar back slash alpha dollar.
02:06 Let us compile and see that we get the Greek letter alpha in the 'pdf'.
02:15 The first dollar says that we are getting into the mathematical mode.
02:20 The second dollar says that we are leaving this mode.
02:24 From now on, I will not explicitly mention dollar or the back slash.
02:30 But you have to do exactly what you see on the screen.
02:34 Similarly we write beta, gamma and delta. Let us compile.
02:50 I did not save the 'tex' file, as TeXworks does it automatically.
02:56 Let us delete these.
03:00 We will next take up the concept of spaces in mathematical expressions.
03:05 How do we generate alpha a, that is, the product of alpha and 'a'?
03:12 Let us try 'alpha a'.
03:17 Let me compile.
03:21 'LaTeX' complains that 'alpha a' is an undefined control sequence.
03:27 It says that it does not understand this command. Let me close this.
03:34 LaTeX handles this through a space after every command.
03:39 Let us leave a space after 'alpha'.
03:44 Let us abort the compilation. Let's recompile; this has solved the problem.
03:52 As it is used to terminate a command, the space does not appear in 'pdf'.
03:57 What do we do if we WANT to introduce spaces in the output?
04:03 We have to explicitly tell LaTeX, as we do now.
04:07 Let us ask LaTeX to start a new line.
04:11 Let us write alpha backslash space a.
04:17 Compile it.
04:20 This has created a space.
04:23 If you want more space, use 'quad', as we do now.
04:31 Compile it.
04:34 You can see that 'quad' has left a large space.
04:40 We will now move to another topic.
04:43 Let us delete the last two lines. Let’s compile.
04:50 What happens to the font when we go from the text to the mathematical mode?
04:56 To understand this, let us write “Product of $\alpha and a is”.
05:04 Compile.
05:07 You can see that the font of these two 'a' s are different.
05:14 This is solved by writing this 'a' also inside dollar signs.
05:25 Let me compile.
05:27 Now the fonts of these two 'a' s are identical.
05:32 Not keeping the font of variables identical is a common mistake.
05:37 Let’s get rid of these.
05:40 Let’s compile.
05:43 Let us now discuss a rule for creating minus signs.
05:48 Suppose that we want to create minus alpha and compile.
05:58 Let’s compile.
06:01 Notice that the minus sign appears as a small dash here.
06:07 Let us also copy with the minus sign, inside the dollar sign.
06:15 Let us compile again.
06:18 See the difference in the minus sign now. The second one is what we need, the dash is not to be used.
06:27 Not putting the minus sign within dollars is a common mistake made by beginners.
06:33 Let us delete all of these.
06:36 Next we would like to explain the 'frac' command that is used to create fractions.
06:43 'frac a b'. Let's compile.
06:50 It generates 'a' by 'b'. The command 'frac' is terminated by a space. It looks for two arguments.
07:00 The first character 'a' is taken as the first argument. It becomes the numerator.
07:07 The second character 'b' is taken as the second argument; it becomes the denominator.
07:13 Notice that the size of 'a' and 'b' gets reduced automatically.
07:20 What do we do if we have longer characters?
07:24 What if we want to create 'ab' by 'cd'? I want you to try this.
07:31 In LaTeX, the arguments longer than one character are enclosed by braces.
07:37 For example, let us put braces here.
07:41 When we compile this, we get the desired output.
07:47 All the entries within the braces are taken as a single argument.
07:52 As a result, one can enter any complicated expression within braces. Let us delete all of these.
08:01 Now we will look at subscripts and superscripts.
08:05 x underscore a creates x sub a.
08:14 The size of 'a' gets automatically reduced to an appropriate level.
08:19 What if we want to put 'ab' as the subscript? you have to use braces. Try it yourself.
08:28 Superscripts are created by the caret or the up arrow symbol.
08:33 For example, if you want to create 'x' to the power 3, you will write: x up arrow 3.
08:43 We can also put subscripts and superscripts simultaneously.
08:48 Let us put x sub a superscript b; let’s compile.
08:58 Once again, using braces, we can produce complicated subscripts and superscripts. Let me delete this.
09:08 Alright.. next we will move onto Matrices.
09:12 The package a m s math has some matrix definitions that I like.
09:19 Let us include it through the 'usepackage' command.
09:26 The ampersand, that is, the 'and' symbol is used to separate the columns.
09:31 Let us create a matrix now.
09:34 We write 'begin matrix' 'a' and 'b', 'end matrix'. Don’t forget the dollar signs.
09:44 Compile and see the matrix, as expected.
09:49 Now suppose, we want to add a second row to this, we put two back slashes, meaning, go to the next line.
09:59 Suppose that we want three entries in the second row, say, 'c, d, e'. Compile it and see the second row also included now.
10:11 Supposing we change matrix to 'pmatrix', at 'begin' and 'end'.
10:17 Compile and get this.
10:21 It is now time for you to start exploring. Let us go to the slides now.
10:28 Let us summarise what we learnt in this tutorial-
10:31 Entering and leaving the mathematical mode Using spaces and creating them
10:37 Fractions, subscripts and superscripts Defining an argument with in braces
10:44 'amsmath' package to create matrices.
10:48 Let me give some assignments.
10:51 This assignment is on spaces - large and small, please pause the video, read the slide and do the assignment.
11:01 This assignment is on fractions using braces.
11:06 This assignment is on subscripts and superscripts.
11:11 Through this assignment, we shall learn a few more methods to create matrices.
11:17 This assignment is on creating more mathematical symbols.
11:21 This is based on the TUG India LaTeX guide. Let us see that document now.
11:29 I already asked you to download this document from our web page.
11:34 You will reproduce some symbols given in this document.
11:39 You will try out more symbols through in the next assignment.
11:43 This assignment is also based on the TUG India document.
11:48 You will experiment with the paragraph indent in this assignment.
11:53 This brings us to the end of this tutorial.
11:56 This video summarises the Spoken Tutorial project.
12:00 If you do not have good bandwidth, you may download and watch it.
12:04 We conduct workshops using Spoken Tutorials. Give certificates. Please contact us.
12:11 Do you have questions in THIS Spoken Tutorial? please visit this site, choose the minute and second where you have the question.
12:20 Explain your question briefly. Someone from our team will answer them.
12:27 The Spoken Tutorial forum is for specific questions on this tutorial. Please do not post unrelated and general questions.
12:36 This will help reduce the clutter. With less clutter, we can use these discussions as instructional material.
12:44 For topics not covered in spoken tutorials, visit stack exchange at this address.
12:50 This is a great place to get answers on LaTeX.
12:53 You may also have questions on our workshops, certificates, etc. For this, get in touch with us at this email address.
13:03 Spoken Tutorial project is funded by NMEICT, MHRD, Government of India.
13:09 Thanks for joining Goodbye.

Contributors and Content Editors

PoojaMoolya, Pratik kamble, Sandhya.np14

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